Abstract: This paper reviewed researches of the scenic forest landscape aesthetics evaluation at home and abroad, and summarized the evaluating index system of the scenic forest landscape aesthetics, which included natural, exotic, diversity, secret and environmental coordination of 5 areas and 16 evaluation indexes. The rough set theory was for the first time used to establish a model for the scenic forest landscape aesthetic evaluation. The forest park of Longshan was taken as a case for the empirical analysis, in which the scenic forest landscape aesthetic evaluation was operated based on the rough set, and the five scenic spots landscape aesthetics indexes were obtained in the park, and they were respectively the scenic spots of Yaowang 6.657, the scenic spots of Tieshi Ping 6.629, the scenic spots of Feishui Cliff 5.868, the scenic spots of Chazhu 5.783, the scenic spots of White Horse Lake 4.216.

Abstract: This paper made use of the data of 80 weather stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1961 to 2003.The climate change was comprehensively analyzed with GIS and Kriging mathematics method. And C. W. Thonthwaite method was also used to analyze the effects of climate change on boundaries of eco-geographical regions.The results showed that with the air temperature increasing and the precipitation fluctuating,the boundary between the temperate zone and the warm-temperate zone was moving toward the east and the north. The boundary between cool-temperate zone and temperate zone was significantly moving toward north. In the same time, the humid areas were changed to be semi-humid character in Xiaoxing'an Mountains region.The boundary between semi-drought regions and semi-humid regions did not change in the southwest. However the area of the semi-drought region in the middle of Sanjiang Plain increased to some extent.

Abstract: The community structure characteristics were analyzed with the survey data from three plots which respectively were: a virgin forest (virgin forest,0501), a natural secondary forest after clear-cutting for 41 years (nature secondary forest,0502) and an artificial promoting secondary forest after clear-cutting for 25 years (artificial promoting secondary forest,0503). The community composition, species similarities, abundance and floristic diversity, individual density and stability were compared, and the community development trends were also predicted by the age structure analysis of the dominant populations. The results were listed as following: 1) 0501 had the most species abundance and floristic diversity. 0502 had higher floristic diversity than artificial promoting secondary forest in the arbor layer. 0503 had higher floristic diversity than nature secondary forest in the young tree layer and the underwood layer. 2) 0502 had more similar species composition to 0501 than to 0503, which suggested that 0502 had better recovery than 0503. 3) The sequence of individual density was 0503>0502>0501, which was positively correlated with disturbance degree and negatively correlated with length of the recovery time after clear-cutting. 4) The community stability of the arbor layer and the underwood layer was 0501>0502>0503. 5) The development trends analysis showed that the dominant populations in 0501 tended to increasing or being stable. The intolerant trees of the arbor layers in 0502 tended to declining or being stable. While the dominant populations in the underwood layer had increasing trend. The cultivated species and some intolerant species in 0503 showed declining or stable trend while some populations in the underwood layer showed gradual increasing trends.Therefore, although some populations in both 0502 and 0503 tended to being stable trend.Their species composition and structure would change greatly and they were still in the succession process from the intolerant species in the initial period to the shade-tolerant species in the later period.

Abstract: The soil seed bank in logging gaps of different sizes and ages was studied in Populus davidiana Betula platyphylla secondary forests in Changbai Mountain. The result showed: There were significantly fewer seeds in gaps than under canopy although the species diversity in gaps was greater than under canopy. The soil seed bank reserves had significant difference in magnitude among gaps of different sizes and ages. The reserve decreased and the species diversity increased with the increasing gap age, and the largest reserve occured in the gap size of 50～100 m². There was big variation of the seed distribution in different site within gaps. The seed bank magnitude was mainly decided by seeds in humus layer (0～10 cm) at the initial stages of gap, seeds in the litter contributed more and more to total seed bank with increasing gap age due to retardarce from the litter. The dominant species in the seed bank in gaps were mainly composed of Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, Maackia amurensis and Acer mono, which accounted for 74.3% of total seed numbers. In addition, there was low similarity in species composition between seed bank and seedlings within gaps.

