By using an infrared gas analyzer(IRGA) with a 6400-09 chamber, the diurnal, seasonal and interannual dynamics of soil CO₂ efflux rate was measured in a Caragana plantation located in Taiyuan basin over four years from January 2005 to December 2008. The soil temperature (T) at 10 cm depth and the soil water content (W) over top 10 cm were also measured at the same time. The results showed that soil respiration rate(R) of the Caragana plantation had an asymmetric diurnal pattern, with the minimum appearing about 6: 00 and the maximum around 14: 00. The CO₂ efflux exhibited pronounced seasonal variations that clearly followed the seasonal change in T, with high values appearing in August, and low value in early spring and winter. Cumulative annual respiration amount from March to December was 1 145.7, 1 224.7, 814.9 and 904.7 g C·m^-2a^-1, respectively, in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, and there was an obvious difference between years. The relationships between R and T at 10 cm depth could be described by exponential equation (R = ae^bT), with a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.41, 0.31, 0.67 and 0.54, respectively, for 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, and calculated Q₁₀ (Q₁₀ = e^10b) varied from 1.70 to 2.02 over four years and was 0.64 and 2.11 for growing season and non-growing season, respectively. The relationships between R and W over top 10 cm depth had significant correlation (P< 0.01) in 2005 and 2006, with a determination coefficient (R²) about 0.30,however the relationship was not significant (P ＞ 0.05) in 2007 and 2008. The four two-variable models of linear and non-linear were able to predict relationships of R with both T and W, with the R² ranging from 0.51 to 0.83.

Effect of mulching greenery waste on soil fertility of municipal forest land was studied. Result showed that greenery waste mulching reduced soil bulk density, improved water retention capacity of soil, and increased soil total porosity, capillary porosity, and especially non-capillary porosity. In the range of mulching amounts (6 120 kg·hm^-2) applied in this experiment, mulching also significantly enhanced contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil, and the amount of mulch had a remarkable positive correlation with these soil critical nutrition indexes. However, the increase of total potassium was not observed until 160 days after the treatment with high amount of mulch. The mulch also significantly raised the contents of microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen, accelerate microbial turnover rate, shorten microbial turnover time, increase microbial transfer capacity and activate soil microbial activity, which was beneficial to recycling and maintaining soil fertility. Microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen had a significant positive correlation with the soil critical nutrition indexes, which could be used to evaluate the remediation efficiency of mulching greenery wastes on land. The mulching of greenery wastes had a positive role in improving soil quality and reducing maintenance costs for green space which was favor to constructing the economical landscape and gardening for the urban.

Dynamic changes and sensitivity of present value for carbon-sequestrated cost were systematically analyzed and compared in a complete rotation from main plantation types in Guangxi with ecological economic principles. This study also analyzed impact of different discount rates on carbon-sequestrated cost of various plantation types, calculated the carbon cost-net income of main species plantations with timber benefits, and compared the net income with cost of plantation without timber benefits. The results showed that the present values of carbon-sequestrated cost were decreased with increasing ages of main plantations. Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Eucalyptus spp. had higher present value for carbon cost than others at the end of rotation. It cost ￥171.8～283.4 per ton C for Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana, ￥178.3～271.7 for Cunninghamia lanceolata, ￥211.0～225.9 for Eucalyptus spp., ￥133.3～218.9 for Pinus massoniana, ￥133.0～205.7 for Cryptomeria fortunei+Metasequoia glyptostoboides, ￥122.0～159.1 for Casuarina equisetifolia+Sassafras tzumu, and ￥48.9～100.4 for Quercus. sp.+Cyclobalanopsis glauca. Annual fluctuations of input costs affected the counted carbon cost in the case of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The calculated present values of cost were obviously different by using a lower discount rate from a higher discount rate at the end of rotation, and the discount rate impacted obviously Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana, however not obviously Eucalyptus spp. at the end of rotation. It was necessary to analyze carbon cost-net income in evaluating the feasibility of carbon project implementation from afforestation.

