Based on survey data of Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve,seven evaluation indices,including diversity,rareness,representativeness,naturalness,spatial natural suitable areas,vulnerability,and human impact,were chosen as the 1st level indices. Some indices of the 1st level were comprised of the 2nd level and the 3rd level indices. With those indices, a model of hierarchy structure of the ecological evaluation was established. A value of each index and its weight were determined by analytical hierarchy process(AHP) method from four respects of ecological function,including conservation of diversity,improvement of landscape ecological states,value of education and scientific research,value of ecotourism. The result of evaluation showed that the conditionality of the conservation of diversity was strongest, the improvement of landscape ecological states took second place, and the value of ecotourism was weakest. As for the contribution of indices level to object level, diversity provided the greatest contribution, followed by rareness, naturalness and representativeness, and then human threat, while the contribution of fragility was weakest. The composite evaluation index(CEI)was figured out as 0.945 1, suggesting that the ecological quality of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve would be very good,and the conservation value would be extremely high.

A thermal effect of landscape patterns from 50 villages within a 220 km² plain region in northern Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province was studied based on Quickbird and ETM images data. A total 45 landscape pattern indices (LPI) from 5 land-use types of patches were calculated, and the quantity relationship among LPI and between LPI and environment brightness temperature (EBT) were analyzed. The result showed that in the core area (built-up area) of villages, there was a close linear relationship between LPI and BET; and the correlation was evidently affected by the patch area. the 45 LPI could be classified into 6 groups, i.e. fragmentation indices, coverage indices, shape indices, core area size, indices of 100 m wide buffer ring around core area and others, of which the index type of fragmentation, coverage of dominant patches and whole landscape had more significant correlations with BET. Contribution of landscape patterns indices to environment temperature, up to around 25% of total, was not able to be ignored in village built-up area with complex landscape structure. Two empirical models were established (R²>0.9) referring to 2 groups of LPI for predicting and adjusting the EBT being selected out too. Analysis result with the models and indices showed that the villages with high density in patch edges, large amount, small size and even disperse of patches, narrow shape in core area and buildings but rounded shape in green-water tent to reduce environment temperature. In the areas composed of core area respectively plus 100 m, 200 m and 300 m buffer ring(+100 m, +200 m, +300 m buffer), the leading EBT index turned into green-water coverage. The +100 m buffer was the best scale for studies on thermal effect of landscape patterns.

The paper aimed at investigating net primary productivity (NPP) of China terrestrial vegetation based on the light use efficiency model (3-PGS), and its temp-spatial pattern over various climate and vegetation types. The results showed that the annual mean NPP and annual sum of NPP in China terrestrial vegetation were approximately 315.99 gC ·m^-2a^-1 and 2.98 PgC, respectively during the period of 2003—2007. The distribution of NPP in China terrestrial vegetation was characterized as decreasing from southeast toward northwest China along the temperature and precipitation gradients. Tropical forests in the south-central of the Hainan island had the largest NPP value, whereas the plateau climate zone had the lowest values. NPP of China terrestrial vegetation also exhibited obvious seasonal changes with the peak values occurred in summer, and the lowest values in winter.

Based on a mapping population derived from Salix suchowensis × S. erioclada F₁ family, a genetic frame map of willow with 117 markers (56 SSR, 54 SRAP, 5 SCAR and 2 sex markers) was constructed in this study. The map was totally 1 631.4 cM with average distance between markers of 14.1cM and covered 72.14% of the total length of the genome which was estimated to be as long as 2 261.39 cM. Two sex markers were located on group 1 and 17 and the marker SCAR_AE08-780-5 was co-segregated with the female marker Sex-F on group 1. Alignment of this frame map to the Populus trichocarpa physical map revealed 46 homologous markers, 15 homological linkage groups and 34 of 42 homologous markers (80.95%) were at high co-linearity. Overall, the genome of the Salicaceae family was well conserved in the course of evolution.

