Estimation of the forest carbon distribution is an important subject in study of forest carbon. Based on National Forest Inventory (NFI) data and the Landsat TM image data collected in Lin'an County, Zhejiang in 2004, this research applied two methods, namely unary quadratic nonlinear modeling and Sequential Gaussian co-Simulation to reproduce the distribution of above ground forest carbon, and compared and analyzed the estimation results of above ground forest carbon density. The estimation results with unary quadratic nonlinear regression estimation show that the sum of above ground carbon is 2 365 404.37 t, the mean carbon density is 9.000 0 t ·hm^-2, with the maximum carbon density of 73.714 4 t ·hm^-2, and the minimum carbon density of 0.715 6 t ·hm^-2. With the Sequential Gaussian co-Simulation, the sum of the carbon is 3 291 659.83 t, the mean carbon density is 12.523 3 t ·hm^-2, with the maximum carbon density of 78.913 3 t ·hm^-2, and the minimum carbon density of 0.083 3 t ·hm^-2. According to the NFI data in 2004 , the carbon storage for the study area is estimated with the random sampling method. The total carbon is 2 708 897.90 t, the mean carbon density is 10.306 5 t ·hm^-2, with the maximum carbon density of 96.962 5 t ·hm^-2, the minimum carbon density of 0.000 0 t ·hm^-2. The carbon density from the Sequential Gaussian co-Simulation are closer to that calculated from the NFI data, and the carbon density distribution is more reasonable. The sum of squares of differences between unary quadratic nonlinear regression result and the sample plot data is 9 857.461 9, while that between the results from the Sequential Gauss co-Simulation and the sample plot data is 8 018.462 5. The Sequential Gaussian co-Simulation is relatively better than unary quadratic nonlinear regression on regional forest carbon density estimation.

The topsoil spectral characteristics and spectral segments sensitivity to soil organic matter (SOM) were studied on the basis of laboratory analysis and spectral measurement of soil samples collected from 2 typical areas of desertification, and then models for estimating SOM of topsoil layer were established. The results showed that the soils of desertified lands had the unique wave-shaped spectral curves, with an obvious bow-shaped protuberance area in 500-900 nm wavelength range, which could be used to extract SOM information from soil spectrum. It was found by the correlation analysis that there were two spectral segments sensitive to SOM, centered at 600 and 830 nm wavelengths respectively. The result of model validation indicated that the models, taking the logarithm reflectance and reciprocal reflectance at 588 nm (lgR₅₈₈, 1/R₅₈₈) and the first derivative reflectance of reciprocal reflectance and logarithm reflectance at 835 nm (1/R₈₃₅)', (lgR₈₃₅)' as independent variable respectively, could be used to accurately estimate the SOM content in desertified lands.

An experiement was conducted in typical Phyllostachys praecox stands located in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province to study the dynamic change of soil respiration and the relationship between soil respiration and environmental factors. The results indicated that the soil total respiration rate, heterotrophic respiration rate, and autotrophic respiration rate of Phyllostachys praecox were 5.42, 2.24 and 2.89 μmol ·m^-2s^-1 respectively. The annual dynamic pattern displayed a double-peak curve and changed greatly. The amount of CO₂ released from Phyllostachys Praecox was 73.40 t ·hm^-2a^-1, including 45.67% heterotrophic respiration and 54.33% autotrophic respiration. Soil respiration rate, heterotrophic respiration rate and autotrophic respiration rate had strong exponential correlations with soil temperature, especially the temperature at 5 cm depth of the soil, and the Q₁₀ value at 5 cm depth was 1.70, 1.68 and 1.48 respectively. The soil respiration had significant correlation with the soil temperature in 5 cm depth, atmospheric temperature at 8: 00, water soluble organic C content, total organic C content, while it had no significant correlation with the soil water content, relative humidity at 8: 00, and the content of water soluble organic N.