With the elevation gradient as one-dimension resource states, and with the important values as the resource state descriptor of the niche, the niche breadths, niche proportional similarity and overlaps of the dominant shrub populations in a Quercus aquifoliodes shrub community in Wolong Nature Reserve were measured using Levins, Hurlbert and Schoener methods. The results showed that the Quercus aquifoliodes shrub community was predominant in the dimension resource states. The results, obtained with the two methods, were basically consistent. The niche breadths of Quercus aquifoliodes, Cotoneaster dielsianus,Salix dissa and Daphne tangutica were relatively greater. The Levins and Hurlberts niche breadths were respectively 0.594 9,0.452 4,0.551 1,0.451 6 and 0.956 0, 0.570 3, 0.783 4, 0.571 1. There was a typical negative correlation between the niche breadths and the variance coefficient of the important values of the species. The two species with broader niche breadths or the two species with narrower niche breadths had greater similarity in niche proportion. The niche proportional similarity of most species ranged from 0 to 0.7, mostly between 0.4 to 0.6, accounting for 36.37% of total species pairs. The number of species that had niche overlaps was 112 pairs, accounting for 84.85%; and 39 pairs overlapped more than 0.2, making up 29.55%. Two populations with broad niche breadth could result in greater overlap with each other, and one population with broad niche could also had greater overlap with one population with narrow niche; On the contrary, the niche overlaps between a populations with narrow niche breadth and another population with broad niche breadth were much smaller. The proportions of L_hi and L_hi whose value exceeded 0.08 were 72.74% and 65.16% respectively, those results demonstrated that the trend of resource sharing was relatively obvious and the Quercus aquifoliodes shrub community was relatively stable.

The sap flows(F_s) in taproot of Caragana korshinskii were measured continually withthermal dissipation probe（TDP）technique from April to October in 2008, and the environmental factors were recorded synchronously. The data of 30 sunny days were selected for analysis. The results showed that the forms ofF_s exhibits a typical normal distribution with wide peak, which could be divided into 4 phaseobviously, reflecting driven effects of meteorological factors and regulation effects of stomatal behavior. TheF_s was driven by multiple factors jointly. The potential evapotranspiration（ET₀）wasclosely correlated to F_s so as to be a comprehensive and compounded environmental variable. Thecoupling relationship between F_s and main environment factors varied diurnally. F_s had a liner relationship with solar radiation and ET₀ at initiating and increasing stage of the flow after sunrise, which suggested that the solar radiation would be the driving mechanism to F_s and activation effects of photosynthesis. F_s showed a Sigmoidal-Hill function relationship with solar radiation and ET₀ at the decreasing stage after the peak. The F_s relationships with vapour pressure deficit（VPD）was contrary to that with solar radiation and ET₀ ,which implied that VPD could trigger stomatal regulation and control over-transpiration. F_s varied with main environment factors nearly simultaneously and no obvious time lags were found. Nocturnal sap flows were measured in many days of the growth season, and the average flow accounted for 3.83% of the total daily sap flows. The results approved the validation and superiority of the TDP technique for measuring sap flow of the whole tree in taproot of the shrubs.

In recent years, forest areas in China increased largely thanks to afforestation. The plantation area accounts for 30% of the total forest areas of China. To understand the potential carbon sink of the plantation, CO₂ flux was measured continuously from 2006 and 2007 using the eddy covariance technique in a 30-year-old mixed plantation (Quercus variabilis, Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis) in a hilly area of the North China. The results showed inter-annual and seasonal variations of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) were obvious. However, the diurnal variation was only remarkable in the growing seasons (from April to October). Daily NEE ranged from -27.1 to 8.1 g CO₂·m^-2d^-1 in 2006, and from -24.4 to 9.8 g CO₂·m^-2d^-1 in 2007. Monthly mean CO₂ uptake peaked in May in 2006 and in July in 2007. The magnitude of CO₂ uptake during the growing season accounted for about 96% of the whole year. Annual net carbon uptake in the plantation was 549.1 g C·m^-2a^-1 in 2006 and 445.4 g C·m^-2a^-1 in 2007. Carbon sink in the mixed plantation was notable and its inter-annual variation was significant. Drought in spring of 2007 was the main reason that led to a significant decrease in net carbon uptake in the mixed plantation.