This study measured genetic variation in growth and wood traits in seven 17-year-old open-pollinated larch hybrid families and three control progeny testing forests and conducted the correlation analysis, comprehensive evaluation and selection. The results showed that there were variations within the families as well as between families. Latewood had greater coefficient of variation than earlywood. There were abundant variations in the volume, tracheid length-width ratio, resin canal proportion and the coefficients of variation were between 26.2%-85.3%. There was small variation in the Holo cellulose (HC), early wood microfibrillar angle (MFA) and tracheid proportion and the coefficients of variation were between 1.4%-8.1%. There were significant differences in HC, early wood and latewood MFA, tracheid length-width ratio, latewood radial diameter, latewood cell wall ratio, latewood tracheid wall thickness-diameter ratio and tracheid proportion between treatments. There were differences in volume, tracheid length, tangential diameter, early wood and latewood number of cells per square millimeter between treatments. The family heritability were between 59.3%-92.7%, suggesting that these traits had potential for pulpwood selection. There was significantly positive correlation between volume and HC, and there were positive correlations between volume and MFA, tangential diameter, late wood tracheid wall thickness-diameter ratio and tracheid proportion, while there was negative correlation between tracheid length-width ratio and late wood number of cells per square millimeter. Correlations were negatively high between basic density and volume, significantly negatively high between basic density and HC, positively high between basic density and tracheid length-width ratio, early wood MFA, latewood number of cells per square millimeter, negatively high between HC and late wood number of cells per square millimeter, significantly negatively high between tracheid length-width ratio and late wood cell wall ratio, and significantly positively high between early wood MFA and tracheid proportion. I₃, I₄, and I₉ were the idealist index. Based on growth and wood traits, 3 families were selected for pulpwood production: Xingan 7 ×Japan 77-2(Larix gmelinii 7×L. kaempferi 77-2), Japan 5×Chang 77-3(Larix kaempferi 5×L. olgensis 77-3) and Japan3×Xingan 9(Larix kaempferi 3×L. gmelinii 9). The family trait genetic gain was: volume (34.7%), late wood cell wall ratio (11.0%), HC (7.5%), tracheid wall thickness-diameter ratio (6.2%), tracheid length-width ratio (4.5%), latewood MFA (3.2%), latewood number of cells per square millimeter (0.3%).

Ovule abortion of tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia was divided into 3 phases. Initial phase occurred between 5 days and 30 days after coronal opening, zygote in dormancy, and the average abortion rate was 51.9%. The abortion ovules had less volume without embryo and displayed deep yellow color, belonging to ovule abortion without embryo. This abortion could be related to physiological fruit drop. Middle phase abortion occurred between 30 days and 50 days after coronal opening, with spherical embryo and heart-shaped embryo formed. The average abortion rate was 30.2%, abortion ovules had less volume and displayed deep yellow part of surface with yellow-transparent liquid on the margin. Around 33.2% of the abortion ovules possessed embryo. Last phase abortion occurred after 50 days after coronal opening, with cotyledonary embryo having gradually formed, and the average abortion rate was 72.6%. The abortion ovule was shriveled, had less volume, and displayed deep yellow color. Approximately 70.8% for abortion ovules had embryo. Middle and last phase abortion belonged to the ovule abortion that was either with embryo or without embryo, and the abortion was mainly caused by death and abnormal of young embryo. In the ovule development period 15 days after coronal opening, the contents of growth-promoting endogenous hormones(GA₃, IAA) in abortion ovules were always lower than in normal ovules, and the content of growth-restraining endogenous hormone(ABA) and the ratio of ABA/(IAA+GA₃) for abortion ovules were always higher than that for normal ovules. The results suggested that the abnormal endogenous hormones were likely a cause of the ovule abortion of tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia.

Stable hydrogen isotope composition can be used to trace water source and use in plants. In this experiment, deuterium ratio in water was used to study seasonal variation in water use of Ziziphus jujuba in different environmental water regimes. Results showed that δD value of water in deep soil layers remained steady while δD value in upper soil layers had a significant variation over seasons because deuterium isotope was fractionated during evaporation. Deuterium isotope was enriched and δD value increased in the shallow soil. There was a significantly negative correlation (R²=0.69,P<0.01) between the δD value and water content in the shallow soil layers in dry season. δD value of branch xylem water was significantly and positively correlated (R²=0.75,P<0.01) with the water content in shallow soil but not with that in deep soil. The results indicated δD value of branch xylem water was heavily influenced by water in shallow soil. Precipitation increased water content of shallow soil layers in wet season, which promoted new root growth in the shallow soil. New root length in the shallow soil increased by 621.46% in wet season than that in dry season. Most of the new roots were fine roots and the average diameter was 0.16 mm. The increased fine root was able to enhance water uptake from the shallow soil. Over 50% of the xylem water of Z. jujuba branch were extracted from the deep soil layers, especially in dry season. However, the contribution of shallow soil water significantly affected the water balance and stress degree in Z. jujuba. Data analyses showed δD value of water in the branch xylem was strongly correlated with branch embolism, predawn leaf water potential and photosynthesis rate. The results suggested that δD value of xylem water could be used as an indicator of the plant water status. Quantification of drought stress of plants with δD value would provide a credible reference in studying water use efficiency of plants.