Forest gaps and litter are two important factors which have influence on forest regeneration. Forest gaps(40 m²) were artificially created in spruce plantations in Miyaluo, Western Sichuan. In this paper, changes in environmental factors were monitored, and germination and survival of the seedlings were measured to test the effects of natural seeding and artificial seeding, as well as wiping out litter on germination and growth of seedlings. This paper also determined the effects of plantation litter aqueous extracts on germination and seedling growth. Our main purpose is to investigate the effects of forest gaps and litter on germination and survival of seedlings, which would lend evidence to clarify the effects of forest gaps and litter on plantation regeneration, explore the factors which influence regeneration of spruce plantations and provide scientific evidence for sustainable management of alpine plantations. The results showed that: 1) the environment in the forest gap was heterogeneous; 2) forest gaps and seeding treatments had effects on both germination and survival of seedlings. For natural seeding and artificial seeding without litter, germination was highest in the center of a gap, which had 2.75 seedling ·m^-2 and 21.25 seedling ·m^-2 respectively, while for artificial seeding, the highest germination was in the edge of a forest gap, which had 10.75 seedling ·m^-2. Seedling mortality was slightly lower in the area surrounding the center of a gap. Natural seeding had the lowest number of germination, while artificial seeding without litter had the highest. 3) Plantation litter aqueous extracts had significant negative effects on germination and seedling growth of Picea asperata, and the inhibition of root length and shoot length were 68.62% and 66.39%, respectively. Based on the results, it was concluded that: forest gaps were beneficial to forest regeneration; artificial seeding could be used to promote regeneration; litter had negative effects on regeneration of spruce plantations.

Male and female parents effects, additive effect and dominant effect of growth traits and wood basic density were investigated in a progeny test forest of 12-year-old Pinus massoniana with nested mating design in Chun'an county of Zhejiang. The results showed that, except for stem straightness, there existed significant differences in growth rate and wood quality among the crossing combinations, male and female/male parents. Male and female parent effects all worked on DBH, height, individual volume and stem fullness simultaneously, but there was little difference between the parents' effect. For wood basic density, female parent effect was 1.56 times as large as male parents. DBH and wood basic density of P. massoniana were primarily controlled by additive effect, and then dominant effect, but height, individual volume and stem fullness were almost completely controlled by additive effect, and progeny performance could be predicted by the parents' performance. The comparative analysis showed that there was little correlation between growth and wood basic density in different crossing combinations and male parent clones. The fast-growing male parents and crossing combinations did not always had low wood basic density. The correlation between growth performance of crossing combinations and GCA of male parents was not obvious, but the probability to get superior crossing combinations would be raised through selecting male parents with high GCA to hybridize. Ten superior crossing combinations and 17 and 13 superior individuals respectively for pulp wood and saw timber were selected based on wood dry matter and DBH.

The effects of liquid culture medium composition, temperature, pH value on Populus simonii×P.nigra pollen germination were investigated with in vitro culture. The results were as follows: First, sucrose,H₃BO₃ and CaCl₂ could promote pollen germination and tube growth within a certain concentration range in single factorial experiments, but they would inhibit germination beyond the concentration range. Similar responses also held for temperature and pH value. Second, the effects of sucrose, H₃BO₃, CaCl₂, temperature and pH value were extremely remarkable in orthogonal design experiment. The optimal culture medium was 150 g · L^-1 sucrose + 20 mg ·L^-1 H₃BO₃ + 40 mg ·L^-1 CaCl₂, and in the medium the rate of pollen germination was up to 46.23%under the conditions of 21 ℃ and pH 6.0, with healthy pollen tube. Third, cytological observations exhibited P. simonii×P. nigra mature pollen was a bicellular pollen and pollen germination rate gradually increased and tube was growing with culture time.

