Soil physi-chemical properties and the tree growth were compared in successive rotation plantations of Cunninghamia lanceolata (CR Chinese Fir) in tree different ages(8-year-old, 11-year-old and 14-year-old), and Taiwania flousiana plantations with the same age pattern which were afforested in previous slash of Chinese Fir. The results showed that soil bulk densities were 0.893-1.112, 0.797-1.256 and 0.598-1.211 g·cm^-3 respectively in 8,11,14-year-old Taiwania flousiana plantations soils (0～100 cm), which were lower 0.9％-6.9% than those in CR Chinese Fir plantations. Total soil porosity in the three ages of Taiwania flousiana plantations was respectively 45.69％-65.33％，46.45％-68.74％ and 39.82％-68.26％，and all higher 6.6％-8.7％ than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. The soil ventilation degree was respectively 49.57%-59.71％, 44.55%-66.68％ and 42.38%-66.16％，and also higher 14.2 %-24.4% than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. The soil saturation moisture capacity was respectively 3.43％-11.43％，4.15％-19.73％ and 2.28％-12.23％, and higher 12.4％-14.9％ than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations; The saturated water contents were 46.89％-66.50％, 40.90％-68.09％ and 42.36％-98.15％ respectively，and higher 12.4％-14.9％ than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. pH values of forest soil (0-40 cm layer) were 4.30-5.10，4.40-4.80 and 4.13-4.55 respectively in 8,11,14-years-old of Taiwania flousiana plantations, which were lower 1.3％-6.3％ than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations , and the organic matter contents were 46.03-71.45，34.96-68.67 and 25.59-79.38 g·kg^-1 , and lower that in CR Chinese Fir plantations in the 8-year-old, however higher 23.4％-77.1% than that in the 11, 14-years-old. Total nitrogen and hydrolysis nitrogen contents were 1.78-3.55，1.97-3.04，2.01-3.12 g·kg^-1 and 146.9-355.3，185.0-370.5，136.6-365.9 mg·kg^-1，and slightly lower than that in 8-year-old is and higher 20.1％-35.6％ in the 11, 14-years-old. Available P contents were 0.5-2.7，0.6-1.5 and 0.6-2.8 mg·kg^-1 respectively， and higher than that 11.1％-54.5％ in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. Available K contents were 15.4-137.5, 34.5-115.5 and 18.7-89.1 mg·kg^-1，and lower 23.6％-47.6% than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. In the 8,11,14 years-old of Taiwania flousiana plantations, the average diameter was 10.70 , 12.67 and 14.13 cm respectively, and higher 12.4%-36.7% than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. The average tree height were 8.63, 11.47 and 13.33 m respectively, and higher 11.7%-30.2% than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations. Tree stands volumes were 93.308, 153.418 and 203.824 m³·hm^-2 respectively, higher 37.7%-117.5% than that in the CR Chinese Fir plantations.

The species composition, DBH(diameter at breast height) class, existing form, decay class of coarse woody debris (CWD) were studied in a large permanent plot (9 hm²) of a typical mixed broad-leaved korean pine forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains. All CWDs with DBH ≥2 cm were tagged, mapped, measured (girth) with species identified. Important findings: a total of 3 418 CWD individuals with DBH ≥2 cm were recorded in the 9 hm² plot among which the species of 864 CWD individuals were not able to be identified due to serious decay, accounted for 25.3% of the total samples recorded. The CWD density, basal area and volume were 380 indivadual·hm^-2, 15.80 m²·hm^-2and 90.1 m³·hm^-2, respectively. Acer ukurunduense and Betula costata were the major broad-leaved tree species while Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis were the major coniferous tree species. The basal area (9.12 m²·hm^-2) and volume (57.68 m³·hm^-2) of CWDs from coniferous tree species accounted for 57.7% and 64% of the total basal area and volume, respectively. The density of different types of CWDs decreased as increase of DBH class, and followed the inverse J-shape. The CWD existing forms was mainly composed of standing die, breakage at rootstock and breakage at trunk. Density of conifer stump CWDs increased with the DBH class. The decay classes of CWD followed normal distribution with a focus of decay class Ⅱ and Ⅲ, suggesting that the input and output of CWD was largely balanced in the mixed broad-leaved korean pine forest. Except the CWD of coniferous tree species with decay class V, the decay class of the rest of CWDs decreased with increase of DBH class.