Abstract: We evaluated the impact of litterfall on soil respiration under a Pinus massoniana plantation in Tianjiling National Forest Park of Changsha, Hunan, using a field study with litterfall exclusion and addition in a full factorial design. Soil respiration was measured using an infrared gas exchange analyzer (LI_COR 6400-09) from January to December 2007. There was similar respiration curve with seasons between litterfall exclusion and addition treatment and the control. Soil respiration rate ranges of litterfall exclusion, litterfall addition and control were 34.45～321.16、61.26～649.44 and 38.6～466.49 mgCO₂ m^-2h^-1, respectively. The annual mean soil respiration rates were 175.18、310.36 and 234.97 mgCO₂ m^-2h^-1, respectively. On average, soil respiration was significantly decreased by litter exclusion, about 24.96% lower to control in Pinus massoniana plantation. On the other hand, litter addition significantly increased soil respiration by 27.36% in Pinus massoniana plantation compared with the control. The Q₁₀ values of the soil respiration in litter exclusion, litter addition and the control plots were respectively 2.16, 2.56 and 2.13.

Abstract: This paper described the effect of cotton stalk isolator applied in soil on garden plants and soil characters of coastal saline soils. Cixi beach was selected as it is representative for the Hangzhou gulf. The soil characters and growth status of garden plants were investigated for almost one and half year in both control and cotton stalk isolator treatment. After one and half year planting, the salt content of surface layer (0 ～ 30 cm soil depth) in both control and cotton stalk isolator treated soil decreased tremendously, the pH decreased slightly, and the organic matter of the soils increased a little. As the cotton stalk isolator applied in coastal saline soils could restrain salt from up going with the capillarity of soil water, in comparison with the control, salt content of cotton stalk isolator treatment decreased significantly. The growth status of some garden species was also improved greatly by applying cotton stalk isolator in coastal saline soils.

Abstract: The soil infiltration and its influencing factors of three typical Phyllostachys edulis forests (P. edulis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest, P. edulis pure forest and P. edulis and broad-leaved tree mixed stands) in the North of Fujian Province were studied in comparison with C. lanceolata forest and evergreen broadleaved forest. The results showed that the characteristic of soil infiltration differed significantly with forest type and soil layer. Evergreen broadleaved forests had the strongest soil infiltration capability, followed by bamboo and broad-leaved tree mixed stands, however, the P. edulis pure plantation was the poorest. The infiltration capability declined with the increase of soil depth. A common experienced infiltration model was best simulating the infiltrating processes in these forests in this region, followed by Horton equation, and the Kostiakov equation was the most unsuitable model. Correlation analysis showed that the soil infiltration,capability was greatly affected by soil physical and chemical properties and biological activity. The soil biological activity improved the soil infiltration because the soil biology accelerated the soil nutrient cycling rate in stands, and hence improved soil fertility quality. Combined with the correlation analyses, 11 soil physical and chemical properties and biological activity factors, which extremely significantly or significantly influenced soil infiltration, were selected. The comprehensive parameters of soil infiltration (P) and soil physical and chemical properties and soil biological activity (β) were obtained by the principal component analysis, and the linear regression models of different indexes of soil infiltration and its comprehensive parameters (P) and β had been established.