Endophytic fungus of Phomopsis isolated from birch(Betula platyphylla) bark can be used as an elicitor to induce accumulation of triterpenoids in birch cell suspension culture. The change of dry weight and triterpenoids content of birch suspension cell were investigated at early growth phase, exponential growth phase and late growth phase after a fungal elicitor of 40, 100, and 400 μg ·mL^-1 concentration was added to birch suspension cells. Results showed that different induction schemes all promoted accumulation of triterpenoids, while the treatments reduced the dry weight of birch cells. Suspension cells at exponential growth phase were most easy to be induced, and 40 μg ·mL^-1 fungal elicitor enhanced the triterpenoids content to 29.47 mg ·g^-1, increasing by 78% than that of the control. We investigated changes in pH and conductivity of the medium, and the activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) under the optimal induction condition. Results showed that the fungal elicitor induced alkalinization of the medium and increased the conductivity, and significantly increased the activity of PAL and POD of birch suspension cells, which was 5.70 and 5.74 fold as high as the control after 6-10 h of treatment, respectively. These results suggested that fungal elicitation induced defense reaction in birch suspension cell. General phenylpropanoid pathway and oxidative burst might involved in the triterpenoids accumulation induced by the fungal elicitor.

Protective enzymes,osmotic adjustment,MDA and the protoplasmic membrane penetrability of three azalea species were studied under drought stress, and then the drought resistance was evaluated. The result showed that with the development of drought stress, the protective enzyme activities of three azalea species ascend in beginning and descend at last, except that POD activity of Rhododendron decorum was changed with a contrary trend, SOD activity of R. decorum had significant difference (P<0.05)and POD activity of R. decorum had very significant difference (P<0.01)from other two species of azalea. Osmolyte contents of the three species of azalea were increased in the beginning and decreased at last, except that the soluble sugar of R. decorum raised constantly, soluble sugar content of R. decorum had very significant difference (P<0.01)and the proline content had significant difference(P<0.05)from the other two species. There are significant difference of soluble protein between R.agastum and R. irroratum. MDA content of three species was increased first, then decreased later and increased again at the last. Relative membrane permeability of the all species were enhanced constantly, MDA content of R. decorum had very significant difference (P<0.01) from the other two species of azalea. The difference of relative membrane permeability between R. decorum and R.agastum was significant (P<0.05). The difference of relative membrane permeability between R. decorum and R. irroratum was very significant (P<0.01). A subordinate function was used to rank their drought tolerance, and the order was: R. irroratum>R.agastum>R. decorum. SOD,POD and MDA were the key indicators to evaluate the drought resistance of azalea.

Four common shrubs (Lespedeza bicolor, Spiraea triblobata, Ostryopsis davidiana and Rosa xanthina) were selected in Guancen Mountains to study the physiological and morphological acclimation to three different light environments (10%-20%, 30%-50% and 100% transmittance levels)in the field. Photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll contents, SLR, LAR, biomass allocation patterns and phenotypic plasticity indices were measured. The results showed that in 10%-20% forest light environment, the adult plants of Spiraea triblobata did not respond to the understory light environments. Their photosynthetic, Chla contents, morphological and most biomass allocation traits remained the same as those growing under full light. Their SMR decreased, but AQE and Chlb content were 30%-50% higher than that in full light levels. The low light responses of Lespedeza bicolor were also limited. Its photosynthetic LAR, LMR and AB were the same as those growing under full light. Its SMR also decreased in 10%-20% light level, while Chlb, SLA and RMR increased. In contrary, the adult plants of Rosa xanthina and Ostryopsis davidiana responded relatively stronger to understory light environment. In 10%-20% light level, the A_max, LSP and RMR decreased, and Chla and b contents, SMR and AB increased. Meanwhile, the AQE of Rosa xanthina and the SLA and LAR of Ostryopsis davidiana also significantly increased. In addition, the morphological plasticity indices of Rosa xanthina and Ostryopsis davidiana were generally higher than that of Spiraea triblobata, which supported the hypothesis that there is a close relationship between morphological plasticity and shade tolerance, but not the relationship between physiological plasticity and high light environment acclimation. The differences in ecophysiological responses and phenotypic plasticity indices of adult plants of these four naturally-regenerated shrubs under different forest light environments will significantly affect their niches in different forest communities within their distribution ranges, thus the restoration and protection of montane forest ecosystems should consider the light acclimation characteristics of naturally-generated shrubs.