In Ulanbuh desert, Artemisia ordosica, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Nitraria tangutorum, Caragana korshinskii and Haloxylon ammodendron are five dominant shrubs. In October 2007 (late autumn) and June (early summer) 2008, a stable isotope technique was used to measure the δD value of water in rain, well, irrigation ditch, branch and different soil horizons of these five shrubs, and then the main water source in the plants in different seasons was analyzed. Also, the δ¹³C value of their leaves (or assimilating shoot) was measured and the water use efficiency of four C₃ plants was analyzed. The results indicated N. tangutorum used the water in 30-60 cm soil in early summer and late autumn whereas other four shrubs extracted water from different soil horizons in two different seasons. The long term water use efficiency of N. tangutorum was significantly higher in early summer than in late autumn (P<0.05). Water use efficiency of A. ordosica, A. mongolicus and C. korshinskii was relatively stable in the two different seasons. Water use efficiency of A. mongolicus, N. tangutorum and C. korshinskii was higher than A. ordosica.

Physiological responses of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and pondcypress (Taxodium ascendens) seedlings to a wide range of hydrological regimes were studied. These regimes included control ©, mild drought (MD), wet soil (WS) and flooding (FL). Both species showed a significant increase in leaf free water content and lower leaf bound water content under MD and FL conditions as compared to the control ©. The free or bound water content in WS was never lower than that in C in either species. No significant changes were demonstrated in electrolyte leakage and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in baldcypress or pondcypress seedlings under MD, WS and FL, except the MDA concentration in FL in pondcypress. Flooding significantly increased soluble sugar concentration and decreased proline content in both species. Moreover, proline content was enhanced in baldcypress seedlings, but reduced in pondcypress seedlings in MD and WS. Thus, despite a number of similar responses, the seedlings of these two congeneric species exhibited some different traits in responses to water stresses.

Issues with regard to the uncertainty in estimating the net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sink are discussed through analyzing the process that the sources of uncertainty generate in estimating the net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sink and the uncertainty of the sources. The approaches and proposes for quantifying the uncertainty of sources and the uncertainty in estimating the net anthropogenic greenhouse gas removals by sink are put forward in this paper. We intend to provide help for investors in deciding prior efforts to improve the accuracy of approach in future and in choosing proper methodologies.

Transposable elements were a kind of DNA fragments movable in genomes. Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) were a class of short, widespread transposable elements with high copy number which played an important role in evolution of genome and regulation of gene expression. In order to analyze the distribution and characteristics of MITEs in Phyllostachys edulis genome, DNA library enriched for Stowaway-like MITEs was firstly constructed by the method of FIASCO (Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats). Totally 21 recombinant clones were randomly isolated with PCR method and then sequenced. Two clones (Stow-Ph1 and Stow-Ph2) were identified as Stowaway-like MITEs. The rate of positive clones was 9.52%. The fragment lengths of Stow-Ph1 and Stow-Ph2 were 260 bp and 258 bp, respectively. They had typical TIRs (terminal inverted repeats) and TSD (target site duplication) of Stowaway-like MITEs. The identity was 46.4% between Stow-Ph1and Stow-Os8(FJ266024), and 52.6% between Stow-Ph2and Stow-Os8. The identities among Stow-Ph1,Stow-Ph2and 16 rice Stowaway-like MITEs were above 50% based on the first 20 bp of their TIRs, which reflected that the TIRs of Stow-Ph1 and Stow-Ph2 were highly conserved.