Abstract: The Wuschel (Wus) encoding a homeodomain protein which presumably acts as a transcriptional factor plays a key role in maintaining a pool of pluripotent stem cells. In this study, 2 putative sequences of Wus were identified in the whole genome of Populus by underlying the electronic cloning technique, based on the Populus genome sequence using Arabidopsis Wus gene sequence information. Two cDNA clones encoding Wus were isolated from the cDNA prepared from cambium of Populus tomentosa by the gene specific RT-PCR amplification. The two cDNAs were 922 bp and 956 bp in length with corresponding open reading frames (ORFs) which are capable of encoding the protein of 258 and 264 amino acids (aa), respectively. The deduced aa sequence of them shared 76.0% and 74.9% identity with functional domain of A.thaliana Wus, respectively. They were, therefore, named as PtWus-1 and PtWus-2. The genomic sequences of PtWus-1 and PtWus-2 in 36 individuals were aligned, compared and analyzed using the software MEGA3.1 and DnaSP4.0. A total of 58 and 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and the diversity of them was 1/27 bp and 1/30 bp, respectively. As for PtWus-1, 24 of 58 were common SNPs and 34 were rare SNPs. There were 43 transitions and 15 transversions of mutation types. In total, 21 SNPs were detected in the coding regions of PtWus-1, of which 16 were silent mutations and 4 were missense mutations and 1 was nonsense mutation. In PtWus-2, 28 were common SNPs and 23 were rare SNPs, of which 36 were transitions and 15 transversions of mutation types. In total, 26 SNPs were detected in coding regions of PtWus-2, in which the numbers of silent mutations and missense mutations were 13. The linkage disequilibrium of SNPs in the PtWus-1 and PtWus-2 was detected and the result showed that LD declined rapidly within the gene regions of PtWus-1 and PtWus-2. It suggested that in Populus genome wide LD mapping may not be feasible and not be necessary, but candidate gene based LD mapping could be particularly useful in breeding programs of forest trees. The results, therefore, provided the important foundation for association genetics of Wus genes and gene assisted breeding of new germplasms with desirable wood fiber traits in P. tomentosa.

Abstract: Taxus wallichiana var. mairei is one of the endangered and important species in the southern China. In this study, genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of fifteen representative provenances were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for its genetic conservation strategy with ISSR markers. A high genetic diversity (0.419 2) for T. wallichiana var. maire iwas detected. The percentage of population polymorphic loci, Nei's genetic diversity and Shannon's information diversity index ranged from 80.00% to 93.33%,0.339 3 to 0.387 3 and 0.492 6 to 0.561 5 respectively. The genetic diversity of 1 provenances was affected by both latitude and longitude in nonlinear manner. The provenances from the middle and the east part of China showed higher genetic diversity than those from the southern and the western part of China. As the tested provenances were derived from ancient woods with a large area, a short fragmentation period, and the special breeding characteristics, the genetic differentiations among these provenances studied were small and the genetic relationship was quite close. Molecular variance analysis demonstrated that the genetic variation among-provenance and within-provenance accounted for 8.75% and 91.25% of the total genetic variation respectively. Analysis of Nei's unbiased genetic distance showed the 15 tested provenances except Wuping and Wuyishan in Fujian could be clustered into two groups, which distribute mainly in the north-east and south-west area of the South China respectively.

Abstract: The embryogenic callus of Tripterygium wilfordii was used to study the effect of its subculture duration on the plant regeneration, and the effect of basic medium with different auxin concentrations and their combination with cytokinin on the proliferation of its regenerated plantlets. The results showed that during the process of subculture of the embryogenic callus, the regeneration rate and the number of the regenerated plantlets increased in the first stage and then declined in the second stage. The embryogenic callus with its subculture age between 8 month and 1 year old was most regenerative, with 100% regeneration rate and more plantlet number per callus. The callus had lost its ability to differentiate completely after 20 months of subculture age. The differentiated plantlets from calli were vulnerable to mutate. The plantlets could be divided into 6 types, according to the shapes of leafs of the plantlets. When the plantlets were propagated with stem sections, 1/2MS supplemented with 2.0 mg L^-1 IBA should be optimal. And 1/2MS+2.0 mg L^-1 IBA+0.5 g L^-1 active carbon medium was favorable for the plantlets to root, with rooting rate 100%. When transplanted in the mixture of perlite and humus (1∶1) soil, its survival rate was as high as 96%.

Abstract: According to observation and study on filbests of agamic generation of Corylus heterophylla×C. avellana in a testing plot of cold-resistance hazelnut for 7 years (2000—2006), the results are reported for the first time at home and abroad in the crossbreeding field of hazelnut as follows: 1)The flower of catkin of the agamic generations of C.heterophylla×C. avellana was generally 2～3 years earlier in comparison with blossoming female and bearing fruit;2) There was a significantly or extreme significantly positive correlation between nut size and column size of the catkin, while there was significantly negative correlation between thickness of nut shell and ratio (T) of the length(L) to central section horizontal diameter (R) of catkin column; 3) The nut size and the shell thickness were able to be predicted in advance of 2～3 years before bearing the hazelnut, therefore those plants with small catkin column could be eliminated in order to shorten the crossbreeding time.

