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25 May 2010, Volume 46 Issue 5
Edge Effects of a Natural Secondary Forest on Liana Communities in Bawangling, Hainan Island
Wu Yuna;Tao Jianping;ZhaoKe;Hao Jianhui
2010, 46(5):  1-6.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100501
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To assess the edge effects of forests on liana communities,liana abundance,richness, area at breast height,size structure and climbing mechanisms were investigated in two 0.4 hm2transects from forest edges to interior region in a 60-year-old natural secondary tropical rain forest,Bawangling Nature Reserve,Hainan Island. The results showed that:1)Liana abundance decreased significantly with increasing distance from the forest edge in the both edges which respectively formed in 17 years and 13 years ago. Liana richness decreased with increasing distance from the edge in the 17-year-old edge. Liana breast height area was not affected by forest edge. 2)In the 13-year-old edge, the proportion of liana individuals with their DBH larger than 1cm increased with the increase of distance from forest edge. Liana size structure was relatively stable in the 17-year-old edge.3)Liana climbing mechanisms varied significantly in different distances from forest edge. Stem twiners dominated in both edge. In summary, edge effects of the forest on liana community structures declined with increasing distance from forest edge, and increased with edge age. The influence depth was 40-50 m in the 17-year-old edge and approximately 10 m in the 13-year-old edge.

保定市河道公路绿化树种毛白杨的抗重金属能力
Xu Xuehua;Huang Dazhuang;Wang Shengjie;Wang Xiuyan
2010, 46(5):  7-13.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100502
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Heavy metal content in the soil near roots of Populus tomentosa at different ages,and Superoxide dimutase(SOD),Peroxidase(POD),Catalase (CAT),content of chlorophyll,permeability of cell membrane in the poplar various organs were studied.The trees located at sides of a road which was along a river,in Baoding,China.The results showed that the pollution of soil heavy was serious.SOD activity reduced with age of Populus tomentosa grown in the contaminative area.POD activity and content of chlorophyll increased at early stage and decreased later with age of Populus tomentosa,Variation of CAT activity had no relationship with the age of Populus tomentosa.Permeability of cell membrane was not difference over ages of Populus tomentosa.Variation pattern of allelopathic index of SOD,POD,CAT,Chlorophyll,permeability of cell membrane of different age Populus tomentosa in pollution area were inconsistent.Subordinate function value method (SFVM) was adopted in this paper to evaluate heavy resistance of Populus tomentosa in contaminative area comprehensively,the result indicated that the pollution capacity was 3 age>10 age>20 age>30 age,which suggested that resistance ability was reduced with age of Populus tomentos.

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Nutrient Allocation and Nutrient Resorption Efficiency in Larix gmelinii
Zhao Qiong;Liu Xingyu;Hu Yalin;Zeng Dehui
2010, 46(5):  14-19.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100503
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A field experiment was performed in an 18-year-old Larix gmelinii plantation in Maoershan Forest Research Station of Northeast Forestry University to study the effects of N(NH4NO3,10 g·m-2a-1) addition on the contents of N,P,K,Ca and Mg in different tree components and leaf nutrient resorption efficiency in Larix gmelinii after five years of continuous N addition.The results showed that N addition had no significant influence on leaf nutrient contents,but significantly increased N and P contents in roots,branches and stems.N addition significantly increased N conctents and decreased C/N ratio in senesced leaves,and decreased leaf N resorption efficiency.The responses of leaf nutrient conctents and tree biomass to N addition suggested that soil N availability was not the limiting factor to tree growth in Larix gmelinii plantation.N addition resulted in the luxury consumption of N and P,made senesced leaves more decomposable,and accelerated N cycling.

Quantitative Research of Forest Ecological Service of Modulating Temperaturein Shandong Province
Feng Haixia;Hou Yuanzhao;Feng Zhongke
2010, 46(5):  20-26.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100504
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Data of the Shandong Provinces forest resources,including MODIS temperature,vegetation index,the field surveying data and the meteorological data in Shandong,combining with GIS,were used to study the ecological temperature regulation of forests with different tree species and in different seasons during 2000-2006 by using. The results were as the following:1) In summer forests had a function to decrease temperature,while in winter they preserved heat;2) The forests did not modulate temperature overnight;3) The temperature change in forests was less than that in farmlands and cities;4) The forests had greater capacity to modulate temperature variation over seasons than farmland did;5) In Summer,land surface temperature,(LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the daytime had a negative correlation with each other,however in winter they had a positive correlation. In evening,LST was not correlated with NDVI;6) the change of LST was negatively correlated with the change of NDVI.