By using rapid amplification of cDNA end ( RACE ) technigue, a cDNA was isolated from the mutation with short staminate inflorescence of Castanea mollissima and was designated as lipid transfer protein (LTP) gene. This cDNA, 660 bp, encoded a 118-amino acid polypeptide with 8 cysteine residues conserved, and a 26-amino acid signal peptide. The deduced polypeptide sequence has submitted to GenBank, the accession No. of gene and protein sequence are AY574218 and AAS79106, respectively. It has 63% similarity to the LTP in cotton and strawberry. Quantitative fluorescence analysis showed the expression level of LTP in short male inflorescence of chestnut was higher than that in normal sample. The gene encoding chestnut LTP was inserted into the ThioFusion^TM expression vector pET32a (+) and constructed the prokaryotic expression vector of pET-LTP. After induced by IPTG for 5 hours, an approximately 30 ku fusion protein was expressed abundantly in the host strain of Rosetta-gami^TM2(DE3). The recombinant LTP protein purified with Ni²⁺-chelating Sepharose Fast Flow column, revealed its microbial inhibition effect on the spore germination of chestnut pathogen Fusarium.

The genetic diversity of Eriobotrya was analyzed by ISSR markers. Twenty primers selected from 100 candidates were applied to the amplification which produced 436 bands. Of them 392 bands (89.9%) were polymorphic. The average effective number of alleles, Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index were 1.3, 0.208 5 and 0.332 3, respectively, suggesting that the accessions was comparatively great genetic diversity. There were 33 specific markers, but no specific markers for spring florescence or autumn-winter florescence were found. The spring florescence accessions could not be clustered to one group according to the dendrogram, suggesting that it might be inappropriate to use florescence as a criterion for the classification of Eriobotrya. The 41 loquat accessions could be divided into wild type and cultivated type with the similarity coefficient of 0.722, while the cultivated type could not be further classified according to a single trait. Based on the data, a discussion was made on the classification methods of Eriobotrya.

Cold repeat binding factor (CBF) proteins, specifically binding to the cold repeat (CRT)/dehydration-responsive element (DRE), have been identified as a group of important transcription activators of plants which regulate the expression of genes in response to the cold, drought and high-salt stresses. PtCBF5 from Populus tomentosa was cloned by RT-PCR methods, GenBank accession No. DQ354395. It contained an ORF of 696 bp encoding 231 amino acids domain that showed the typical characteristics of CBF gene family. The transcripts of PtCBF5 were the most abundant mRNA products in leaves, however relatively scarce in stem and roots using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The shoots were treated with low-temperature, dehydration, NaCl, and ABA (abscisic acid). PtCBF5 gene could be greatly induced by low-temperature and dehydration stresses. Expression of PtCBF5 gene was increased in 30 min after freezing or drought treatments, and reached to a peak after 2 h in freezing or 6 h in dehydration. PtCBF5 may play very important roles in early signal transduction related to the cold and dehydration stresses.

The variation characteristics of photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast cytology and its photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate were investigated in outer pericarp (OP), inner pericarp (IP) and axile placenta (AP) of Actinidia deliciosa ‘Qinmei’ fruit during cold storage,obtain basic knowledge of quality keeping in process of cold storage. The results showed that the composition of photosynthetic pigments in each tissue zone changed with the time of refriferation. The presence of Chl and (or) chlide make the pulp assume green color； however with the fruit cold-stored time, Chl a, Chl b and Chl(a+b) contents decreased gradually and Chl a/b increased. At a given cold-stored stage, the orders of content of Chl a, Chl b and Chl (a+b) of each tissue zone of the fruit were OP＞IP＞AP. The chloroplasts were solid irregular sphericity under lightfield and honeycomb like under fluorescence microscope before cold storage. Some starch grains were spilled into the cytoplasm from the chloroplasts. The number and volume of the chloroplast of every tissue zone became less and smaller, starch grains hydrolyzed and chloroplasts disintegrated with cold storage. The starch grain became less significantly and remnant lamella structure was frequently found after 30 d cold storage. The photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates of each tissue zone decreased with cold storage and the orders of the rates were： OP＞IP＞AP at the same period of cold storage. It was concluded that there were differences among photosynthetic pigments, morphology structure of chloroplast and photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate in each tissue zone during cold storage.