The primary ecological effects of rehabilitation models in converting farmland to forests in eastern Liaoning mountains were continuously investigated through 6 years observation in the typical permanent plots. The results showed that intense competitions occurred among vegetations and perennial herbs, semilignified species and shrubs turned into domination after 3 years rehabilitation. Stable forest community can be formed after 6 years of artificial reforestation. Total biomass per unit area was highest in arborshrub model, especially in lignified roots and its comprehensive effect, better than any other models, though its ability of water and soil conservation was one year later than natural rehabilitation. The arbor model took the second place. Taking that in control (continuous farming plot) as 100%, average runoff in 6 years was 11.9% in arbor plot, 14.49% in arbor-shrub plot and 10.65% in natural restoring plot, and the corresponding sediment discharge was 1.95%, 0.15%, and 0.04% respectively. The microzoon system (especially insects) changed with the conversion. In comparison with the control, three rehabilitation models had relative diversified species and a complex parasitical/clinging microzoon population which has formed the chain structure preliminarily.

The vegetative storage proteins(VSPs) in branches of Ginkgo biloba were isolated and identified by using light- and electron-microscope, SDS-PAGE, immunoenzyme optical-microscopy localization and immunogold electron-microscopy localization. The cytological characteristic and dynamic changes of VSPs were preliminarily studied. The results were as follows: The antigens of vegetative storage protein of 32 and 36 ku were separated and prepared by using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, antibodies of vegetative storage proteins of 32 and 36 ku were successfully achieved with immuniting New Zealand rabbits. VSPs were found mainly in the secondary phloem parenchyma cells of one-year-old twigs during deciduous stage and they were accumulated in vacuole in different forms such as nubbly, granular, and homogeneous under electron microscope. The protein inclusions of branches almost disappeared during new shoot development, with obviously seasonal change.

SCAR(sequencecharacterized amplified region)marker primers SEA-F/SEA-R and SEB-F/SEB-R were designed on the basis of the DNA sequence of RAPD marker OPB-08₉₅₈ to obtain the SCAR marker linked to the precocious gene in walnut(Juglans regia). The reliability of SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ marker was detected by screening DNA from parents,hybrids and varieties(clone) with SEA-F/SEA-R primers. The results showed that the specific marker SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ was amplified stably using DNA extracted from precocious parent ‘Lüyuan’ as the template with SEA-F/SEA-R primers. In the F₁ hybrid population from ‘Lüyuan’בLüfeng’,the SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ marker was co-segregating with precocious gene of walnut and the genetic distance between SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ and precocious gene was 1.99 cM. To detect the reliability of SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ marker further, the template DNA from later mature maternal parent ‘T-12’, precocious paternal parent ‘Yanfeng’ and their 123 F₁ hybrids plants was screened with SEA-F/SEA-R primers. The SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ marker was co-segregating with precocious gene in the F₁ hybrid population from ‘T-12’בYanfeng’ either. In 9 walnut varieties(clone),the SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ marker was presented in 7 out of 8 precocious varieties, but absent in precocious variety ‘Luguang’ and later mature clone ‘T-12’.It was indicated that SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ would be an identifier of precocious walnut varieties(clone). Stability of the effect of SCAR-SEA₉₅₈ was high in different genetic backgrounds.

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the main source of nature rubber. Although rubber planting industry has become one of the important industries of Chinese agriculture in tropical areas, low temperature stress still restricts the development of rubber planting industry in China. The differential transcription of 11 cold-resistant rubber clones and 12 cold susceptible rubber clones was analyzed with and without cold stress by cDNA-AFLP. Through screening 100 primer sets, a total of 12 specific fragments were identified, cloned and sequenced, whose GenBank accession No. was GO269543-GO269554 respectively. By aligning with BLASTn and BLASTx, three fragments, TDF7-8, TDF5-15 and TDF16-10, exhibited the high homology with the resistance related gene ABC transport protein family, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DHAPS) and WRKY genes, respectively. All of the three fragments were up-regulated under cold stress. The other 9 fragments didn’t have high homologous sequences in GenBank. The results would be useful knowledge for rubber cold-resistant molecular breeding in future.