Tree Species Diversity and Structure Characteristic of Secondary Forests of Quercus liaotungensis on Xiaolongshan
Yuan Shiyun;Zhang Songzhi;Liu Wenzhen;Ma Jianwei
2010, 46(5):  27-34.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100505
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The stand structure characteristics of secondary forests of Quercus liaotungensis on Xiaolongshan was analyzed using spatial structure and non-spatial structure indictors such as mingling, uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison, diameter distribution, layer number and species diversity. The results showed that the species number of shrub layer and the herb layer was abundant and the species diversity was high. The species diversity index of the arbor layer was significantly lower than shrub layer and herb layer. Feature of the stand diameter distribution was typical uneven-aged forest character. The stand natural regeneration was good and the number of Q.liaotungensis seedlings accounted for 46% of the total number of seedlings. The stand mean angle index was 0.541, and the pattern of individual tree horizontal distribution was cluster distribution. The species segregation was high and the average value of mingling was 0.71. Approximate 77.4% individual trees was medium mingling and 24% individual tree was intensive mingling in stands. The order of tree species neighborhood comparison compared with breast height diameter was as follow: Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, Q.liaotungensis,Rhus verniciflus , Cornus controversa, Pinus armandi, Acer davidii, Lindera obtusiloba,Tilia tuan, Fraxinus paxiana, Crnus macrophylla. The stand average layer number was 2.45 on vertical structures and the layer was clearly differentiated. Some management advices are proposed according to the regeneration and structure characters of the forests.

Effects of Exponential Nitrogen Loading on Growth and Foliar Nutrient Status of Betula alnoides Seedlings
Chen Lin;Zeng Jie;Xu Daping;Zhao Zhigang;Guo Junjie;Lin Kaiqin;Sha Er
2010, 46(5):  35-40.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100506
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Exponential nutrient delivery can bring about a steady state of nutrition in the plant and improve nutrient uptake,and hence accelerate seedling growth.An exponential fertilization trial was conducted with seven N dose levels (applying a total of 0,50,100,200,300,400,600 mg·seedling-1in this experiment) of nitrogen to assess the effects of different nitrogen levels on growth and foliar nutrient status of Betula alnoides seedlings.The objective of this study was to reveal the nitrogen demand and determine the optimal nitrogen amount for B.alnoides seedlings.It was indicated that:1) Ground diameter,height,biomass and leaf area of B.alnoides seedlings increased with the increase of nitrogen supply,up to 200 mg·seedling-1,after then growth performance and biomass were unchanged and leaf area remarkable decreased.2) The leaf nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium concentrations increased in general as the nitrogen addition increased when nitrogen supply was more than 200 mg·seedling-1,the leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations continued to increase because of luxury consumption characterized by increased the internal nutrient concentrations without significant changes in total dry mass,while the leaf phosphorus concentration tended to be stable with nitrogen supply above 100 mg·seedling-1,suggesting that phosphorus was sufficient for plant growth.3) Critical level approach was used for identifying N,P and K deficiencies by means of foliar analysis in B.alnoides seedlings,and the critical values of N,P,and K were 37.8,4.1,and 24.4 g·kg-1,while their optimal concentrations ranged from 37.8 to 59.1,4.1 to 6.3 and 24.4 to 34.7 g·kg-1,respectively.Based on these data,it could be inferred that 200-400 mg·seedling-1would be the optimal nitrogen amount for B.alnoides seedlings.

Analysis of Crown Growth Characteristics in Natural Larix gmelinii Forests
Yu Bao;Wu Jisiguleng;Wang Baitian;Wang Liming
2010, 46(5):  41-48.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100507
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The study analyzed the characteristics of the canopy growth with different classified stems in natural Larix gmelinii forests and also made the biomass models between the crown width growth and the branch/leaf biomass of a crown. The results showed: (1)In the stands with age of 36-39 a,and density of 983-3 263 trees·hm-2 as well as the stands with age of 54-61 a,and density among 1 101-2 241 trees·hm-2,as the stand density increased,the difference of crown width among each classified stem reduced,while the proportion of crown length to tree height and the proportion of crown length to crown width increased; the mean individnal crown volume of dominant trees,average trees and overtopped trees was 22.479,15.296,6.179 and 26.864,11.154,8.192 m3 respectively. (2) In the stands age of 36-39 a the average individual crown biomass of dominant trees,average trees and overtopped trees was 0.008 2,0.004 9,0.000 9 t and the mean ratios of the crown biomass to its above-ground biomass were 18.5%,24.2%,17.3%. However in the forest stands age of 54-61 the biomass and the ratios of the crown biomass to its above-ground biomass were 0.007 9,0.003 8,0.001 4 t and 15.9%,12.0%,20.5% respectively. (3) As for biomass allocation in a crown,proportion of leaf biomass was higher than branch biomass,and the allocation was different among each classified stem. In the forest stands age of 36~39a the branch biomass proportions of dominant trees,mean trees and overtopped trees were 76.6%,74.7%,66.6% and the leaf biomass proportions were 23.4%,25.3%,33.4%. However in the forest stands age of 54-61 a the branch biomass proportions and the leaf biomass proportions were 76.8%,73.3%,71.4%,and 23.2%,26.7%,28.6% respectively. (4)In the forest stands age of 36-39 a the total crown biomass were 4.63-15.61t·hm-2,in the total crown biomass,the ratios of the leaf biomass and the branch biomass were 74.9% and 25.1%,while in the forest stands age of 54-61 a the crown biomass and the ratios of the leaf biomass and the branch biomass were 3.03-11.08 t·hm-2 and 73.9% and 26.1% respectively. In the forest stands age of 36-39 a,the proportion of crown biomass to above-ground biomass increased as the stand density rose,while in the forest stands age of 54-61 a the proportion change enhibited a one-peak curve. The proportions of each forest stand were 9.1%-42.9% and 12.4-24.4%.