The 3-year-old pot-cultured Pinus koraiensis seedlings were used in this experiment. The seedings were treated with the following treatments; CK (Control), T1 treatment (3.25 μW ·cm^-2 UV-B radiation), T2 treatment (6.51 μW ·cm^-2 UV-B radiation) and T3 treatment (9.76 μW ·cm^-2 UV-B radiation). Effects of UV-B radiation on the concentration of free radical, the degree of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in needles of P. koraiensis were determined after 40 days of UV-B treatment. The results showed that the elevated UV-B radiation significantly increased concentrations of hydroxyl radical (·OH), hydrogen peroxide radicals (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.05). The concentrations of H₂O₂ (149.05 mmol ·g^-1) and MDA (12.56 μmol ·g^-1) were maximal under T3 treatment. The elevated UV-B radiation induced the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxide (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), but significantly decreased the activity of peroxidase (POD) (P<0.05). Concentration of soluble protein was increased with exposure to UV-B radiation (CK treatment was 0.17 mg ·g^-1, while T3 treatment was 0.26 mg ·g^-1). Carotenoid and flavonoid were decreased significantly by all UV-B radiations treatments. Simultaneously, the results of correlation analysis showed that the concentration of soluble protein had significant positive correlations with the concentrations of free radical and MDA (P<0.01), and the concentration of hydroxyl radical had significant negative correlations with the concentrations of carotenoid and flavonoid (P<0.01). This study demonstrated that the supplemental UV-B radiation increased the concentration of free radical and affected the physiological metabolism in needles of P. koraiensis seedlings. Simultaneously, P. koraiensis was able to increase the activities of CAT, APX, SOD and the concentration of soluble protein against oxidative stress injury caused by supplemental UV-B radiation, but the defense mechanism was not efficient enough to prevent the UV-B induced damage.

Diurnal course and light response curves of photosynthesis in the Black locust Robinia pseudoacocia in Weibei region were measured using a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system under sunny and cloudy days in June and August 2009. Regardless in June or in August, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and stomatal conductance (G_s) of Black locust under the sunny days were higher than those under the cloudy days before 10:00, while both of them were lower between 12:00 and 14:00. The intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), ambient CO₂ concentration (C_a), relative humidity (RH), light use efficiency (LUE) across most times of the day were significantly lower under the sunny days than those under the cloudy days. In contrast, the transpiration rate (Tr), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), air temperature (T_a) in the whole day were markedly higher under the sunny days compared to those under the cloudy days. Under the sunny day conditions, although Black locusts had lower daily mean values of G_s, C_i, C_a, RH, LUE, they showed higher daily mean values of P_n, Tr, VPD, T_a and could in turn accumulate more average daily photosynthetic carbon fixation amounts. Under the cloudy day conditions, Black Locusts presented a greater maximum photosynthetic rate (P_max) and a pronouncedly lower dark respiration rate (R_d) and light compensation point (LCP), which indicated that Black locust had a strong photosynthetic acclimation capacity. This study would have great implications for the evaluation of stand productivities and for the production and management of Black locust plantations in Weibei region.

Mycelia were cultivated from a fruiting body of puffballs which were collected from the Eucalyptus grandis forest, and the genomic DNA was extracted as template. Subsequently, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in rDNA gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic tree of puffballs was first built based on different part of ITS region. The results showed that six species of puffballs were cultivated successfully using a PDA medium after comparing the sequences of puffballs fruiting body and mycelium ITS regions. The rDNA-ITS region of different puffballs was 607 bp to 766 bp in length. Analysis of phylogenesis revealed that the Scleroderma had close genetic relationships with Pisolithus, Calvatia, Lycoperdon and Vascellum. The three undetermined species, Scleroderma sp.11-1, Scleroderma sp.2-2 and Scleroderma sp.5-2, could probably be S. aurantium. The sequence of ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 can be used as an evolutionary marker between different genus, and ITS2 as an evolutionary marker in genus. Thus, this work laid a foundation for studying the ectotrophic mycorrhiza, the mechanisms of action, the classification of puffballs and its exploitation and utilization.