Characteristic parameters of photosynthesis in response to irradiance of 13 naturally-regenerated tree species, which were used for vegetation restoration in the dry-hot river valley of the Jinsha River, were studied and several main conclusions were drawn. It was theoretical and feasible to determine the weak light range by the descending point of light using efficiency on light response curve. The subsection functions provided a well-fitted simulating curve for photosynthetic response to irradiance. The determination of weak light region had significant effect on apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis (α) and dark respiration rate (R_d), however it had not obvious effect on light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP) and maximum apparent photosynthesis rate (P_max) . The variation ranges of α, R_d, LCP, LSP, P_max of 13 tree species in dry March respectively were 0.020 7～0.059 2 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1/μmolphotons·m^-2s^-1, -2.07～-0.31 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1, 14～37 μmolphotons·m^-2s^-1, 1 015～1 648 μmolphotons·m^-2s^-1, 3.09～19.32 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1. There were similar rank of the 13 species among the bases of the maximum apparent photosynthesis rate, the saturation light using efficiency and apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis, which suggested that if the tree species had a higher light using efficiency in weak light region and under the saturated light, they often had a higher maximum apparent photosynthesis rate.

Crystallization degree of almond gum hydrolysate was measured by using RINT2000 vertical goniometer X-ray diffractometer to determine the effects of different pH values on crystalline attributes of almond gum. Variation of pH values not only enabled almond gum (amorphous substance) to show crystalline attribute, but significantly (P＜0.01) affected the crystalline phases. With decreasing of pH values from neutral point, the mathematical model of crystallinity variation of almond gum was y = 10.942 01 e^{-(x-2.230 06)2/1.872 403} （R²= 0.851 75）. In contrast, with increasing pH values from neutral point the mathematical model of crystallinity variation of almond gum was y = -8.838 22+1.381 18x （R²= 0.896 75）.

Microflora was investigated by collecting and culturing micro-organisms from the leaves, bark and soil in Populus×euramericana cv.‘Neva’, P.×euramericana cv.‘Guariento’ and P. tomentosa poplar plantations in this study. Firstly, preliminary results indicated that the total quantity of bacteria in P.×euramericana cv.‘Neva’ plantation was remarkably different from that in the P.×euramericana cv.‘Guariento’ and the P. tomentosa, and that on difference was found between the latter two. There were significant differences in bacteria quantity from the leaves, bark and the soil. The quantity of bacteria in P.×euramericana cv.‘Neva’ plantation was the greatest in summer and autumn, while it in P. tomentosa plantation was the greatest in winter and spring. The total quantity of bacteria was the most in P.×euramericana cv.‘Neva’, and more than that in P.×euramericana cv.‘Guariento’ and P.tomentosa. The dominant spaces of bacteria were Pseudomonas sp. And Bacillus sp. And so on, which were widely distributed in the four interfaces of the three poplar plantations. Secondly, the variation of the quantity of fungi in the three poplar plantations had the same pattern as bacteria’s. The quantity of fungi was remarkably different between autumn and the other three seasons. The dominant species of fungi were Marssonina sp.,Prenochaeta sp. And Paecilomyces sp. In the poplar plantations.

The paper described the evolvement of home and abroad in modeling dominant height using nonlinear mixed effect models. The nonlinear mixed effect model of dominant height related with forest age was developed by changing the number of random effect parameter of Richards and Logistic growth model based on the data of Chinese Fir plantation of different initial planting density in Dagangshan Experiment Bureau of Jiangxi Province. The simulation’s precision of different models was compared with coefficient of determination, mean square error and absolute bias. The results showed that the precision of nonlinear mixed effect model which takes into account the random effect of different initial planting density was better than that of conventional regression model. But increasing the number of random effect parameter was not absolutely able to increase the simulation’s precision of model, on the contrary the precision may decrease possibly. The simulation’s precision of Logistics including three random effect parameter based on the fourth equation was maximal.