Variation of Ring Width and Wood Basic Density and Early Selection of Pinus massoniana Provenances
Liu Qinghua;hang Rui;Jin Guoqing;Chu Deyu;Zhou Zhichun
2010, 46(5):  49-54.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100508
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Wood samples at 1.3 m height were collected from 24-year-old Masson Pine(Pinus massoniana) provenance trial including 49 seed sources located at Chun’an county of Zhejiang Province to study the age effect on ring width and wood density.The results indicated that there existed significant differences in ring width and wood density of every segment except the ring width of the first 1-5 rings between provenances,which suggested genetic improvement of wood productivity and density could be realized by provenance selection.The variation of wood density was relatively stable with cambial ages compared to ring width among provenances and the variation of ring width was susceptible to environment.Variability in juvenile wood was 36.71% less than that in mature wood.Pattern for the radial variation of ring width was similar for provenances in different zones,that is,the variation first increased and then decreased from pith to cambium and reached maximum in 6-10 rings.Pattern for the radial variation of wood density was S-type increment from the pith outward then followed by a leveling off period toward the cambium.Five superior provenances,including Hengxian,Gongcheng and Xincheng of Guangxi Province,Ruyuan of Guangdong Province,and Nanjing of Fujian Province,were selected for pulpwood according to wood density uniformity.Genetic correlation analysis between ring width and wood density suggested that provenance selection of fast radial growth would lead to low wood density in 8-year-old.The early-late correlation analysis showed that slower growth provenance could be eliminated in 7-year-old,then growth and wood basic density could be jointly selected for wood density in 12-year-old.

Megasporogenesis and Female Gametophytes Development of Phyllostachys violascens
Lin Xinchun;Yuan Xiaoliang;Lin Rao;Lou Yongfeng;Fang Wei
2010, 46(5):  55-57.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100509
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Megasporogenesis and female gametophyte development of Phyllostachys violascens were studied by classical paraffin microtome techniques.The observed results are as followed:There is a simple ovary,which is unilocular and uniovulate,in one floret.The ovule is anatropous,bitegminous and crassinucellate.The megasporocyte undergoes meiotic division to form linear megaspore tetrad.The embryo sac is polygonum type,including one egg cell,two synergid cells with evident filiform apparatus,one central cell consisting of two polar nuclei,and numerous antipodal cells.The development of the most female gametophyte is normal,which is not the main reason of low seed setting rate of P.violascens.

Effect of the Multi-Copied Gene on the Growth and the Endogenous Hormones of the Transgenic Poplar
Hao Yu;Liang Haiyong;Yang Minsheng
2010, 46(5):  58-63.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100510
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In order to study the expression of multiple rol genes,height-growth,rate of rooting,endogenous hormone (IAA,ABA) and other parameters of the triploid Populus tomentosa were measured. The results indicated that growth of some transgenic plants was inhibited while the rooting rates of all the transgenic plants were increased to various degrees. Compared with the transgenic plants with rolC gene,the plants transferred with rolB gene were higher in both the IAA content and the rates of IAA/ABA on average. The results showed that the plants with multiple copies of rol gene were able to generate a large number of hairy roots quickly.

Effects of Basic Media and Culture Conditions on Callus Growth and Secondary Metabolite Content of Tripterygium wilfordii
Li Yan;Feng Juntao;Wang Yonghong;Li Yuping;Zhang Xing
2010, 46(5):  64-69.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100511
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MS,B5,NT,H,1/2MS,6,7-V and White were used as basic media,supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-12,4-D and 0.5 mg·L-1 KT, to study their effects on callus growth and secondary metabolite content of Tripterygium wilfordii.Light,pH,inoculating quantity,explants and culture time were studied with NT as basic media to explore the best culture conditions of the callus growth and secondary metabolite content.The results showed that 6,7-V medium was best for callus growth and preservation.White was the best suitable for the accumulation of triptolide and total alkaloids.NT medium was suitable for subculture.The optimal pH for the callus growth was 5.8.The optimal pH for the accumulation of triptolide was 6.7 and the optimal pH for the total alkaloids accumulation was 5.2.Dark condition was best not only for callus growth,but also for the triptolide and total alkaloids accumulation,with lesser browning callus.The root callus growth and triptolide content were significantly higher than that of the stem and leaf callus.Alkaloid content of leaf callus was significantly higher than that of the root and stem callus.The optimal duration for callus subculture was around 40-45 days.The triptolide and total alkaloids yield was the highest in 50 days.