In order to study the effects of different proportion of N,P,K on seedling growth and physiological properties of hybrid clones of Populus tomentosa, seedlings were treated with fertilizer combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at three different levels in an orthogonal experimental design L₉(3⁴). The results were as follows: Different fertilizing treatments produced different effects on seedlings of the same Populus tomentosa clone, and different clones responded differentially to the same fertilizing treatment. Therefore, optimum amounts and ratio of fertilization of N,P,K must be determined in terms of each individual clones; Seedling growth and phyosiological properties of the hydribd clones responded differentially to fertilizer treatments, and the optimum ratio of N,P,K for clone S86 was N (3 g)+P₂O₅ (2.25 g)+K₂O(0 g); The optimum ratio of N,P,K for clone No.46 was N (5 g)+P₂O₅(4.5 g)+K₂O(1 g). The effects of different fertilizing treatments on net photosynthetic rate× total leaf area (PTL) were more significantly different than that on net photosynthetic rate, and net photosynthetic rate×total leaf area showed a closer correlation with growth (r＜0.80). Different fertilizing treatments had significant effects on seedling growth and physiological properties of the hybrid clones. The effect of nitrogen was the greatest, followed by phosphorus and potassium. This research is of theoretical and practical significance for proper fertilization of hybrid clones of Populus tomentosa.

The factors influencing fruiting ability and fertility of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) were analyzed based on an investigation of 124 cultivars in the Cangxian County Jujube Repository, Hebei and 156 cultivars in the National Jujube Repository, Pomology Institute of Shanxi. The results showed that Chinese jujube germplasm resources could be classified into 3 groups, I.e. self-fruitless, self-sterile (but self-fruitful) and self-fertile. Among them, self-sterile was the basic type, and it could convert with self-fruitless and self-fertile. However, the transform between self-fertile and self-fruitless was very scarce. Under natural pollination, all the cultivars and strains tested were able to bear fruits, but they were not all fertile, accounting for 42.31%, the rest sterile. The fruiting ability and fertility changed with genotypes (cultivars or strains), years, regional conditions and orientation of the canopy, of which genotype was the most dominant factor. The percentage of fruit to bearing shoot (PFTBS) and the percentage of fruit with seed (PFWS) were respectively in a range of 0-61.54% and 0-100% under self-pollination, and 4.17%-136.84% and 0-100% under natural pollination. PFTBS and PFWS in 36 strains of cultivar ‘Jinsixiaozao’ were respectively in a range of 0.89%-163.64%, 0-6.98% under self-pollination, and 10.71%-138.89% and 0-90.00% under natural pollination. For 5 strains of cultivar 'Wuhexiaozao', the two parameters were 1.10%-81.72%, 0-100% under self-pollination, and 8.06%-137.04% and 0-2.70% under natural pollination；For the 3 strains of cultivar ‘Dongzao’ the two parameters were 25.00%-62.93%, 0-1.37% under self-pollination, and 11.32%-89.23% and 0% under natural pollination, respectively. The variation of fruiting ability was much bigger than that of fertility. Only 4.17% and 15.38% of the cultivars had stable PFTBS respectively between years and between regional conditions, while the corresponding ratio of the cultivars with stable PFWS was respectively 64.58% and 73.08%. The PFTBS under self-pollination was much higher in the south-west and north-west aspects of the canopy than in other orientations. Some excellent germplasms (with self-fruitless or self-sterile under self-pollination but fertile under cross-pollination), which were fit to be used as female parent in cross breeding, were preliminarily screened out.

The carpenterworm moth, Holcocerus arenicola is a serious pest of desert thicket. Cis-7-tetradecen-1-ol (Z7-14: OH), cis-5-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (Z5-14: Ac), cis-7-Tetradecen-1-yl acetate (Z7-14: Ac) and cis-9-hexadeceny-1-yl acetate (Z9-16: Ac) were preliminarily identified by gas chromatography (GC) from its sex pheromone gland extracts. These compounds were chemically synthesized in lab and their biological activities were evaluated in lab and field. The results showed that a blend of Z7-14: Ac and Z5-14: Ac had strong attractive activity. Addition of Z7-14: OH to the blend enhanced slightly the trap catches. The synthetic compounds Z7-14: Ac, Z5-14: Ac and Z7-14: OH in a 10∶8∶1 ratio at 760 μg per trap dosage, set in a triangle trap, were able effectively to attract and kill H. arenicola .