Abstract: In order to tap lacquer scientifically, variation of urushiol content in raw lacquer and the bark structure of Toxicodendron vernicifluum in different seasons were investigated. The bark structure, urushiol content in raw lacquer of untapped and tapped Damu Lacquer Tree and tapped Xiaomu Lacquer Trees in different seasons and urushiol content of tapped Xiaomu Lacquer Trees in tapping seasons in Qinling area were observed and measured with the methods of plant anatomy and spectrophotometry. The results revealed there were differences in the thickness ratio of functional phloem to non-functional phloem, mean values of diameters of laticiferous canals, the number of laticiferous canals per unit area, the number of layers and groups of stone cells and the number of rows of ray cells over the seasons. The thickness ratio of functional phloem to non-functional phloem and the number of layers and groups of stone cells, the number of secretory cells and raw lacquer content in laticiferous canals decreased twice per year. The urushiol content in raw lacquer increased generally with two valleys in different seasons and reached to a peak (67.321 43%) from middle of July to late August which is tapping seasons. Comparison between the change of bark structure and the urushiol content in raw lacquer showed that a close correlation existed.

Abstract: Forest growth data are generally repeatedly observed with hierarchical structure, which result in lack of independence among observations and produce biased parameter estimation if ordinary regression analysis was used. Mixed model with random parameters could solve the problem. Individual basal area growth models for larch, spruce and fir, Korean pine and two deciduous groups were developed using linear mixed models in semi-natural larix-spruce-fir forest in northeast China. The data came from 20 permanent sample plots with 10 756 observations, of which 8 034 observations from 15 plots are randomly used for model development and 2 722 observations from rest 5 plots for model validation. These models were independent of age and site index. They may have wide use in that initial diameter at breast height, stand basal area, site factors and distance-dependent competition index were included in them which are easily accessible in forest inventory. Random effects within plots showed significant in all models, and the effects among plots not besides larch model, however. The inclusion of random parameters in these models greatly improved the fixed models. The coefficients of determination reached0.85～0.89 from 0.38～0.64. Errors and RMSEs were also significantly decreased. These models are biologically and statistically reliable.

Abstract: Systematic studies of the biological characteristic including morphology, culture, physiological group, cell-wall type, nutrient utilization, nitrogenase activity and host specificity, were carried out on 12 strains isolated from the root nodules of actinorhizal plants of Myrica rubra, comparing with five Frankia strains symbiotically associated with Casuaria cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia, C. glauca and Alnus cremastogyne. As a result, all strains tested showed a typical Frankia morphology, with filamentous hyphae, multilocular sporangia and vesicles. The specialized reproductive torulose hyphae were found in strains FMr16 and FMr43 from Myrica same as strains FCc64 and FCe33 from Casuarina. Most of strains from Myria formed vesicles in media which nitrogen exited, and nitrogenase activity varied greatly. Cell wall type of many strains belonged to type Ⅲ, except strain FMr16 which was typeⅡ. Strains were found to fall into three physiological groups, one was group A, one was group AB, and the others were group B, both B and AB group strains were found to coexist in a single tree of M. rubra. Strains preferred to utilize sodium propionate, sodium pyruvate, sodium acetate, Tween-80 and NZ amine, but grew poor in presence of saccharide. Some strains utilized potassium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and beef extract, but none of them utilize peptone, urea, glutin and phenylalanine. Strains didn't produce cellulase and H₂S. The result of inoculation showed that strains from M. rubra had an ability to infect the seedlings of M. rubra, A. cremastogyne and Elaeagnus angustifolia, but not infect the seedlings of C. cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia and C. glauca, so it was a necessary to choose the adaptive strains to use as inoculum.