Difference of Surface Area of Fine Roots of Robinia pseudoacacia in the Different Climate Regions of Loess Plateau
Wang Dihai;Zhao Zhong;Li Jian;
2010, 46(5):  70-76.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100512
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Ansai County and Jingchuan County are respectively located in the semiarid and semihumid region of the Loess Plateau of China. By using soil coring method,the seasonal dynamics of surface area of fine roots and soil water content in Robinia pseudoacacia forests were investigated in Ansai County and Jingchuan County. The results showed that the vertical distribution of fine roots,the fine root surface area of R. pseudoacacia and its seasonal dynamics were different between Ansai County and Jingchuan County. Around 86.5% of total fine root surface area was in the 0-200 cm soil layer in Ansai County,while the 87.6% of total fine root surface area was distributed in the 0-150 cm soil layer in Jingchuan County. In the growing season in 2007,the highest value of fine root surface area was observed in April in Jingchuan County,while it was in June in Ansai County. The difference of total fine root surface area between Ansai and Jingchuan was not significant in June. By comparing the characteristic of fine root surface area in Ansai County with the characteristic of fine root surface area in Jingchuan County,the R. pseudoacacia in Ansai County reduced the density of fine root surface area,however increased the vertical depth of fine root distribution to maintain the total fine root surface area for tree growth.

Seasonal Dynamics and Influence Factor of Root Respiration of Fraxinus mandushurica in the Changbai Mountain
Ren Jun;Xu Chengyang;Wei Yanbo;Lin Yumei;Duan Yonghong
2010, 46(5):  77-83.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100513
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To research seasonal variation and influence factor of tree root respiration,the seasonal dynamics of root respiration of Fraxinus mandushurica were measured at a mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean pine in the Changbai Mountain of Jilin,China.CO2 effluxes rate was monitored using an infrared gas exchange analyzer (LI-COR-6400-06) from May to October 2007,and the influence factors,such as soil temperature,soil moisture and soil N contents were also measured in the forest.The results showed that the seasonal variation of root respiration accorded with that of the soil temperature at 10 cm depth,exhibiting single peak,with the maximum occurred in July and the minimum in October.The root respiration rate of the different diameter was between 1.02 μmol·g-1s-1 and 9.27 μmol·g-1s-1 during the growing season.A significant exponential correlation was found between the root respiration rate and soil temperature at 10 cm depth.The relationship between root respiration rate and the soil moisture could be described by a quadratic equation,and soil humidity in a certain range would promote root respiration rate,but excessive water in soil would inhibit root respiration rate.The root respiration rate increased linearly with soil N content,and its correlation decreased with increasing age of trees.The Q10 values ranged from 2.21 to 2.71 at different diameters,which were enlarged with increasing age of trees.Q10 value decreased with increasing the root diameter,and this result indicated the fine roots were more sensitive to the variable of soil temperature than the thick roots.

Thinning Density Effects on Masson Pine Plantation
Chen Honghui;Fang Shengzuo;Ding Guijie;Xu Jihuang;Wen Henghui
2010, 46(5):  84-91.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100514
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The effects of thinning density on growth and economic benefit of masson pine plantation were analyzed by 10 years data of 20-year-old thinning density experiment stand(including treatments of A,B,C,D,their density remained is 1 200,2 000,2 800,3 400 trees·hm-2 respectively),the results showed that it had significant effects on stand growth,stand structure ,log type and mill run.With the increase of stand density,diameter at breast height(DBH),single tree volume,crown diameter,ratio of crown length to tree height decreased,but tree height/DBH,self-thinning intensity increased.The thinning density had no significant effect on tree height.With stand age increasing,the difference of stand volume and total mill run of different density stand decreased.Trees percentage of small logs and mill run of small timber increased with the increase of stand density,but which of large timber decreased.So it is difficult to raise stand final productivity by thinning,but it can improve the wood quality.By a synthetic analysis of mill run,economic evaluation and growth law of masson pine plantation,stand density of cultivating short rotation industry timber could be determined as 2 000~3 400 trees·hm-2 when the stand age entered the middle-aged stage ,to cultivate large or middle diameter timber,which could be determined as 1 200~2 000 trees·hm-2.