The inhibitory activities of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) tar to 14 varieties of plant pathogen fungi were determined. The inhibitory effects of bamboo-based tar on Rhizoctonia solani were studied, and the main components of the bamboo bar were separated and identified by GC/MS analysis. The result showed that the bamboo-based tar had various inhibitory activities on mycelia growth and spore germination of the tested fungi, of which the inhibitory effects on mycelia growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and R. solani, on spore germination of Pyricularia grisea were the best. The bamboo-based tar brought about the mycelia ofR.solani deformation and its respiration decline, and had some control effect on rice sheath blight. The GC/ MS analysis showed that the relative content of phenolic compounds in the bar amounted to 72.491%.

Arceuthobium sichuanense is the most important vascular parasite on Picea crassifolia, Picea purpurea, Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana and Picea spinulosa in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet, and has severely damaged forest stands by dispersing explosive fruits in August and September in Sanjiangyuan area of Qinghai Province. A. sichuanense affects host growth through the interaction of the host with the mistletoe endophytic system, and expropriates water, minerals, and carbohydrates from the host, causes deformation of the infected stem, increases susceptibility to other disease agents or insect pests, and reduced the host longevity. To select the best measure for control ofA.sichuanense flowering buds in its early days and the flowering dynamics were investigated in its initial flowering phase (in the middle of May). The results showed that the flowering span of A.sichuanense populations was more than 40 days, while individual parasite was flowering for around 15 days. Greenish fruits emerged in 6-8 days after the flowering span, and the fruit pedicel elongated to 1-1.5 mm in its explosive span. Meanwhile, four kinds of plant hormones including 40% ethephon aqueous solution, 50％ daminozide water solution powder, 20% 1-naphthylacetic acid dust and 90.8% abscisic acid were applied to the flowering buds of A.sichuanense. The results showed that all diluted 40％ ethephon（diluted 100,200 and 400 fold）killed the flowering buds successfully and the mortality of flowering buds reached nearly 100%. The dilution of 1∶400 was the best choice because it was harmless to spruce needles and branches. Although the other three kinds of plant hormones also had relative effects, they were not suitable for epidemic prevention in large areas in regard of the cost and ecological concerns.

In order to exert local government enthusiasm, acquire lots of compensation modes, and enrich regional system info and practice of compensation mechanism for forest ecological benefit, we have based on the expatiation of compensation principle, objection and range for forest water conservation benefit in regional level, taked into account the matter of overcommiting surface and ground water to exploit petroleum for 50 years in Daqing region, utilized quantitative method to calculate forest water conservation value and its influence on other industries, put forward the propositions of levying upon fee for compensating forest water conservation benefit and establishing local governmental compensation mechanism for forest ecological benefit.

This paper described concepts, classification, functions of water-level-fluctuation zone and reviewed recent at home and abroad studies on the water-level-fluctuation zone, including the environmental problems brought about by human activities, land exploitation patterns and protection measures, vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the water-level-fluctuation zone. We pointed out the existing problems and deficiencies in the research. On the basis of the review, we proposed further researches on governance of water-level-fluctuation zone, and pointed out the methods and focuses in studying the level-fluctuating zone, which would have important theoretical significance for further researching ecological management of the water-land intersection areas.

Ethephon has been widely used to stimulate latex tapping in the natural rubber production for its remarkable promotion of the yield, but the mechanisms of how it works are not clear and, now it is still a hot subject on mechanisms of latex regeneration and latex flow. This paper summarizes the results of research on yield-increasing mechanism stimulated by ethephon on H. brasiliensis from various disciplines and aspects. It is showed that the reasons are multifaceted, and aquaporins probably play a role in the rubber tree yield-increasing mechanism..