Three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) isolates were used to inoculate Chukrasia tabularis seedlings of five provenances to investigate the effect of three AM isolates on C. tabularis seedling growth. The results showed that: the mycorrhizal colonization rate was 96.3%, belonging to classification class 5 and with intermediate dependency. There was significant association between mycorrhizal isolate 90068 and provenance CH01. The most significant seedling growth was achieved in provenance CH01 colonized with mycorrhizal isolate 90068 in 5-6 months. Mycorrhizal association between isolate 90068 and provenance CH13 significantly resulted in P uptake more than all other colonization combination. Isolate 9004 produced better mycorrhizal colonization, greater seedling biomass and height than isolate 90036 did, while, isolate 90036 resulted in a better nutrient uptake. Based on these results, isolate 90068 was selected as optimum AM isolate for seedlings of the five provenances.

Three fungal strains associated with Ips subelongatus were isolated from the blue-stain tissue, inside and surface of the body of Ips subelongatus . The fungal stains can cause wood sapstains which associate with the bark beetle attacks. According to culture and morphology characteristic, cycloheximide tolerance and rDNA ITS molecular sequence, the three strains were identified as Ceratocystis fujiensis M. J. Wingf.which is a new record species in China. The optimum conditions for strains growth were as follows: temperature was at 25 ℃, in complete dark, with pH value 5.0, medium was PDA plus larch phloem extract,supplemented with carbon source of sucrose and nitrogen source of yeast. The three strains had strong tolerance to high and low temperature, so the strains were able to adapt to the larger temperature scale in the north. Dark and acidic conditions in trees were suitable for the growth of strains. C. fujiensis was highly selective to host larch nutrition,and the strains could utilize many kinds of carbon source, but preferred organic nitrogen source.

Antenna morphological characters and sensors' distribution of male and female of Scolytus schevyrewi were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that there were no significant differences in antenna morphological characters and sensor's distribution between the male and female. Majority of sensilla spreaded on the club of the antennae and occupied 98.4% of all sensilla. The sensilla could be divided into four types: zigzag sensillum, bud-shaped sensillum, basiconca sensillum and chaeticum sensillum. These types respectively accounted for 57.7%, 28.6%, 12.6%, and 1.1% of the total sensilla. Zigzag sensilla distributed on all parts of antennae, among which sensilla on the club accounted for 99.2% of total sensilla. However, sensilla on the scape and fanicles had approximately 0.8%. Bud-shaped sensilla were buried beneath the zigzag sensilla on the club or distributed on the edges of club. Basiconca sensillum scattered on the edge of the club, and blended with bud-shaped sensilla while chaeticum sensilla distributed on the joint of the scape and funicle.

The wooden biomass flow and the non-wood biomass flow are two major material flows in a log harvesting production system. Field test was taken in fast growing plantations with three species of Pinus massoniana , Cunninghamia lanceolata and Eucalyptus in the northwest region of Fujian Province of China. Different parts of trees were dried and weighed as roots, trunks, branches, leaves and barks. The dry masses of bushes, herbs, dead branches and fallen leaves were measured as well. The percentage distribution of biomass in a felling area was calculated. Based on specific proccess of log harvesting operation, the material consumption and the waste for producing unit volume of logs were computed. The resource efficiency of trees and the semi-product consumption in different stage for unit final products were derived. A time and space network was established to show the time and space distribution of the wooden biomass flow and the non-wood biomass flow. With the application of network analysis method, the optimum operation scheme can be drawn out for minimizing wooden material waste and maximizing biomass residue at slash. Furthermore, the space distribution of wooden material and biomass at the slash, the skidding road and the landing area was revealed with the analysis of the network. The time and space distribution of the wooden biomass flow and the non-wood biomass flow reveals the important characteristics of the material flow in a log harvesting production system. The time and space network can be used to analyze the charateristics of the material flow in a log harvesting production system and related input and output efficiency. By combining the time and space network of the log harvesting production system with the geographic information system(GIS) in a logging area, a simulation and optimization tool for forest harvesting and regeneration operation system can be developed.