Multi-species Design in Planting Industrial Forests by Genetic Algorithm
Lin Han;Hong Tao;Chen Hui;Wu Chengzhen;Fan Hailan;Song Ping;Chen Can;Li Jian
2010, 46(5):  92-101.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100515
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Although intellectualized afforestation design is the important technical guarantee in efficient culture of industrial plantation,appropriate methods are still lacking in multi-species afforestation.Genetic algorithm presents the intellectualized characteristics in two-species afforestation due to the use of 0-1 coding.An improvement of genetic algorithm was put forward in this paper,which optimized the objects by four genetic manipulations of copy,exchange,inversion and cross mutation with its genetic coding expressing as 1,2,…,m (numbers of tree species).In the aspects of funds,plans,seedling varieties and numbers,the mathematical model and precise solution of optimal afforestation technique were established in industrial plantation construction.The improved genetic algorithm was applied in the afforestation technical design of 50 sub-compartments of Fujian Yong an Forestry (Group) Joint-Stock Co.,Ltd.Based on the site index and growth model of industrial plantation of Cunninghamia lanceolata,Pinus massoniana and Eucalyptus spp,the optimal design was achieved by the application of improved genetic algorithm.For 129.66 hm2of C.lanceolata afforestation,454 900 seedlings were needed and the cumulative timber yield would reach 20 100 m3 in twenty years;for 80.04 hm2of Eucalyptus spp.afforestation,149 990 seedlings were needed and the cumulative timber yield would reach 14 440 m3 in seven years,three-batch timber yield would reach 43 320 m3 after 20 years;for 61.83 hm2of P.massoniana afforestation,276 720 seedlings were needed and the cumulative timber yield would reach 7 330 m3 in twenty years.Guided by the optimal afforestation technical design,the total afforestation area of industrial plantation reached 271.53 hm2,total investment reached 1.448 284 million and total profits would reach 41.527 8 million after 20 years.The expected effect was obtained and therefore multi-species afforestation technique could be applied and promoted in forestry practice.

Growth Response of Teak Clone Seedlings to Calcium,Boron and Nitrogen Supply in Acid Soil
Zhou Zaizhi;Liang Kunnan;Xu Daping;Ma Huming;Huang Guihua;Zhang Yuchen
2010, 46(5):  102-108.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100516
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A potting culture experiment with optimal hybrid regression design (311-A) was carried out to study the growth response of cloned teak (Tectona grandis) seedlings to calcium (0-1.2 g·kg-1),boron (0-0.8 mg·kg-1) and nitrogen (0-1.2 g·kg-1) supply in acidic lateritic red soil.Extremely significant differences were found in growth of seedling height,root collar diameter,and oven-dry weights of leaves,stems and roots between 11 treatments.Ca,a major nutrient element,was identified to be a limiting factor for teak seedling growth in acidic lateritic red soil.B had no remarkable impact on seedling growth and no interaction with Ca,whereas,there was interaction between N and Ca.The seedling height,root collar diameter and total dry mass were evidently restrained by addition of N when no or little Ca was applied.To manage teak in strongly acidic lateritic red soil,it is necessary to apply enough Ca and less N.The optimal nutrient rate in pots was Ca 1.2 g·kg-1,B 0.4 mg·kg-1 and N 0.3 g·kg-1,equivalent to CaO of 1.68 g·kg-1,H3BO3 of 2.3 mg·kg-1,and (NH2)2CO of 0.65 g·kg-1.

Bat Components in the Food of Wintering Long-eared Owls in Beijing
Yuan Li;Bao Weidong;Wang Anmeng;Zhang Lijia
2010, 46(5):  109-112.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100517
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To study the impact of predation on hibernation bats by wintering long-eared owls,bat components in owl food pellets were analyzed at two places of inner city and out city in Beijing from 2003 to 2005.The food pellets were collected monthly each winter and the bat species and numbers in pellets were identified by checking the skulls and limb bones directly.The results showed that four bat species, Eptesicus serotinus,Nyctalus noctula,Pipistrellus abramus and Vespertilio superans were found as prey of wintering long-eared owls and Pipistrellus abramus was the major prey.The species structures of the preyed bat in numbers were different between inner city and out city owls populations.During wintering periods of the three years,the predation rate on Pipistrellus abramus was the highest, the predation rates on Eptesicus serotinus and Nyctalus noctula were much lower,and Vespertilio superans occurred accidentally both at inner city and out city.The annul bat compositions at two places and in the three wintering periods at the out city were different while there was no difference in bat compositions at the inner city.Furthermore,the predation rates on Pipistrellus abramus in 2005/2006 at both inner city and out city decreased obviously.The results revealed that bats availability at the inner city was less stable than that of at the out city.The heavy predation on bats by the wintering long-eared owls would affect the bat population survival negatively in Beijing,and protective measures for bats should be taken to lessen the owl predation load.