Abstract: A new species of leafhopper, Orientus ulmeus Li, Song et Yan sp.nov.,injurious to Ulmus pumila is described in the article. Body length (incl. tegm.): ♂4.8～5.0 mm,♀5.8～6.0 mm. Holotype♂:paratypes 1♂,6♀♀, Shanghe, Shangdong Province, 9, May,2006,coll. by Yan Jiahe.Host plant:Ulmus pumila. This new species is similar to Orientus ishidae (Matuumura,1902) in appearance,but can be distinguished from latter by:1)face pale orange,with irregular fusco-piceous stripes;2)the inner peocess of pygofer side short and broad;3) subgenital plate thread-like at apex.All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology,Guizhou University.

Abstract: We studied the response of the ladybeetle, Chilocorus kuwanae, to volatiles released by persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki) induced either by an attack of Japanese wax scales, Ceroplastes japonicus, or by an exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application. Results showed that, when C. japonicus was at the young nymph stage in July, its attack was not able to induce persimmon trees to attract ladybeetles. In the contrast, persimmon trees after sprayed with MeJA displayed a significant attraction to the ladybeetles, which showed a fluctuation rhythm of increase-decrease-increase again. The peaks of attractive responses were 78.21% at 8 h (15:00) and 73.42% at 24 h (7:00 next morning) after the MeJA-treatment. A total of 17 chemical components were detected by GC/MS from the volatiles of MeJA-treated or control persimmon trees. Among those chemicals, 3 terpenoid components were higher in MeJA-treated trees than that in control trees, and 2[1]-pinene and D-limonene were detected only from the volatiles of MeJA-treated persimmon trees. These differences in the volatile compositions suggested the possible reason for the attraction of the treated persimmon trees to the ladybeetles, which was futher confirmed by the ladybeetle attraction experiment with those chemicals. Both D-limonene and α-pinene displayed a significant attractiveness (78.95% and 75.61%, respectively) at concentration of 1×10^-4 and 1×10^-5g mL^-1. Therefore, it is suggested that MGA as a signal transducer may be a potential agent in regulating volatile emissions of the host plant and improving biological control of scale insects. The fluctuation in amounts of terpenoid compounds was also found in the MeJA-treated trees. Up to 8 h after treatment, the relative content of 6 terpenoids all increased, but to the 12 h only 0.87% α-pinene was detected. However to next 7:00 am, the 6 terpenoids were detected again and among them α-pinene even reached 73.01%.

Abstract: In order to illustrate the effect of different plant hosts on nutrient function and activity of the esterase and carboxylesterase of Monochamus alternatus in the food replenishing period, M. alternatus was fed respectively with Pinus massoniana, Cedrus deodara, P. teada, P. elliottii and P. thunbergii. The results showed that there were significant differences in the nutrient status, and activity of the esterase and carboxylesterase of the insect fed with the five different plants. The insects fed with P. massoniana or C. deodara gained body mass from the fifth day after eclosion, and others fed with the other three plants gain mass from the seventh day. The relative consumption rate, relative metabolic rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested food of the adult fed with P. massoniana were higher than those fed with the other four plants. Furthermore, enzyme activity of esterase and carboxylesterase of the M. alternatus fed with P. massoniana significantly higher than those fed with the other four plants. The experiment demonstrated that P. massoniana was the most preference plant for M. alternatus in food replenishing period

Abstract: Potted Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis cuttings were used to study the effect of root coupling agents, which consisted of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, plant growth regulator and plant resistance inducer with uniform design, on the cuttings growth,biomass,root vigor,soil acid phosphatase activity and soil available P around root area. The results showed that the height, the ground stem diameter and the total dry mass of the treated Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis cuttings were increased by 16.0%～35.0%，19.4%～38.9%，15.5%～86.4% and 12.5%～26.2%，1.6%～20.3%，33.6%～72.7%, respectively in compared with the control. The root vigor of the treated Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis cuttings were 6.71%～33.64% and 1.49%～49.46% higher than those of the control, respectively. There was a close correlationship between root vigor and biomass of cuttings. The coupling agents greatly increased the soil phosphatase activity and the increase was 20.91%～36.35% and 13.39%～54.98% respectively in the treated Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis the rhizosphere. The coupling agents also enhanced the transformation of available P from insoluble P minerals, and the soil available P enriched in the rhizosphere of treated Populus tomentosa and Populus × beijingensis cuttings respectively with 7.49%～25.67% and 17.85%～53.50%.