The experiments to poplar and larch logs samplings were done by using stress wave testing instrument. The relationships among radial, tangential and longitudinal (heartwood and sapwood) propagation velocity of stress wave in the two logs samplings were studied. Meanwhile the relations were analyzed between radial velocity and diameter, as well as tangential velocity and the detection angles. The results indicated that, in the both species, the radial velocity of stress wave had positive correlation with the diameter, and that the longitudinal propagation velocity in the sapwood was larger than that in the corresponding heartwood, and that tangential velocity had a quadratic function relation with the detection angle. In addition, the paper showed the ratio thresholds between longitudinal velocity in heartwood and sapwood and radial speed separately.

In situ tensile tests of spruce( Picea jezoensis var. microsperma )sample perpendicular to the grain were carried out on LV mode in an environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM)chamber. The whole process of crack propagation for TR system was observed in real-time. At the growth ring level, the TR cracks advanced through the alternating early- and latewood layers with a stepwise manner. At the cellular level, the TR cracks advanced in a peeling mode by separating cell walls close to or at the middle lamella. Displacement and strain fields for a load level were obtained from digital speckle correlation method(DSCM)before the specimen was damaged. The mechanism of load transfer was revealed in details. The influence of heterogeneous microstructure of wood on its mechanical properties was testified. The results in this study indicate that the research method of mechanical test carried out with ESEM in combination with DSCM can reveal in nature the mechanism of wood microscopic damage.

The features of the defects image of wood veneer are analyzed, an algorithm of veneer knot defect inspection is proposed which based on extension of C-V model and AOS scheme coupling with filling background. Firstly, improved a new level set approach for image segmentation which was proposed by Chan-Vese based on Mumford-Shah, the algorithm could increase the speed of segmentation. Secondly, the approach used AOS scheme, which is unconditional stable, to discrete the level set function. Finally, coupling with the technique of background make a new image which reduced the different characteristics between the target and background. Contrast experimental results show that, this method can fast inspect single knot defect, reveal this coupling method has better segmentation effect than C-V method and improving method. Using multiple level sets as the initial contours of curve evolution, experimental results show that this method could also quickly inspect the image of veneer multi-knot defect and achieve the mutli-object segmentation of veneer knot.

This thesis measures the industrial concentration level and the development of the forestry in northeast state-owned forest in the respects of the market and region,which is based on concentration ratio of industry,the industrial spatial concentration. Then,this thesis presents an empirical analysis. According to the conclusion, some suggestions are given to the forestry industrial clusters development in the northeast state-owned forest area: cutting and transport of trees is not applicable cultivated as industrial concentration; breeding and planting of forest,cultivating and collecting of economic forest ＆ manufacture of wood products can be as potential to guide and support; processing of lumber and wood chips ＆ manufacture of plywood are in industrial concentration of advancement stage,we should integrate resources and guide the clusters vigorously development; breeding and utilizing of terrestrial wildlife ＆ processing of non-wood products are in higher levels of industrial concentration, which can be greatly cultivated as the forest continued industries; manufacture of wood furniture is in industrial concentration of maturity, we should guide industrial concentration upgrade transformation.

The study makes an empirical analysis of households' willingness to participate in forest insurance by adopting the Logistic model. The result of regression indicates that the significance variables include householders age, their main source of household income, extent of economic losses caused by disasters, whether households have experienced forest disasters or not,how much know about the forest insurance, what attitude hold toward the demanding of forest insurance,what attitude hold toward forest insurance premiums, how much insurance can compensate,what willingness to participate in such insurance programs with state-subsidies.

Soil contamination by heavy metals and organic pollutants has become a global problem and urgently needs to be solved. Compared with traditional remediation technology of contaminated soils, phytoremediation technology exhibits advantages such as lower cost, easier management, without creating a second pollution and easy acceptance to public, attracting much attention from scientific field. But it also has some deficiencies, for example, low biomass, low growth rate of plants and limited take-up ability of pollutants. With development of phytoremediation technology, woody plant has been applied for phytoremediation, which achieved some successes and showed an excellent application future. The detail about phytoremediation, the achievements and the applying prospects of dendroremediation in phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic matters contamination are described in this paper. Application of woody plant in remediation of contaminated soil would be an important aspect of phytoremediation. To make better use of woody plants to remediation of the contaminated environment in the near future, we should pay more attention to enhancing the basic research on selecting elite dendroremediation materials in the domestic and introducing the elite materials and technologies from other countries, on soil organic pollution and on integrating dendroremediation with other remediation technologies to improve the efficiency of dendroremediation.