Infection Process of Metarhizium anisopliae in Anoplophora glabripennis Larvae Observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy
Wang Da;Yuan Fangfang;Huang Dazhuang;Liu Chunyan;Bi Huaming
2010, 46(5):  113-115.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100518
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The pathological changes in integument and midgut of Anoplophora glabripennis larvae infected by Metarhizium anisopliae were studied with a transmission electron microscopy.The results indicated that: in 16 h post-inoculation,the host cuticle was invaded by a few hyphal bodies.Up to 24 h hyphae widely penetrated into host cuticle.The germ tubes showed mechanical pressure and enzymatic activity during the penetration.The hyphae penetrated through the integument and entered the haemocoele from 36 h to 48 h.The hyphae and hyphal bodies invaded all organs and tissues via hemolymph circulation.With the quick and mass reproduction of the hyphae and hyphal bodies in the midgut epithelium,the midgut tissues were gradually destroyed,the midgut microvilli exfoliated,vacuole formed in the midgut epithelium,the peritrophic membrane was decomposed and disappeared,eventually the midgut tissues collapsed and disintegrated from 48 h to 72 h.

Observation of Sensilla on the Cephalic Appendages of Batocera horsfieldiwith Scanning Electron Microscope
Zhuge Piaopiao;Luo Senlin;Wang Manqun;Zhang Guoan
2010, 46(5):  116-121.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100519
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The morphology,ultrastructure and distribution of sensilla on the antennae,maxillary palp and labial palp of Batocera horsfieldi adults were observed with a scanning electron microscope.The insect has five types of antennal sensilla,that is, sensillum trichodea,s.basiconica (including five subtypes: BⅠ-BⅤ),s.cheatica (including two subtypes: CHⅠand CHⅡ),s.grooved peg,and s.cavitata-peg,respectively.Sexual dimorphism of antennae was found in B.horsfieldi,although the male body is smaller than the female,the length of the antennae of male is significantly longer than that of females;s.grooved peg was only found on the female antenna,and female antenna contained more s.BⅠ,s.BⅡ and s.ChⅡ than those of males,while the number of s.BⅢ was fewer than that of males;the average length of s.cheatica of female was significantly longer than that of males.Both maxillary palp and labial palp contained five types of sensilla,including s.trichodea,s.ChⅡ,s.twig basiconca,s.campullacea and s.aperture.The length of both maxillary palp and labial palp has no significantly difference between two sexes,while maxillary palp contained more s.twig basiconca and fewer s.campullacea than labial palp.The number of s.twig basiconca is more in female antennae,while s.campullacea is more in male.

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Components of Floccularia luteovirens in Tibet Plateau
Li Haibo;Cheng Junwen;He Lian;Liu Yaqun;Bai Jing;Wu Xueqian
2010, 46(5):  122-126.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100520
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By using national standard method,the contents of crude protein,crude fat,crude fiber,soluble sugar,amino acids,minerals,vitamins,polysaccharide of active substance and heavy metals in three edible mushrooms,Floccularia luteovirens,Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus were simultaneously determined and compared with each other.The edible,nutritional and medical values of F.luteovirens in Tiber plateau were evaluated.The results demonstrated that comparing with L.edodes and A.bisporus,F.luteovirens in Tiber plateau was richer in crude protein,amino acids,minerals,Vitamin B1,B2,Vitamin C and Vitamin E.In addition,the content of crude polysaccharide in F.luteovirens was higher than in that of L.edodes and lower than in that of A.bisporus.The contents of four heavy metals of Pb,Cd,As and Hg in F.luteovirens were far higher than in that of L.edodes and A.bisporus.In conclusion,as a precious and rare mycorrhizal edible fungus,F.luteovirens is especially worthy of being developed and utilized in the future.However,it deserves special attention that the contents of heavy metals exceed the national standard.

Changes of Forest Fire Danger and the Evaluation of the FWI System Application in the Daxing’anling Region
Tian Xiaorui;Douglas J. McRae;Jin Jizhong;Shu Lifu;Zhao Fengjun;Wang Mingyu
2010, 46(5):  127-132.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100521
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Fire danger rating systems are a crucial tool in modern forest fire management decisionmaking.This paper calculated the fuel moisture codes and fire behavior indices for Daxinganling region based on the local fire weather data used to assess forest fire danger during the 1987-2006 fire seasons.Maps of all The Canadian Forest Fire Weather Indexes (FWI) System values were created for days when fires occurred by using interpolation methodology to obtain FWI values for each fire site.Fire distributions on spatial and temporal were analyzed.The results showed that the forest fires in the Daxing’anling region occured mainly in deciduous coniferous forest (61.3%),grass (23.9%) and deciduous broad-leaved forest (8.0%).lightning was a main resource to light the fires for Daxing’anling region,accounting for 57.1% of the total fires.Most fires occured from April to June with high fire danger weather,such as high values of FWI,fine fuel moisture codes (FFMC) and initial spread index (ISI).The FWI classes of fire danger (i.e.,low to extreme) were reassessed for conditions found in China based on the comparison of the values found on fires.FWI ranges for low,moderate,high,very high,and extreme high fire danger classes were assigned as follows:0-2.5,2.6-10.0,10.1-18.0,18.1-31.0 and ≥31.1,respectively.The FWI System reflects the regional fire danger and can be effectively used in wildfire management.In 1987-2002 there were two fires seasons in spring and autumn respectively.However,the fire period merged into one continunous season from the spring to autumn in 2002-2006,probably due to the impact of climate change.Spring seasonal severity rating (SSR) showed a great fluctuation in 1987-2006,and summer SSR had an opposite trend of fluctuation to spring SSR.Monthly severity rating of October increased significantly from 2000 to 2006.