The characteristics variation pattern, stability and their relevance of varieties in the genus Chaenomeles were analyzed based on UPOV and China's assessment system. The selection principles of example varieties and testing characteristics were discussed. Twelve example varieties and thirty-one testing characteristics (10 qualitative, 6 quantitative, and of pseudo-qualitative) were adopted for DUS test. For each characteristic a code was given to express the state. Twenty-four characteristics were of asterisked, such as plant type, flower color, flower diameter, polyphyll state, fruit shape, and peel crimpled state, and seven ones were of non-asterisked. The assessment standard for Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability was put forward.

Crown ratio models for 10 dominant species in Mao'er Mountain experimental forest station located in Heilongjiang Province were developed and the study is part of a project to develop the protection demonstration and sustainable management techniques for natural forest in northeast China. Thirty permanent sample plots were established and 3 628 of 4 237 sample trees were used to develop the crown ratio models in 2007. The models developed with Logistic function were designed from size, competition and site to explain the crown ratio and unadjusted multiple coefficient of determination was used to evaluate the percentage of variation explained by three variable groups. The estimation results of the models indicated that the total percentage of variation explained by variable groups ranged from 12.881 3%(Acer mono) to 42.116 8%(Betula platyphylla), and the percentage was 17.403 2% for Tilia spp, a widest-distributed species in this area. Validation for the crown ratio models showed relatively high prediction precision and low errors.

Multiple-species nonlinear matrix growth model was developed for larch-spruce-fir forests using 20 long-term permanent plots with 5-year period observations in Jingouling Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, northeastern China. We found that mortality, upgrowth and ingrowth probability was significantly affected by medium of diameter class, stand basal area, biodiversity in terms of tree species and size, number of trees in minimum diameter class and elevation. The parameters of upgrowth, mortality and ingrowth models are estimated through ordinary least square(OLS) method and seemingly unrelated linear regression(SUR), but the differences in parameter estimate values between them were not significant. The model was validated in short term by comparing the observed with predicted number of trees in each diameter class and species group, and was statistically reasonable and subsequently was applied to predict timber yield, tree species diversity, tree size diversity, and aboveground carbon storage under 13 management scenarios in 50 years. The three single objectives are contradictory and should be compromised with the framework of multiple use management. The simulation results showed that the scenario with long cutting cycle(15 years)and low intensity(5 percent volume) could meet the needs of timber yield, protecting biodiversity and increasing carbon stock simultaneously. The simulation demonstrated that multiple objectives could be realized through reasonable forest management, and matrix model is a valuable tool for simulations of forest management scenarios.

In this paper, mating and oviposition behavior of Batocera horsfieldi were investigated by laboratory tests combined with the field observation. The results were as follows: A complete copulation process of B. horsfieldi included encountering pair-bonding, ejaculations, as well as post-copulatory guarding. A complete mating of B. horsfieldi involved three stages, i.e. encountering pair-bonding, ejaculation and post-copulatory guarding. There were many insertions in the whole mating process.The average duration time for single copulation was 17.81 min, including average time of 2.16 min for pair-bonding before ejaculation, average time of 10.28 min for total ejaculation, duration of 23.4 s for single ejaculation and the time of 5.37 min for post-copulatory guarding. B. horsfieldi's field mating behaviours were consistent with that of the laboratory experiments. The times of matings for the female B. horsfieldi were greatly different from the male ones. Moreover, the host plants had a great influence on the gathering and the copulation of B. horsfieldi. A test of influence of 5 species of host plants on the spawn showed that B. horsfieldi took the most food from bark of branches of Betula luminifera and Viburnum awabuki (572.47 mm² and 370.83 mm²) and spawned (2.44 and 1.80) the most with the food, much more than that fed from Populus sp., Juglans regia and Salix matsudana (P<0.05). In a tested for choosing the spawning tempting plants, B. horsfieldi spawned the most on the bottom boards of Populus sp. and Juglans regia. After emergence, B. horsfieldi, raised alone for 8 days, could have their spawning peak between the 10th day and the 14th day.