The paper presents an overall and systematic introduction of the main influencing factors and improving measures of wood permeability according to the significant effect of wood permeability on effective processing and optimal utilization of wood, and also proposed their main development trends, respectively. The advanced technologies for observation such as SEM-EDX, TEM, FTIR, NRM and CT should be fully used to deeply analysis the main penetrating channels of wood and resultantly to assure the major influencing factors exactly. And in order to further improve the permeability of wood, it is necessary to combine several technologies or exploit a new multi-functional and integrative technology about impregnating technology of wood.

In this paper, development of concept of soil water resources and research scale of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation were discussed in detail. We introduced models of quanlifying soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, including classic mode of carrying capacity, general model of population growth, density and soil water model and physically based model and soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and reviewed the present status of study on the soil water carrying capacity. It is suggested that we should further improve the theory system on soil water carrying capacity for vegetation and quantify the value of soil water carrying capacity at different spatial and temporal scales for different plant communinity in water limited region, and strengthen a long-term location investigation of relationships between pland growth and soil water in the future.

Biomass of understory vegetation in Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) forests in successive rotation was investigated for 14 years in the sixth watershed of National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Experiment in Huitong, Hunan Province to study dynamics of understory vegetation species and biomass at different growth stages. The results showed that with the 14-year growth and development of Chinese fir forests in successive rotation, biomass of understory vegetation descended from 10.02 t ·hm^-2 at young (3-year-old) forest stage to 1.60 t ·hm^-2 at pole stage of 14-year-old Chinese fir forests, decreased by 84.0%. At the young forest stage, biomass of trees and small trees (470.74-885.68 kg ·hm^-2) was dominant in understory shrub layer, accounted for 58.3%-78.3%;biomass of Miscanthus sinensis (342.67-6 853.23 kg ·hm^-2) was the most in herb layer, which accounted for 50.2%-80.7%. At fast growing stage, biomass of small trees e.g. Aralia chinensis (1 068.37-2 886.01 kg ·hm^-2) was highest in understory shrub layer, which accounted for 41.2%-69.6%;biomass of ferns(1 187.67-1 856.51 kg ·hm^-2) is highest in herb layer, which accounted for 44.7%-74.3%. At pole stage, biomass of Rhus chinensis and Maesa japonica (439.63-1 133.7 kg ·hm^-2) was dominant in understory shrub layer, which accounted for 65.2%-89.4%; biomass of Dicranopteris linearis (236.67 kg ·hm^-2) and ferns(874.40 kg ·hm^-2) was highest in herb layer, which accounted for 33.4% and 94.3%, respectively. The results provided scientific basis for maintaining nutrient cycling and carbon balance, conserving and increasing forestland capability and sustainable management.

Forests managed by Lushuihe Forestry Bureau were taken as a case to analyze relative influences of harvest parameters, such as cutblock size, the spatial dispersion pattern of harvest units, whether or not reserving the forest adjacency to young forest and rotation length, on forest landscape pattern. The Harvest model and neutral landscape model were used to simulate various harvest strategies. And the Apack software was used to calculate landscape indexes of the simulated results for determining the degree of influence. The results showed that big cutblock size, clustered cutblocks, reserved forests adjacent to young forests and long rotation were able to reduce degree of forest landscape fragmentation in harvest. Whether or not the forest adjacent to young forests was reserved had the greatest influence on forest landscape, and cutblock size had the second of that.

Development of a wetland park is an effective way and the main mode to protect and restore wetland ecological systems. However, there are some management issues caused with the rapid development. To develop orderly and healthy management measures of wetland parks in Beijing, this paper proposed an index system to evaluate the Beijings wetland park management, which consists of 6 kinds such as wetland ecosystem, wetland environment quality, wetland landscape, infrastructure, management and additional scores, with 24 factors. Each factor was given different weight and scoring range, as well as concrete quantitative assessment methods. The evaluation system provided a theory basis for scientific management of Wetland Parks in Beijing. Finally, Cuihu wetland park was used as a case study to be assessed for its management level.