In order to teat the induced function of exogenous jasmonates on larch tannins, variation of tannin content in needles of two-year-old Larix gmelinii and L. olgensis seedlings was analyzed by vanillin-colorimetry determination after spraying treatments with the different concentrations of exogenous jasmonates. The results showed after being treated with jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate (MJA) and (Z)-jasmone (ZJ), tannin content in needles of the two larch species increased or decreased significantly than the control, and the variation lasted for 10～20 days. ZJ had stronger effect on the variation of tannin content in L. gmelinii needles than MJA and JA, whereas the all three jasmonate significantly affected tannin content in L. olgensis needles.Tannin content in Larix gmelinii needles treated with the 0.01 mmol·L^-1 ZJ, 0.01 mmol·L^-1 MJA and 1 mmol·L^-1 JA changed significantly, while the variation of tannin content in L. olgensis needles was obviously affected by 0.01 mmol·L^-1 MJA and 1 mmol·L^-1 JA. Compared with that of tannin content in L. olgensis needles, variational degree of L. gmelinii needles were much higher on inducement of the three jasmonates. It is concluded that the treatments with exogenous jasmonates could induce increase or decrease of tannin content in the larch systemically, and the effects were relatively persistent. The stimulus response of L. gmelinii was stronger than that of L. olgensis to exogenous jasmonates.

To promote massive rear of Arma chinensis, the survival rate and developmental period of the larvae and the fecundity of its adult with different host plants and rearing densities were measured indoor. Meanwhile, the larval survival rate curve in different rearing densities was built by Weibull Frequency distribution function, S(t)=exp(-bt^c). The results showed that both the host plant and feeding density could significantly affect development and fecundity of Arma chinensis. With host plant of Ulmus pumila, the average larval survival rate was 82.09%, which is the highest among that with other host, whereas, the survival rate without any host was lowest by only 16.38%, served as CK. No significant difference was observed for developmental period of Arma chinensis larvae with different hosts, except for a little bit longer period without any host. However, the hosts had significant effect on fecundity of Arma chinensis, with the most eggs of 330.89 hatched per female when Ulmus pumila was used as the host, and only 96.64 eggs hatched per female without any host. With Ulmus pumila as host, the larval survival rate of Arma chinensis was greatly affected by rearing density. In lower rearing density, the larval survival rate could all be over 85.56%, but it decreased significantly when more than 40 larvae in one cage. The feeding densities had no correlation with the larval developmental period, although too high or too low densities distinctively decreased the fecundity of adult Arma chinensis.

The different solvent extracts from different organs of Euphorbia fischeriana were tested for their acarocidal activities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. The results indicated that petroleum ether extract of the root was more active than that from leaves and stems, and other solvent extracts from any organs, and it exhibited stronger activity against female adult. The adjusted mortality of female adult was 52.73% in 24 h at the concentration of the petroleum ether extract of 1 mg·mL^-1 but the adjusted mortality of egg was 55.21% when the concentration was 4 mg·mL^-1. The bioassay result of liquid-liquid extract showed that petroleum ether phase was obviously more active than chloroform phase and methanol phase. The silica gel column was used to separate and purify petroleum ether part and 16 bands were obtained by TLC analysis. The bioassay result indicated that the 11^th band had strongest acarocidal activity against T.cinnabarinus and the adjusted mortality of female mite was 86.67% at the concentration of 1 mg·mL^-1 and the adjusted mortality of egg was 66.33% at the concentration of 4 mg·mL^-1.

Wood fiber-polylactic acid(WF-PLA) bio-composites were prepared by kneading. The effect of different kneading temperature and wood fiber moisture on molecular weight and thermal properties of polylactic acid(PLA) in WF-PLA composite were analyzed using gel permeation chromatography(GPC) and differential scanning calorimeter(DSC). The result indicates that kneading temperature had a significant effect on the properties of PLA in WF-PLA composite. The weight mean molecular weight(M_w) of PLA in WF-PLA composite decreased with kneading temperature increased from 180 ℃ to 200 ℃. The number mean molecular weight(M_n) decreased at 200 ℃ only. The molecular polydispersity(PD) of PLA was the lowest at 190 ℃. The melt temperature and cold crystal temperature were different for WF-PLA composite with different kneading temperature. The change of melt temperature was correlative to the molecular weight of PLA. No marked effect induced by wood fiber moisture to molecular weight and thermal properties of PLA of WF-PLA bio-composite.