In this paper, a National Monitoring and Warning System for Forest Pest (NMWS4FP) based on service-oriented architecture (SOA) was designed in order to integrate the distributed pest management systems. In the system, modules used in pest management were encapsulated and published as web services. These web services were classified into three types, the business service, the model service and the spatial data service (Web Map Service/Web Feature Service). An XML-based data exchange standard for forest pest management was used to exchange pest occurrence data and control data between services. A center was established to manage these services. The center provided UDDI service to register and inquire services. It also provided modeling service to compose the registered web services into a new service chain model. A BPEL (Business Process Execution Language) engine was used to process the composite service workflow model. A prototype of NMWS4FP was built successfully to validate the solution.

Resistance of Eucalyptus spp. against bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, was determined by dipping inoculation of shoot cuttings and shoot tip inoculation using potted seedlings and tissue culture plantlets, as well as field disease survey in a eucalypt plantation. The inhibition effects of root exudate and supernatant of tissue triturate collected from different resistant clones of Eucalyptus against R. solanacearum were performed using liquid culture to explore the relationship between exudate, tissue triturate and the levels of disease resistance. The results showed that the clones, bd1, bd2, E. camaldulensis and E. grandis×E. urophylla from Nanning were highly resistant to bacterial wilt; U6, E. urophylla from Nanning,Lei9 and Qin32-29 were the mid wilt-resistant clones; and DH32-27, Qin 9, Nanningguang 9, Qin8, E. dunnii, Qin32-22, Lei2, E. grandis, E. urophylla and Qinguang 9 were susceptible clones. The results also indicated that root exudates and the supernatant of triturated tissue had no direct inhibition to the growth of R. solanacearum. However, the proliferation number of R. solanacearum in root exudate and tissue triturate from wilt-susceptible clones was markedly higher than the ones from highly wilt-resistant clones, which was in accordance with the determination results of disease resistance using dipping inoculation and tip inoculation of shoot cuttings, indicating that the resistance ability of different clones could be manifested by the growth of R. solanacearum in root exudate and supernatant of triturated tissue.

A preliminary study on diversity of ectomycorrhizas associated with Picea crassifolia at Helan Mountain area was investigated using morphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics, of PCR amplified product analysis of the ITS region of rDNA, and then identification results were obtained according to that the sequences were BLASTed using the GenBank. The results indicated that there were 11 different ECM types on Picea crassifolia in Helan Mountain. ITS regions of rDNA of the 11 different ECM fungi were amplified and sequenced, and the sequences were compared with those registered in DNA sequence database on Internet, identified to family level of 2, genus level of 2 and species level of 7, respectively. Among the 11 identified ectomycorrhizal types, 2 species belong to Ascomycotina and the rest species belong to Basidiomycotina. It was found that using sequences of rDNA ITS regions confirmed consistently the classification of these species based on morphological and anatomic ways.