The vertical distribution changes of Robinia pseudoacacia fine roots were investigated in Ansai County of Shaanxi Province (a semi-arid region) and Jingchuan County of Gansu Province (a sub-humid region) on the Loess Plateau by using root-auger method from June 2007 to April 2008. The collected data verified that the model of S=h^B(M+Nh+Uh²+Vh³) was able to well fit the fine root vertical distribution (where h= depth of soil, S= total surface area of the fine root in the h). By determining the value of parameter B and establishing functions of M, N, U, V on parameter t (month), a dynamic model was established for describing changes of the fine root growth with h and t. It was validated the model could be used to accurately calculate the total surface area of the fine root in different water ecological zones of the Loess Plateau, would have a high application value.

This study is designed to evaluate the ecological value of forests in purifying the air, decreasing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen in Wutong Mountain of Shenzhen, China in 2005. The aerial photography of 0.3 m resolution and the data of eight forest quadrats of Shenzhen Wutong Mountain in 2005 were collected and analyzed by using ArcGIS software and Citygreen model. Based on some newly established models and optimized parameters, we estimated that the ecological value of Wutong Mountain's forests in terms of fixing carbon, releasing oxygen, and purifying the air in 2005 was worth 155.60 million RMB. The predictive carbon fixation and oxygen release values of Wutong Mountain forest would be 178.35, 197.40, 215.97, 235.01, and 255.91 million RMB respectively in 2015, 2025, 2035, 2045 and 2055. The estimated ecological service value in reducing pollution and purifying the air was 4.52 million RMB in 2005. The accordingly predictive values would be 5.176 0, 5.727 7, 6.271 2, 6.793 1 and 7.4259 million RMB respectively in 2015, 2025, 2035, 2045 and 2055. These results show there are huge ecological service values of forests in fixing carbon, releasing oxygen, reducing pollution and purifying the air. The difference between the varied growth rates of trees and the growth rate of ecological benefits in different years depends upon the constraint and influence of the growth patterns among different kinds of trees.

In order to investigate effects of environmental factors on R. pseudocacia growth and find out the important influencing factors, we obtained data of growth of R. pseudocacia at three soil water conditions, such as favorable, medium drought and serious drought soil water condition, which hold about 70%-80%, 50%-60% and 30%-40% of field water capacity, respectively. The data was analyzed using Integrated path analysis. The results showed that environmental factors had significant integrated positive correlation with the physiological indicators of R. pseudocacia. With the increases of temperature，light and soil effective supplying water, R. pseudocacia grew vigorously. The environmental factors influence the net increase in weight of branches positively, and physiology positively, but it is not obviously. Soil effective supplying water, temperature, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency (WUE) were important indicators. The various results obtained using the path analysis were very consistent with each other, and basically in agreement with reality. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn: the environmental factors had significant impacts on the physiology changes of R. pseudocacia. The physiology changes of R. pseudocacia had significant impacts on the net weight of branches. The environmental factors changes of R. pseudocacia had little impact on the net weight of branches. The vector path analysis method is scientific and rational, and has to a certain degree innovation and practicality and is worthy to study and spread.

Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to datect DREB genes' expression levels in leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera seedlings at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h after treatments with 100, 200 and 300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl. The results showed that BpDREB1 and BpDREB2 genes were induced by 100 and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl to increase their expression levels. But the levels decreased at later stage by the salt stress. Treatment with 300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl caused reduced expression levels of the two genes. The experiment verified that the transcriptional expression of DREB genes in B. papyrifera was able to be induced by salt stress, which might be involved in signalling pathways in response to the salt stress. But the genes were prohibited by higher salt concentration or longer duration of NaCl stress.

The virulence of 17 Bacillus thuringiensis strains against 2-3 instar larvae of Monochamus alternatus were tested in indoor. The results showed that two strains (RBT-200701, RBT-200702) exhibited high poisonous activity, and the caused corrected mortality of 2-3 instar M. alternatus larvae were all more than 70%. A positive correlation was found between the corrected mortality and the concentration of the mixtures of spores and parasporal crystal (125-2 000 μg·g^-1). The insecticidal effect increased with treatment time (0-20 d). The morphological changes of the two strains at various developmental stages were examined with microscopy on the cell smear. The optimal fermentation condition of strains was 30 ℃, pH7.2, 200 r·min^-1, for 36 h. The two strains had the same protein spectrum after SDS-PAGE analysis.