The key technologies of winch strypped-down of walking tractor were discussed. The collectivity kinetics of winch was analyzed. A method for calculating powers of winch was proposed．According to the worst working condition，the hoist power and the load up power were calculated，the larger power witch had definite over loading capacity between two powers was selected．The larger power was used to be gist to select the mainframe of JS3-2 winch．The constitution，working principle and main technical parameters of JS3-2 winch were introduced. Performance of JS3-2 winch was analyzed. The application of JS3-2 winch in production was expounded. Practice proves that JS3-2 winch has advantages of logical power matching，excellent performance and humanity manipulation. JS3-2 winch is applied widely in many disciplines，such as logging and transport of wood，road and bridge，irrigation work and electric power engineering，and so on.

Walnut is a tree species that exudation occurs frequently. Walnut exudation is not only an important biological phenomenon, also related to the effect of pruning and the success of grafting. Therefore, it has received more attention over years and a series of researches have been conducted. Different from most other tree species that exudation occurs normally in spring, walnut exudation can happen in spring, autumn, winter and even in growth season of summer. It was found that spring exudation was generated from root pressure but winter exudation was the result of stem or shoot pressure. The circulation of freezing and melting in winter could increase the level of soluble substance in shoots or stems and enhance their pressure intensity and lead to the occurrence of exudation. Besides, winter exudation was closely related to the restoration of xylem embolism. The constituent of winter and spring sap showed different. In this paper, the available researches were summarized and some important results were reviewed to anticipate to give a more comprehensive understanding of walnut exudation and to provide theoretical instruction for walnut cropping practices of grafting and pruning. The further research and some important concerns were discussed also in this paper.

The senescence of old tree belongs to the special degenerate process of procedure cell death. This paper summarized the measurements of leaf ultrastructure, chlorophyll content, protein content, active oxygen defensive system and mineral nutrition element of the old leaves. It also analysed and discussed the practicability of these physiological indexes.

Landscape pathology is a newly emerging subject that integrate forest pathology with landscape ecology, that is, it is developed based upon theories and principles of phytopathology and forest pathology, and spatial and temporal principles and methodology from landscape ecology. Landscape pathology can be used to clearly discriminate the environmental features from vegetation spatial patterns effects on host susceptibility and disease epidemics. And the subject also illustrates the tendency of pathogen evaluations and lag of host tree adaptations in response to climatic change scenario. Meanwhile, on basis of predicting the spread rate of disease and the impacts on spatial patterns, landscape pathology is helpful to determine the long-term land use patterns and to make sustainable pests management strategy. The concept of landscape pathology and its research approaches are introduced and interpreted in this paper. Latest advances in study of landscape pathology have been summarized and several scientific issues needed to be urgently solved are proposed in this paper.

Wood single fiber is the basic unit of wood. Its properties of physics, anatomy, chemistry were researched more, but the mechanical properties were researched little. In this paper, the importances of mechanical properties for single fiber were indicated, the advance in mechanics properties of single fiber were reviewed, the specimen preparation, clamping, alignment, cross-section area of the cell wall measuring technology for single fiber tensile technique were reviewed detailly, and also the nanoindentation and zero-span tensile techniques, the mechanics properties of single fiber were sumed up, such as the elasticity modulus of longitudinal, tensile strength, creep, fracture, failure, twisting properties. The purpose of this paper was to retrospect the studyments on single fiber mechanical properties, and to bring forward the advices for its continued development.

Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) is an important species in Australia for short rotation, with many uses. The species has been widely planted and utilized in southern China at present. This study was carried out in an open-pollinated 15-year-old provenance/progeny trial in Lufeng County, Yunnan Province. Total 158 open-pollinated progenies derived from 19 provenances in Australia and 8 open-pollinated progenies from China were tested in the trial. The phenotypic and genetic variations in growht traits of provenances/progenies were analyzed. The analysis results showed that height, DBH, bark thickness at breast height and the volume of individual tree were significantly different at 3, 5, 9 and 15-year-old trees among the provenances and progenies, which suggested that there was great potential either for provenance selection or family selection, and the variation was the major sources for the species improvement. Heritability and genetic correlation for growth traits were estimated for the open-pollinated families of A. mearnsii. The growth traits (height, DBH, bark thickness at breast height) of family heritability were over 0.7 and individual heritability was over 0.5, which meant these traits were strongly controlled by genetics. There were high phenotypic and genetic correlations for height, DBH and bark thickness at breast height between 3,5,9-year-old and 15-year-old progenies. The genetic correlation coefficients of 5 and 15 years old trees were over 0.8, which indicated that these relationships were mainly controlled by genetic factors. The stage from 5 to 9 years old was the best period for early selection in the open-pollinated provenance/progeny test of A. mearnsii, and the DBH was a better indicator than other traits due to its genetic stability.