Abstract: This paper investigated the tropism and its specificity of Alternaria alternata f. sp. phoenix, a pathogen of brown leaf spot of Phoenix sylveseris, to the leaf wounds of host and nonhost trees. The results showed that the germ tubes of the fungus had strong tropic growth toward the fresh wounds of hosts, but had little or no such directional growth to those of nonhosts. The existence and intensity of tropism of the pathogen were strongly associated with the recognition and successful infection to tested plants. Tropism of the fungus was affected by the distance between the wounds and spores, strong tropic response was observed within the range of 500 μm, and it decreased or even lost when the distance exceeded 1 000 μm. The freshness of wound is another major factor that affects the intensity of tropism, the fresh wound had stronger attraction to the fungal germ tubes, but the attraction of 24 hours old wound decreased dramatically, and the attraction almost lost when a wound was 48 hours or elder. The wounds of host tainted with non host leaf juice reduced their attraction, on the other hand, the wounds of non host tainted with host leaf juice increased their attraction. The fungus developed vigorously in host leaf extract liquids, but grew poorly in non host leaf extract liquids. The results of experiment demonstrated that there existed significant specificity of tropic growth of A. alternata f. sp. phoenix to wounds of hosts. Tropism is the first event in fungus-host recognition in this pathosystem and plays a crucial role in initiating a successful infection to host plants.

Abstract: A determination and analysis on the variation of wood fiber and vessel element of xylem(Populus tomentosa) and burl, including length and width, lumen diameter, ratio of length to width, wall thickness, and chemical compositions on the relationship among them were conducted during development of burl after inoculation for one-year Chinese White Poplar.The results showed that: all anatomical parameters but wall thickness of wood fiber decreased at the inoculation position of treatment group, and the vessels where are above and just at the inoculation position were becoming smaller compared with other positions, whereas they, with the position that below the inoculation position, were as similar as the control one. It indicated that there were significant difference for wood fiber and vessel element of treatment group xylem by variance. On the other hand, the parameters in the control group were almost the same. There was significantly difference(5% level) of the fiber and vessel element length, width among burls, in which it suggested that cell division in vivo were abnormity. To compare with that in xylem, the wood fiber and vessel element were obviously smaller in burl. It indicated that there were significant difference for wood fiber and vessel element of Chinese White Poplar and burl by variance. The analysis on wood chemical compositions, from different positions of the treatment group, presented that cold water extractives, hot water extractives, 1% NaOH extractives and lignin increased, but the cellulose decreased to compare with the control one. It indicated that there were significant difference for chemical compositions treatment group by variance. Variation of chemical compositions was stable in control group and burl. Furthermore, the extractives saturated by three ways mentioned above in the burl increased the most, which they were 2.6～4.3 times, 1.5～2.6 times, and 1.1～1.8 times but cellulose decreased 51%～99% than that in xylem. The content of lignin at the position of inoculation of the xylem was 2.7 times higher than that in burl. Even so, the content of lignin in burl was slightly higher than that in other positions.

Abstract: The well distributed and planted poplar clone 107 was selected as studying materials in this study. Surface longitudinal growth strain and inner residual longitudinal growth strain were determined. Both variation patterns of the surface strain and the inner strain were deduced. The result indicated that varied scope of the surface strain was-853.10～-213.43 με, and changing range of the surface strain among different periphery positions was relative narrower at tree Z1, Z3 and Z4, however, larger one was found at tree Z2, and Z5. When it came to variation along tree height, the surface strain increased from basement to upward as compression strain, namely tension stress, and reach the maximum at 10% of total height of tree, and then changed into decreasing. Result of double factor AVONA suggested that there were no significant effect was found both by different trees and different periphery positions on the surface strain, conversely, apparent effect of different heights on the surface strain was detected. Varied scope of the inner strain was -1 279.00～－960.20 με. Radial variation pattern was that the inner longitudinal compression strain (tensile stress) was decreasing from the bark to inside, and turned into tension strain (compressive stress) at the fifth or sixth growth ring at north part of center board and fourth or fifth growth ring at south part of the board. The maximum of tension strain of Z2 and Z5 tree located at the third growth ring of south part of the board, and Z3 tree at the same growth ring of north part of the board. General radial variation trend curve of the inner strain was similar to a parabola with a downward opening, and the maximum value located at pith. Quadratic regression equation of the inner growth strain to number of growth years was Y(innergrowth strain)＝815.02 X²(number of growth ring)-69.345 X-1 902.403, R²=0.775.