Formation and Anatomical Characteristics of Tension Wood in Stem of Poplar I-107 Seedlings(Populus × euramericana cv. “74/76”) Inducted by Artifical Inclination
Liu Yamei;Liu Shengquan
2010, 46(5):  133-140.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100522
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Sixty oneyearold saplings of poplar I107(Populus × euramericana cv. “74/76”) which were divided into five groups were planted in spring and artificially inclined at the angles of 0°,15°,30°,45°and 60° from the vertical. The samples were collected from secondary xylem three months later, and then anatomical characteristics of wood which separated as tension wood area(TW)and opposite wood area(OW)were analyzed, the following conclusions were drawn:1)Along with the increase of inclined angles, the eccentric and woolly area proportion became obvious, the shape of cross section changed from round to ellipsoidal, the eccentric growth and woolly area percent became bigger. The ANOVA results revealed that there were significant effects of inclined angle on eccentric and woolly proportion. 2)Characteristics of cross section view of tension wood were:the number of vessels decreased and the diameter of vessels increased along with the increase of inclined angle, the thickness and number of gelatinous increased;the surface of lumen became wavy and the shape of lumen became irregular. 3)Fiber length, width and double wall thickness fluctuated with the increase of inclined angle, the fiber length of TW were shorter than that of OW, the double wall thickness of TW were thicker than that of OW, The width didn’t present different between TW and OW. The ANOVA results revealed that there weren’t significant effects of inclined angle on fiber length;width and double wall thickness, but there were significant effects of tree and area on fiber length, width and double wall thickness. 4)Gfiber proportion of TW increased with inclined angle, other proportions didn't change obviously with inclined angle, The ANOVA results revealed that there weren't significant effects of inclined angle on tissue proportions;there were significant effects of tree and area on tissue proportions.

Comparison on the Lignin Structures of Normal and Compression Wood of Masson Pine
Gao Hui;Zhan Huaiyu;Fu Shiyu;Luo Xiaolin;Liu Shengquan
2010, 46(5):  141-146.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100523
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The cellulolase lignin structures of normal and compression wood of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana)were studied comparatively by UV,FTIR,NMR,GPC and elemental analysis.The results showed that the aromatic skeletals of lignin in normal and compression wood mainly consisted by guaiacylpropane and some p-hydroxyphenylpropane units.They had a large number of aliphatic hydroxyl.Compared with the lignin of normal wood,the contents of p-hydroxyphenypropane units and phenolic hydroxyl groups were higher in the lignin of compression wood,however,the contents of methoxyl,carboxyl,β-O-4,β-5,β-β,and β-1 were lower.The contents of condensed,p-hydroxyl and syringyl phenolic hydroxyl in the lignin of compression wood were higher than those of the lignin of normal wood.The average per-C9-unit formulae of the lignin in normal and compression wood of Masson Pine were C9 H7.27 O1.53 (OH)pH0.19 (OH)A11.18 (OCH31.23 and C9H7.28O1.54 (OH)pH0.20 (OH)A11.17 (OCH31.13 respectively.

Review on Monitoring Technology of the Insect Acoustic
Wei Xueqing;Wen Junbao;Zhao Yuanji;Xu Zhichun
2010, 46(5):  147-154.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100524
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As a simple,practical and available measurement for pest monitoring and forecasting pest occurrence,sound monitoring is attracting increasing attention. By means of transforming the acoustic signals into electrical signals,purifying and extracting the sound of insects through an electronic filter,and amplifying the signals,the species and quantity of the insects were able to determined according to the sound frequency,the signal pulse and the characteristic values. Insects sound in two ways: one from the sounding apparatus itself;the other out of friction with the medium in its actions such as feeding,exercising and communication. Currently,the sound monitoring research is mainly on the audible sound emitted by the sounding apparatus of different insect groups,including the study of agricultural pests and non-agricultural pests (such as forest pests,soil pests).There are few studies about the sound of insect frictions,because it is susceptible to interference of the sensor noise,environmental noise and signal noise,and it can easily be simulated,there for,the useful signals are often masked,which brings about difficulties to distinguish the specific sound information of insects. In this paper,on the basis of introducing the history and progress of studies on monitoring technology of insect sound,at home and abroad,we briefly analyze the advantages and problems of sound monitoring technology for different insect groups and propose the relevant strategy of solution and the focus of the study in the future.

