林木花芽分化研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200914

Abstract

Abstract:

Flower bud differentiation is one of the key stages in the process of tree flowering and fruiting,and it directly affects the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds. Studying and revealing the rule of flower bud differentiation,and controlling flower bud differentiation with scientific measures are important bases for ensuring the quality and high yield of tree seeds. Flower bud differentiation includes physiological and morphological differentiation,and the processes are the results of the interaction and coordination of internal and external factors. The internal factors include plant hormones and nutrition. Among plant hormones,the GA is the most important factor. GA inhibits the flower bud differentiation of most broadleaf tree species while it enhances the flower bud differentiation of conifers. Carbohydrate,protein,lipid and mineral elements are nutrients closely related to flower bud differentiation. The most important nutrient is carbohydrate. Flower bud differentiation can be promoted in the condition of high concentration of carbohydrate. The external factors include water,temperature and light. It is generally recognized that moderate drought and sufficient sunlight can promote flower bud differentiation. Temperature has a great influence on flower bud differentiation but different species have different requirements for temperature. The theories related to flower bud differentiation include C/N ratio and hormone balance. At present,significant progress has been achieved on molecular regulation of flower bud differentiation. Mode of action of some important genes such as FT and TFL1 has been revealed. Understanding the mechanism of flower bud differentiation is helpful to make reasonable cultivation measures to regulate flowering period and quantity,and improve fruiting quality. This article reviewed the research progress on anatomical observation,the period of flower bud differentiation,factors influencing flower bud differentiation and related theories of flower bud differentiation in recent years. The future research prospect was also discussed in this paper.

Key words: flower bud differentiation, anatomical structure, influencing factors, molecular regulation

CLC Number:

S718.43

Chen Chen,Fangyuan Yu. Research Progress on Flower Bud Differentiation of Trees[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(9): 119-129.