The antifungal action and potential mechanism of pyrolin against Physalospora piricola were studied. The results showed that Physalospora rot of apples could be significantly suppressed by Pyrolin, and the MIC value was 0.156 mg·mL^-1 and MFC value was 0.313 mg·mL^-1. The activities of PPO and PAL in apples increased significantly on inoculation with Pyrolin and a pathogen,P. piricola or the pathogen alone, and maintained at a high level throughout the experiment. Moreover, fruits inoculated with Pyrolin + P. piricolaor P. piricolaalone also stimulated POD activity. The observations with SEM revealed that hyphae distorted, the mycelium adhered, substance of flocculent agglutination occurred on cell surface. The observations with TEM showed that the hypha cell inner structure was disordered and damaged severely.

Image is the largest information resource of intelligent forestry. The development and accuracy of image comprehension are directly related to the development and application process of intelligent information technology in forestry. In this article, we segmented the Populus alba×P. berolinensis seedling from an image by image comprehension method at first, and then analyzed the light need of it, and at last compared the image with the images of yellowing seedlings for drought. The results indicate that the seedling can be segmented well by minimum distance discrimination method based on L^*a^*b^* model, the gradual process of plant changing from green to yellow due to inadequate light can be statemented by the changes of the peak value in R component histogram. In addition, it may achieve better result using the the value of b^* component in L^*a^*b^* model to judge it is drought or lack of light leading to seedling yellowing.

To investigate the microfibril angle (MFA) variation with respect to positions along longitudinal direction (bottom, middle and top of culm) and radial direction (from inner part to outer part of culm wall) of Guadua amplexifolia, MFA was measured by SilviScan-3 and X’Pert Pro(XRD). There was no significant difference between MFA measured by SilviScan-3 and XRD. Simple coefficient of correlation was 0.84.The mean MFA measured by SilviScan-3 and XRD were 8.2° and 8.8° respectively, and varied from 6.2° to 17.8° and from 6.9° to 12.2°. Compared with XRD, SilviScan-3 provided a continuous and more rapid method for determining MFA variation in bamboo culm. According to results of SilviScan-3, MFA in bottom was higher than that of in middle which was higher than that of in top of culm. Maximum MFA occur in inner layer, MFA decreased rapidly from inner layer to 2 mm, and fluctuated stably from 2 to 6.5 mm, and then increased subtly from 6.5 mm to outer layer. The radial tendency of MFA in the bottom was similar to that in middle and top of culm.

The well distributed and planted poplar clone 107 was selected as studying materials in this study. Surface longitudinal growth strain of eccentric growth standing tree and inner residual longitudinal growth strain of eccentric growth fallen tree were determined. Both variation patterns of the surface strain and the inner strain were deduced. According to two variation patterns above, mechanism of some factors which affect growth strain was discussed. The result indicated that varied scope of the surface strain was -2 243-348 με. Generally, the maximum of surface strain located at the lowest part of leaned trunk or convex part of bended trunk, and it was increasing along decreasing distance from testing position to lowest part or convex part. Multiple factors variance analysis shown the surface strain varied significantly among different trees and different position at periphery, however, different height of same tree could not significant affect the surface strain. Varied scope of the inner strain was -1 763-2 279 με. General radial variation trend of inner longitudinal growth strain of fallen tree was similar to parabola with upward opening, and peak located at pith. Outer part of trunk shown compressive strain (tensile stress), while tensile strain (compressive stress) was illustrated at inner part of trunk. In addition, value of the inner strain at tension wood zone was smaller than corresponding value at opposite wood zone according scatter map. It meant that tensile stress of tension wood zone was greater than the opposite zone.

This paper briefly introduces the characteristics of splints of the wrist fracture made of plaster and micron-thickness particle, and studies the optimum ratio of water and plaster, ratio of micron-thickness wood particle and plaster，too. The results showed that when the weight ratio of water and plaster was 0.6 and the weight ratio of wood and plaster was 0.15, the performance of the splints is comparatively good.