Absorption processes of dead larch twigs with three different diameters(0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 cm) in laboratory were modeled by a method proposed by Catchpole et al.(2001). Robustness of the model was tested by cross validation. Errors occurred in the model extrapolation were also analyzed. Results showed that moisture-related parameters of timelag and equilibrium moisture content had small variation in the cross validation, which indicated the results were quite robust. Variety existed in timelag and parameters related to equilibrium moisture content among twigs with the same diameter. Although both the errors in applying the models to data on which the models were based and those in applying the models to data on which the models were not based followed normal distribution, the latter was larger than the former. The latter errors occurred with lower probability in sections where the former errors occurred with higher probability and also occurred in sections where the latter errors did not occur. This paper also presented conditional probability and means of errors under different predicted fuel moisture content, which indicated that not only the means but also the probability of larger errors increased with increasing predicted moisture. This probability could allow users of the models to estimate errors on a particular predicted moisture value, which can reduce uncertainty in fire danger rating and fire behavior modeling which uses the predicted moisture. The results also suggested that models established using pooled data from at least 4 twigs could reduce the uncertainty in the model extrapolation in fuel moisture prediction. Since the variation between the twigs and conditions is much less than those occurred in the field, the results can be regarded as lower limits of errors occurred in model extrapolation, which, nevertheless, can provide useful clues to assess model performance when it is extrapolated though full evaluation of the performance is still needed by further research.

This study investigated the treating effects of wood flour(WF) with six silane coupling agents of Vinyltrimethoxysilane(A-171), Vinyltriethoxysilane(A-151), γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane(DB-550),γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (DB-560), γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (DB-570) and γ-Mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane (DB-580) respectively on the physical and mechanical properties of resulting wood flour/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. The flexural, tensile and unnotched impact strength and the water absorption were determined. The interaction of wood and silanes was investigated by FTIR and the fractural surfaces of samples were analyzed using a scanning electronic microscope(SEM). The results showed that treatments with the silane coupling agents used caused the increase in the mechanical properties of the WF/HDPE composites, suggesting that the interfacial bonding was improved accordingly. The better treating effect was observed for the resulting composites coupled with vinyltrimethoxysilane, which resulted in an increase in the flexural strength, tensile strength, unnotched impact strength by 31.59%,31.26%, 49.29%, and a reduction in cool and boiling water absorption by 59.71% and 48.29% respectively. Vinyltrimethoxysilane was grafted on WF and improved the interfacial compatibility of the composites from the analyzed of the SEM and FTIR. This is mainly attributed to the grafting of vinylsilane with both wood and HDPE matrix.

In this study, we performed a preliminary analysis of the decomposition process of Trametes trogii WT-1 to the wood of Populus×euramericana 'Neva' using transmission electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)technology. The results showed that the lignin content of the wood decomposed decreased radually and the decomposition rate showed a result as fellows: slow- fast- slow law. SEM observision showed that the lignin of poplar wood is decomposed from cell to the middle lamellae, and the parenchyma and rays are decomposed firstly and followed by wood fiber and vessel. IR analysis showed that the lignin structure of poplar 'I-107' was destroyed under WT-1 strains infection. The net structure formed by carbon-carbon bond (—C—C—) among aromatic nucleus of lignin was destroyed. Part of the side chain which belong to the carbonyl groups, CH₂ structure, syringoside and guaiacyl among benzene ring of lignin was decomposed, and the structure of benzene ring has changed obviously.

Considerable efforts of modification research have been made to convert lignocellulosic materials into thermoplastic materials since the late 1970s, while a new concept of the plasticity-processing of lignocellulosic materials was suggested by the scientists in the recent years, and the related investigations have been performed. In this paper, the progress of modification research on the thermoplasticization of lignocellulosic materials and the characteristic properties related to plasticity-processing was reviewed. In view of the relationship between the viscoelasticity and its structure-properties of the main components of lignocellulosic materials, the basic principle of plasticity-processing of lignocellulosic materials was discussed. The possible technical route for the plasticity-processing of lignocellulosic materials was further put forward by means such as the dynamic plasticization of lignocellulosic materials and the subsequent lignocellulosics-plastic compounding. This may open a different way of the processing of lignocellulosic material resources for its effective utilization.