It is very difficult for Eucalyptus dunnii to produce roots in vitro. In order to resolve this problem, produce E. dunnii seedlings, and conduct gene engineering, an efficient and rapid micropropagation system by using seeds as explants was established for E. dunnii.The optimum medium for E. dunnii was obtained by modifying Mecown and Lloyd medium (WPM), that is: with WPM large elements, plus Murashige and Skoog (MS) trace elements, MS Fe salt, Skirvin and Chu (SC) organic compounds and 30 g ·L^-1 glucose. This modified medium was used to resolve the serious problems, such as seedling brown and shoot tip death, in E. dunnii tissue culture. A modified WPM medium supplemented with 0.5 mg ·L^-1 6-benzy1aminopurine, 0.5 mg ·L^-1 kinetin, 0.2 mg ·L^-1 napthaleneacetic acid and 30 g ·L^-1 glucose was suitable for shoot induction and proliferation from divided buds,and the shoot proliferation rate of plantlets increased by 18.43 fold. The optimum growing medium was obtained by modifying WPM medium supplemented with 0.5 mg ·L^-1 KT, 0.2 mg ·L^-1 TDZ and 0.01 mg ·L^-1 NAA. Over 84.3% regeneration plantlets were able to root after transferred to the modified half-strength MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg ·L^-1 indole-3-butyric acid, 0.01 mg ·L^-1 napthaleneacetic acid, 0.05 mg ·L^-1 kinetin and 20 g ·L^-1 sucrose. When the micropropagated plantlets with well-developed root systems were transferred to planting bed containing a mixture of sand,soil and medium (4 ∶1 ∶1;V/V) in a greenhouse,93.8％ of the plantlets survived.

Based on a cDNA library constructed from Chimonanthus praecox flowers and EST analysis, a new heat shock proteins(HSPs) gene was cloned by randomly cloning and sequencing, named as CpHSP1 (GenBank accession No. HQ894379). The full length of CpHSP1 cDNA sequence was 790 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 477 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 158 amino acid residues. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed CpHSP1 to be a cytosolic class Ⅰ smHSP(small HSPs) which contained consensus Ⅰ and Ⅱ of ACD(α-crystallin domain)in the carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) domain,and a conserved region specific for cytosolic class Ⅰ smHSPs in the amino-terminal (N-terminal) domain. According to expression studies by real-time quantitative PCR, CpHSP1 was constitutively expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs at different developmental stages under normal conditions, and it was expressed highest in stems than other organs. CpHSP1 transcripts were detected during blooming and more abundant in petals than that in stamens and pistils, whereas CpHSP1 was hardly expressed in non-stressed leaf tissue but strongly induced under various abiotic stresses such as high temperature, low temperature, salinity, ABA and heavy metal. All these transcriptional expression analysis results suggested that CpHSP1 may play a significant role in plant development and abiotic stress responses.

To detect molecular markers linked to sex determination, leaves of Taxus cuspidata with different sexuality were analyzed with 245 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA) markers, among which, only OPD15 marker produced one stable, repeatable, unique band of 1 300 bp from the male plant, not detected in female plant. Hence, it was probably a RAPD marker closely linked to sex determination in T.cuspidata.

In this study, the trichosanthin (TCS) gene, which was cloned from Trichosanthes kirilowii, was transformed into Paulownia elongata through agrobacterium-mediated method. The conversion rate was 29.2% with 86 transformed strains obtained. The target gene had approximately 50% positive expression rate in plantlets through 11 times subculture and PCR detection for 4 times. And the PCR detection of the plants in field showed that the positive rate was between 40% and 50%. No positive expression of the labeled product of witches' broom was found in the transformed plants after infection susceptible experiment and molecular detection, meanwhile, the virus infection rate of the control was up to 15.0％. Thus, it indicated that, compared to the control, the transformed plants showed higher resistance to the witches' broom disease.

A new leaf disease occurs in chestnut-producing areas of Tai'an and Linyi in Shandong Province. Brown spots of 2-3 mm were formed on the infected leaves at initial stage. With the rapid expansion of lesions,the center of spots turned yellow cinnamon and had dark brown on edge. The diseased leaves showed irregular dry rot in a large area at the same time, which seriously influenced the tree vigor and yield.This disease was identified as a new leaf disease with the pathogen morphology and molecular biological characters, named as brown margin leaf blight. The isolate BY₁ was found to be a kind of pathogenic strain of Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae by pathogenicity test.

‘Zhongshanshan 405’,‘Zhongshanshan 406’,‘Zhongshanshan 407’ and ‘Zhongshanshan 502’ were four elite varieties, which were selected from progeny of crossing between Taxodium mucronatum×T.distichum by artificial pollination, and were bred by Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the varieties have tall and straight tree trunk, with other excellent characteristics, such as fast-growing, waterlogging tolerance, salt-alkali tolerance, a wide adaptability to various habits, and beautiful landscape effects. They can be planted in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai,Chongqing, Yunnan, etc.