Abstract: White-rot fungus and poplar were selected as materials in this paper. Chemical composition and fiber morphology properties of poplar before and after fungus pretreatment were analyzed. The most suitable white-rot fungus and time for the next kraft pulping were probed. In these conditions, the poplar was made pulping, and the kappa number, the yield and viscosity of the pulp were measured. The physical properties of the paper were determined. The results showed that the level of lignin degradation of different fungus from high to low were：Lentinus edodes，Coriolus versicolor，Polystictus versicolor，Phlebia radiate，Pleurotus florida,and Pleurotus streatus. Lentinus edodes to holocellulose degradation was the highest and Polystictus versicolor was the lowest. After pretreatment,the average fiber length was reduced, and the ratio of the fiber length to width was increased,and the runkel ratio was decreased. Compared to the reference sample,results of pulping showed that after Phlebia radiata, Polystictus versicolor, and Pleurotus florida pretreatment, the kappa number was decreased, the pulp yield, viscosity and delignification selectivity were increased, the indexes of tensile and tear of the paper were improved. After Lentinus edodes pretreatment, the kappa number and delignification selectivity were decreased and increased, respectively, but the pulp yield and viscosity were decreased, the indexes of tensile and tear were reduced. After the four white-rot fungus pretreatment, the folding endurance and whiteness were increased.

Abstract: The acid-thinned and oxidized starch latex was obtained by adopting hydrochloric acid as catalyzer and ammonium persulfate as oxidant. Starch was acid-thinned and was oxidized meanwhile, which shortens reaction time and enhances reaction velocity. The optimum technology conditions obtained by analysis experiment of single element are: 35% of starch latex concentration, 1 h of reaction time, 0.5 molL^-1 of hydrochloric acid concentration, 55 ℃ of reaction temperature, 2.25% of amount for dry starch mass. Acid-thinned and oxidized starch has double properties of acid-thinned starch and oxidized starch. The reaction-product had good properties such as low viscosity, high concentration, low retrogradation and would be used to prepare for wood-adhesives.

Abstract: As important renewable natural resources, forest trees have a huge economic, ecological and social value. Genetic improvement programs play a crucial role in the sustainable management of forest resources. The rapid development of modern molecular biotechnology brings us new opportunities and challenges in forest tree improvement. Forest biotechnology has already shown great application potential for forest tree improvement. Not only has the potential been demonstrated in producing transgenic trees with optimized yield and quality traits in field trials, but progress in genetical genomics and association genetics provide new thoughts for tree improvement. The availability of Populus genome sequence will develop new domain in the tree molecular breeding. In this paper, we reviewed molecular biology applied in the improvement process of forest tree, together with two main avenues, genetical genomics and association genetics, to accelerate forest tree improvement. Moreover, the existing problems and the perspective of applications of molecular biotechnology to tree genetic improvement were also discussed.

Abstract: This paper reviewed the past and present situation of the forest tourism, with which several problems in the construction of forest scenic spot were discussed, including unsound law, unreasonable development and utilization, bad landscape management and etc. We believed that the landscape ecological plan could improve the quality of forest tourism and make the tourism sustainable. We reviewed four domains of national and abroad researches on landscape ecological plans of forest scenic spots, i.e., fundamental research on landscape ecology, landscape ecological assessment, models of the landscape ecological plan, landscape management. Finally, we summarized the results of the researches and discussed the tendency of researches on landscape ecological plans of forest scenic spots, and believed that the current development of landscape ecology alone might not meet the acquirements of development of landscape ecological plans. The research on landscape ecological plans should strengthen the connection to the other subjects, such as economics, management and sociology. We suggested it should be focused more on theory research, method discussion and technical support.