Forests in mountainous regions of Beijing serve as a green protection belt which ensures the ecological safety of the capital if it is in a healthy condition. Based on data of a forest resource inventory and plot investigation, the health status of forests in mountainous regions of Beijing was assessed with multi-scale including forest stands, landscape and regional scale. Multi-level fuzzy synthetic evaluation method was involved in the assessment. Results showed that, on the regional scale, the whole forests in mountainous regions of Beijing were basically sub-healthy. On the landscape scale, 4 kinds were robust, 12 kinds were sub-healthy and 2 kinds were unhealthy among the total 18 forest landscape element types. On the forest stand scale, among total 30 164 plots, 12 226 ones were sub-healthy and their area accounted for 42.21% of the total mountainous regions of Beijing. In addition, 9 534 plots were either unhealthy or in disease, and their area accounted for 27.57% of the total area. Therefore, above results suggest that it is urgent and necessary to carry on forest health management to improve forest health grade in mountainous regions of Beijing.

In this paper, the standard status quo of wood-based panel abroad and domestic was studied,and on the basis of WeierMan standard principles and wide comparison, a framework of China's wood-based panel product standards was proposed, and a standard system Table of our country's wood-based panel was preliminarily planned. Furthermore, with a set notes principles for establishing the standard system of man-made board in China were elaborated. This study provided a research basis for amending our country's system of man-made board.

Throughfall, stem flow and rainfall were measured from Jul. 2009 to Sep. 2010 in an evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest in Yangdongshan, North Guangdong. The characteristics of rainfall and canopy interception of the forest were analyzed. The results indicated that the total rainfall was 2 362.6 mm during the experimental period. Rain days with 0.0-5.0 mm daily rainfall accounted for 55.2% of all rain days, but the rainfall accounted for only 8.0% of the total rainfall. However, rain amount of 10.0-25.0 mm and 25.0-50.0 mm daily rainfall accounted for 35.3% and 29.9% of the total rainfall, respectively. Throughfall, stem flow and interception were 1 837.3, 30.1, and 495.2 mm respectively, and mean throughfall rate, stem flow rate and interception rate were 77.8%, 1.3%, and 21.0% respectively. When rainfall range increased, throughfall rate also increased, but canopy interception decreased. However, with rainfall range increasing, stem flow rate increased firstly and then decreased. During the experimental period, for every rain event, the observed maximum canopy interception was 30.0 mm.

Content of nutrients and heavy metals was measured in gangue waste lands with the dumping years from 10 to 50 in Hegang city, Heilongjiang Province, and heavy metal pollution of the study area was analysised using single factor contaminant index and the Nemerow index of pollution. The results showed that the content of nutrients increased in pace with the time of dumping. The average content of hydrolysable nitrogen and total phosphorus in the gangue wastes lands of 10-50 years were 18.0 mg · kg^-1 and 0.13 g · kg^-1, respectively. Both of them were much less than that of the forest lands in the study area, which were 157.9 mg ·kg^-1and 0.473 g ·kg^-1. The content of heavy metal in the gangue waste decreased in pace with the time of dumping. Hg content, ranged from 1.121 mg · kg^-1 to 1.896 mg · kg^-1, exceeded the national secondary standard content. There was also a certain amount of other heavy metals, but they were all lower than the standard. To assess from the polluted degree of the heavy metals, the pollution of gangue waste lands with different dumping years were in light pollution grade.

SSR markers were used to identify 14 poplar varieties, including 4 varieties of Populus deltoides, 2 varieties of Populus nigra and 3 transgenic varieties of the same species, 2 hybrid varieties, 'Senhai 1' and 'Senhai 2', of P. deltoides '55/65' × P. cathayana and 2 hybrid varieties, 'Danhong' and 'Juba', of P. deltoides '55/65' × P. deltoides'2KEN8', by using capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. A total of 58 primers were screened to detect differences of SSR markers among the varieties. The 4 varieties of P. deltoides were distinguished by 4 primers, the 5 varieties of P. nigra were distinguished by 5 primers, and the hybrid varieties of the 2 crosses were identified by 4 primers. Varieties of Aigeiros and Tacamahaca displayed their own unique peaks in 4 SSR loci (GCPM_1574, GCPM_1155, GCPM_1293 and GCPM_1502). P. deltoides and P. nigra were found significantly different at the SSR loci. There were different SSR genotypes between the transgenic and non-transgenic varieties of P. nigra. The results indicated that the SSR markers are reliable for identifying those poplar varieties including transgenic varieties. The pedigree analysis of poplar hybrids revealed that the hybrid variety 'Danhong'had 2 peaks of 109 bp and 129 bp at 2 SSR loci (GCPM_1037 and GCPM_1376) that did not exist in its parents, indicating possible pollen contamination occurred during the pollination process.