The experimental sites were set on the north slope of Changbai Mountain. This paper investigated the tissue non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) content of Betula ermanii at the different elevations up to timberline during the growing season. The results indicated that the overall altitudinal trends of NSC in the Betula ermanii were increasing along elevation gradients, and no depletion of carbon reserves was found near the tree limit, suggesting that sink limitation determines woody plant life across this timberline ecotone community. The results also suggest that the stronger frost resistance of the plants located at a timberline elevation would be associated with their stronger synthesis of the carbohydrates.

Evergreen broad-leaved forests, the typical subtropical climax and important vegetation types in vertical zone of the middle section of Nanling Mountain, were severely damaged by the huge ice disaster in spring of 2008. We investigated the floral components and characteristics in sampling plots. The results showed that the communities had a high species diversity and most species were evergreen woody plants with 96 vascular plants families including 206 genera and 395 species (including infraspecific taxa). Among of them, there were 21 species pteridophytes in 19 genera of 15 families, 4 gymnosperm families including 4 genera and 4 species, 71 dicotyledon families including 165 genera and 346 species, and 7 monocotyledon families including 18 genera and 24 species. Analysis of geographical elements showed that the communities exhibited a relative strong tropic floristic nature and there were unique tropical Asia, Sino-Japan and Chinese endemic elements appearing in all the synusiae from the canopy to the ground layer, including tree layer, shrub layer, ground layer and inter layers. This area was a floristic pool of South China, Central China, East China, Southwest China, and Dian-Qian-Gui region with significant transitional features and highly local endemic elements. There were various types of secondary forests belonging to in ecological succession in the communities, which would be an ideal place for studying the secondary succession and restoration ecology. It is worth to note the area was a living place harboring many endemic and endangered taxa. Therefore, the analysis of its floristic characteristics and the discussion of its biodiversity conservation at various levels and accurate monitoring and evaluation of ice disaster could provide a scientific basis for post-disaster vegetation recovery.

An optimization SSR reaction system was established to investigate the genetic diversity of Hyphantria cunea (Drury). A population of Hyphantria cunea in Cangzhou was used to optimize PCR conditions in the SSR system. The results showed that the best condition was 0.40 mmol·L^-1 dNTP, 2.5 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺, 0.32 μmol·L^-1 primers, 1U Taq polymerase, 30～60 ng template DNA in 25 μL SSR reaction system and the optimal annealing temperature of primers was 52 ℃. Genetic diversity of five Hyphantria cunea populations was studied with this SSR reaction system, and the result showed the microsatellite primers were high polymorphic and this system was suitable and stable.

Eupatoriumadenophorum stem was used to prepare activated carbon using phosphoric acid as activation agent with activation temperature at 550 ℃ and activation duration of 40 min. The influence of impregnation ratios of prepared activated carbon on the adsorption capacity was evaluated, the character and micro-structure were fully studied. Results showed impregnation ratios 2∶1 was optimal and characteristics of activated carbon with a high yield （40.2%） are: specific surface area （S_BET） 1 767.9 m²·g^-1, total volume 2.261 cm³·g^-1, iodine number of adsorbent （q_iodine） 1 056 mg·g^-1, amount of methylene blue adsorption of adsorbent （q_mb） 270 mg·g^-1, caramel A decolorization capacity 100% and ash 1.2%. The wide pore size distribution was described by BJH theory and SEM analysis. The activation course was discussed by TG analysis. It is demonstrated that Eupatorium adenophorum is an attractive source of raw material for producing high capacity activated carbon by phosphoric acid activation.