Assessment of Sustainable Development Capacity of the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Project in Western China——Cases Study of Heqing County in Yunnan Province, Zhijin County in Guizhou Province and Chaotian District in Sichuan Province
Zhi Ling;Yang Min;Qing Xiangyang;Xu Huili;Liu Yan;Zhao Yutao
2010, 46(5):  161-168.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100526
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Based on understanding the meaning to sustainable capacity of the conversion of cropland to forest project, a set of indicators has been developed for assessing sustainable development capacity of the conversion of cropland to forest project from the environment, economical, social,intelligence system's support ability.Heqing county in Yunnan Province, Zhijin county in Guizhou Province and Chaotian district in Sichuan Province were taken as examples, and assessments were conducted of sustainable development capacity of the project by means of analytic hierarchy process(AHP).Its result was showed that the sustainable development capacity of the project was a little high, the economical system was weakest to sustainable development capacity of the project.Some countermeasures were put forward to promote sustainable development of the project by identifying social factors affecting the effectiveness and sustainability of the project.

Variation of Forest Soil Nutrient Content in Mountainous Areas, Beijing
Geng Yuqing;Yu Xinxiao;Yue Yongjie;Niu Lili;
2010, 46(5):  169-175.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100527
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Variation of soil pH,and content of organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in the soil was investigated in 53 forest soil plots in the mountainous areas from the southwest to the northeast of Beijing.The nutrient status was classified,and the correlation between soil organic matter and nutrients were analyzed.The plots were selected based on the representativeness of forest vegetation types.Coefficient of variation of the available phosphorus was the highest,while that of the total potassium and pH value was relatively lower.In the soil vertical profiles,the content of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen and potassium significantly decreased with increasing soil depth,the available phosphorus in the 0-10 cm layer was significantly higher than the other layers,but no significant difference was found with total phosphorus and potassium in different layers.Approximately 69.8% of the plots had their pH between 6.00 to 7.50,with a few of pH value <5.50.The total nitrogen content in 60.38% of the plots was less than 2.00 g·kg-1 in the 0-20 cm layer,and the available nitrogen content in 73.59% of soil plots was between 50.1 to 150 mg·kg-1.Total phosphorous content in 9.43% of the plots was above 0.8 g·kg-1,and the available phosphorous content in 86.79% of soil plots was below 5 mg·kg-1.Available potassium content in 37.74% of the plots was more than 150 mg·kg-1,while that in 3.77% was below 50.0 mg·kg-1.Soil organic matter was significantly correlated to total nitrogen,available nitrogen and potassium (P<0.01),while its correlation with available phosphorus was only found in 0-10 cm (P<0.05).Our results indicated that a few plots had a trend towards soil acidification,and a few soil plots were deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus.To improve forest health,attention should be paid to monitoring and managing soil acidity,nitrogen and phosphorus level.

Analysis of Oil Rate and Fatty Acids Content of Idesia palycarpa Fruits from Different Geographical Populations
Zhu Zhiyong;Wang Qiang;Ruan Xiao;Li Zhaohui;Xue Jun;Jiang Hao;Lu Xiang
2010, 46(5):  176-180.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100528
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Oil rate and fatty acids content were analyzed in Idesia palycarpa Maxim fruits, sampled from nine different geographical populations in the main I.palycarpa distribution areas in China and one cultivated in the process of fruitsripening, were analyzed in this paper.Oil rate of fruits were measured with a national standard method and fatty acids content of fruits was quantitatively determined by using a precolumn derivatization gas chromatograph (GC) with the reference substarces.The results showed that fruits of Ningqiang population from Shaanxi Province had the highest oil rate (44.08±0.5 %) and was the most potential utilization value population.The best harvesting time for cultivated I.palycarpa fruits was November 15 every year and by then oil rate of fruit was the highest.There were six main fatty acids in I.palycarpa fruit oil, including to palmitic acid, methyl palmitelaidate, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid, among which Linolenic acid was the dominant component.

Elite Varieties of Taxodium Hybrids ‘Zhongshanshan 302’ and ‘Zhongshanshan 118’
Yu Chaoguang;Yin Yunlong
2010, 46(5):  181-182.  doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20100529
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‘Zhongshanshan 302’ and ‘Zhongshanshan 118’ were two elite varieties of Taxodium, certificated by State Forestry Administration Bureau in 2002 and 2006,respectively.Both varieties were selected from hybrids by artificial pollination,and were bred by Institute of Botany,Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences.They grow fast,have the tall and straight tree trunk,tolerate waterlog,saline and storm,and have a wide range of adaptability to various habits.They can be planted in Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanghai,etc.