An investigation and classification of Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) cultivars in Shandong Province were carried out based on characters of flower colors, flower diameters, and plant types. The cultivar classification principle and criteria were discussed, and one new cultivar group was established, i.e. Lagerstroemia indica Aisheng Group. Thirty-nine cultivars were recorded, including 13 cultivars in Amabilis Group, 14 in Rubra Group, 5 in Alba Group, 5 in Sajin Group, and 2 in Aisheng Group. Among them there were six new cultivars. A classification key was compiled for cultivar identification. In addition, 2 cultivars derived from hybrid of L. indica and L. limii were renamed.

Effects of some physiological processes of different fast-growing Eucalyptus clones (Eucalyptus grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No.9, E. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No.12, E. urophylla Guanglin No.4, E. urophylla×E. camaldulensis No.3) were studied under different acid-aluminum treatments using the cultivation method of sand and soil mixture. The levels of acid-Al were respectively pH 3.0+0 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺, pH 3.0+120 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺, pH 4.0+0 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺, pH 4.0+120 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺, and the pH 4.8+0 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺ served as the control. The results showed that different acid-Al treatments changed membrane permeability, MDA content, protein content, proline content and soluble sugar content of 4 fast-growing Eucalyptus clones. The low pH and high concentration of Al decreased the membrane permeability, increased peroxide level of membrane and influenced synthesis of protein and soluble sugar contents. At the same time, the seedlings cumulated more proline which protected themselves from the stress. Compared to pH 4.8+0 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺, the treatments of pH 3.0+120 mg ·L^-1 Al³⁺ significantly inhibited the seedlings. Based on change ranges of the physiological indexes, E. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No.9 showed better adaptation and resistance to the acid-aluminum treatments than other clones. The resistance was ranked as Eucalyptus grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No.9>E. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin No.12>E. urophylla Guanglin No.4>E. urophylla×E. camaldulensis No.3 in turn.

Larix olgensis seedlings were exposed to the air-drying treatments during the transplanting process. The relative moisture content, water potential, root vigor and seedling performance after transplantation were measured. The relationships among these indicators were discussed. The results showed that the seedling vigor of Larix olgensis seedling was related closely with its seedling moisture condition. The relative moisture content, water potential and root vigor were decreased gradually with the air-drying time lasting, and the transplanted seedling performance in current year was weaker too. The critical value of relative moisture content, water potential and TTC reduction intensity was 54.46%,-0.38 MPa and 39.88% respectively for the seedlings whose survival rate after transplanting ≥85%, while the value was 18.68%,-2.21 MPa and 0 respectively for the dying seedlings. The tolerable exposure time to the air-drying was within 30 min. It is suggested that the root of Larix olgensis seedling should not be exposed over 30 min during transplanting process.

As a kind of management, obtruncation, which is widely used in the northern area of Zhejiang province, can avoid or lessen snow disaster on bamboo plantation. In order to know the influence of obtruncation on physical and mechanical properties of 5 years old culms of Phyllostachys edulis, we compared the density, shrinkage, compressive strength parallel to grain, shear strength parallel to grain, tensile strength parallel to grain, tangential bending strength, and elastic modulus of the three parts (bottom, middle and top) of culms, obtruncated and not obtruncated. Results showed that there was no significant difference of physical and mechanical properties between the two types of culms, while great difference exists in different parts of the two types of culms, which indicated that the management of obtruncation had no significant impact on the physical and mechanical properties of culms.