Abstract: Nutrient dynamic and transfer characteristics of trees reflect the preservation and utilization of nutrients, and the adaptability to the infertile soil and environment. The change of nutrient content and the transfer ratio of element N, P, K, Ca, Mg in living and fallen leaves of three Eucalyptus varieties of 184.1, 201.2, guanglin-9 were measured and analyzed. The results indicated that the content of N ,P, K ,Ca ,Mg in leaves was significantly different monthly within a year. In general, the nutrient content and the transfer rate of the leaf were relatively higher in the growing season (6-10 months) than that in other seasons. The nutrient content in the living leaves was significantly higher than that of the fallen ones, and the nutrient content in the living leaves was positively correlated (r=0.94, P<0.01) with that in the fallen ones. The nutrient content and the transfer ratio were different among the three varieties of eucalyptus. Contents of N and Ca were the highest in 184.1, and contents of P, K, Mg were the highest in 201.2, while contents of the other four elements except N were the lowest in Guanglin-9. In terms of the nutrient transfer rate, Ca had no change, and the rate of the other four elements was P>N>K>Mg and the difference was significantly different (F=192.19, P<0.01). The nutrient content of the leaf was significantly (t=2.97>t 0.025 ₍₆₎ =2.446 9), however the nutrient transfer rate was not remarkably affected by fertilization. There was no significant difference in the nutrient transfer rate among the three Eucalyptus varieties. The results showed that the changes of leaf nutrient content and the transfer rate were related with many factors, such as growth characteristics and biological characteristics of species and external conditions.

Abstract: A protocol for extracting chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaf was optimized by orthogonal test on the base of noticeable factors test. The preventing effect of extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaf on mice suffered from high lipid serum was evaluated. High lipid serum was induced by gavaging fat emulsion to mice everyday. The TC,TG,LDL-C and HDL-C level in the serum of different animal groups were monitored. The result showed that the optimum process was to extract the chlorogenicacid at 90 ℃ with 70% ethanol for 2 h, with solid-liquid ratio 1∶16,and the extract rate was able to reach to 4%. The extract was efficient in defending high lipid serum.

Abstract: Volatile and semi-volatile components of Paeonia veitchii roots were extracted respectively from steam and water residue by using water steam distillation, their antibacterial activity were evaluated against 6 bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus brevis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and the chemical compositions were analyzed by GC/MS. The results indicated that the volatile components contained 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (20.24%), benzoic-acid (21.64%), n-hexadecanoic acid (6.84%), oleic acid (8.76%), phenol (1.53%), methyl-salicylate (1.22%), furfural (2.49%), 2,2-dimethy1-3-octene (2.22%), et al., accounting for 97.18% of the volatile chemical components. The semi-volatile components contained 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acid (29.22%), 1,2,3-benzenetriol (14.00%), benzoic-acid (21.11%), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (3.18%), 4-hydroxy-benzeneethanol (1.74%), 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (1.94%), furfural (2.89%), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-pheny1)-ethanone (5.91%), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde (3.09%), salicy-alcohol (2.04%), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (3.82%), accounting for 95.19% of the semi-volatile chemical components. The volatile and semi-volatile components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra exhibited good activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp., and the semi-volatile components exhibited significant activity against Salmonella sp. in the terms of hypha growth rate.

Abstract: This paper observed through SEM and analyzed the microstructure of cork samples. The mechanical property, processing and utilization of cork is closely related to its microstructure. In the tangential section, cork cells are seen as polygons in a honeycomb-like arrangement, while the transverse and radial sections show a brickwall-like structure. Each of these cork cells has average 14 faces. There are corrugations on the cell walls. The three dimension structure of cork cell is a prism, cork cells are connected with lentoid lenticels.