Figures/Tables 1

References 0

	蔡永立, 卢心固, 朱立武, 等. "粉皮"石榴花芽分化研究. 园艺学报, 1993. 20 (1): 23- 26.
	Cai Y L , Lu X G , Zhu L W , et al. Preliminary research on flower bud differentiation of 'pink' pomegranate. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 1993. 20 (1): 23- 26.
	常君, 任华东, 刘雨, 等. 薄壳山核桃雄花花芽分化的解剖学观察. 西南大学学报:自然科学版, 2019. 41 (2): 33- 38.
	Chang J , Ren H D , Liu Y , et al. Morphological observation of staminate flower bud differentiation of pecan (Carya illinoensis). Journal of Southwest University:Natural Science Edition, 2019. 41 (2): 33- 38.
	范李节, 陈梦倩, 王宁杭, 等. 3种木兰属植物花芽分化时期及形态变化. 东北林业大学学报, 2018. 46 (1): 27- 30, 39.
	Fan L J , Chen M Q , Wang N H , et al. Flower bud differentiation of three species of Magnolia. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2018. 46 (1): 27- 30, 39.
	洑香香, 冯岚, 尚旭岚, 等. 青钱柳雌、雄花芽分化进程的形态解剖特征观察. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2011. 35 (6): 17- 22.
	Fu X X , Feng L , Shang X L , et al. Observation of morphological and anatomical characters on staminate and pistillate flower differentiation in Cyclocarya paliurus. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition, 2011. 35 (6): 17- 22.
	高芬, 沈永宝. 南京椴花芽分化研究. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2008. 32 (4): 55- 58.
	Gao F , Shen Y B . Study of flower bud differentiation of Nanjing linden. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition, 2008. 32 (4): 55- 58.
	郭景瑞, 周鑫. 赤霉素诱导对红松幼树开花结实的影响. 林业勘查设计, 2013. 166 (2): 82- 83.
	Guo J R , Zhou X . The effect of GA for the flowering of fruiting of Pinus koraiensis. Forest Investigation Design, 2013. 166 (2): 82- 83.
	何见, 蒋丽娟, 李昌珠, 等. 光皮树花芽分化的形态和解剖特征观察. 植物资源与环境学报, 2009. 18 (2): 57- 61.
	He J , Jiang L J , Li C Z , et al. Observation of morphological and anatomical characteristics of Swida wilsoniana flower bud during differentiation process. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 2009. 8 (2): 57- 61.
	李广, 王建红, 车少臣, 等. 侧柏花芽分化期间内源激素变化规律. 北方园艺, 2019. (22): 90- 96.
	Li G , Wang J H , Che S C , et al. Changes in endogenous hormones during times of floral bud differentiation of Platycladus orientalis. Northern Horticulture, 2019. (22): 90- 96.
	李红艳, 翟赛亚. 植物花期调控影响因子研究. 河南农业, 2019. (31): 38- 39.
	Li H Y , Zhai S Y . Study on the influencing factors of florescence regulation. Agriculture of Henan, 2019. (31): 38- 39.
	李嘉珏. 控制水分对梅花生长及花芽分化的影响. 园艺学报, 1981. 8 (2): 53- 60.
	Li J Y . The effect of controlling water to the growth and flower-bud differentiation of Mei flower. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 1981. 8 (2): 53- 60.
	李兴军, 李三玉, 林金星. 激素信号调节果树花芽发端假说的概述. 植物学通报, 2001. 18 (6): 678- 683.
	Li X J , Li S Y , Lin J X . On hypotheses of controlling flower-bud initiation in fruit trees by phytohormone signals. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2001. 18 (6): 678- 683.
	李辛雷, 孙振元, 李纪元, 等. 杜鹃红山茶花芽分化及其代谢产物的变化. 林业科学, 2012. 48 (8): 81- 86.
	Li X L , Sun Z Y , Li J Y , et al. Changes of metabolites and flower bud differentiation of Camellia azalea. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012. 48 (8): 81- 86.
	刘少华, 司守霞, 杨途熙, 等. 内源多胺含量对不同杏品种花芽分化及开花期对影响. 北方园艺, 2019. (2): 55- 59.
	Liu S H , Si S X , Yang T X , et al. Effect of contents of endogenous polymines in flower bud differentiation and anthesis of different apricot (Prunus armeniaca) varieties. Northern Horticulture, 2019. (2): 55- 59.
	罗羽洧, 解卫华, 马凯. 无花果花芽分化与内源激素含量的关系. 西北植物学报, 2007. 27 (7): 1399- 1404.
	Luo Y W , Xie W H , Ma K . Correlation between endogenous hormones contents and flower bud differentiation stage of Ficus carica L. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2007. 27 (7): 1399- 1404.
	牛辉陵, 张洪武, 边媛, 等. 枣花分化发育过程及其内源激素动态研究. 园艺学报, 2015. 42 (4): 655- 664.
	Niu H L , Zhang H W , Bian Y , et al. Flower formation and endogenous hormones dynamic in Chinese jujube. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2015. 42 (4): 655- 664.
	潘瑞炽. 植物生理学. 4版北京: 高等教育出版社. 2002.
	Pan R C . Plant Physiology. 4th edition Beijing: Higher Education Press. 2002.
	潘瑞炽, 王小菁, 李娘辉. 植物生理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2001.
	Pan R C , Wang X J , Li N H . Plant physiology. Beijing: Higher Education Press. 2001.
	曲波, 张微, 陈旭辉, 等. 植物花芽分化研究进展. 中国农学通报, 2010. 26 (24): 109- 114.
	Qu B , Zhang W , Chen X H , et al. Research progress of flower bud differentiation mechanism of plant. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010. 26 (24): 109- 114.
	区善汉, 李雁群. 三个新引进脐橙品种在桂林花芽分化的解剖学观察. 分子植物育种, 2009. 7 (4): 767- 771.
	Ou S H , Li Y Q . Morphological studies on flower bud differentiation of three navel orange varieties introduced newly in Guilin. Molecular Plant Breeding, 2009. 7 (4): 767- 771.
	孙时轩. 造林学. 2版北京: 中国林业出版社. 1992.
	Sun S X . Silviculture. 2nd edition Beijing: China Forestry Press. 1992.
	汪企明. 松树. 南京: 江苏科学技术出版社. 1994.
	Wang Q M . Pines. Nanjing: Phoenix Science Press. 1994.
	王湘南, 蒋丽娟, 陈永忠, 等. 油茶花芽分化的形态解剖学特征观测. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2011. 31 (8): 22- 27.
	Wang X N , Jiang L J , Chen Y Z , et al. Observation on morphological and anatomical characteristics of the flower bud differentiation on Camellia oleifera. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2011. 31 (8): 22- 27.
	王英, 张超, 付建新, 等. 桂花花芽分化和花开放研究进展. 浙江农林大学学报, 2016. 33 (2): 340- 347.
	Wang Y , Zhang C , Fu J X , et al. Progresses on flower bud differentiation and flower opening in Osmanthus fragrans. Journal of Zhejiang A & F University, 2016. 33 (2): 340- 347.
	王玉华, 范崇辉, 沈向, 等. 大樱桃花芽分化期内源激素含量的变化. 西北农业学报, 2002. 11 (1): 64- 67.
	Wang Y H , Fan C H , Shen X , et al. Changes in endogenous hormones during the flower bud differentiation of sweet cherry. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2002. 11 (1): 64- 67.
	武春昊, 王强, 卢明艳, 等. '单花'梨花芽特性及其形态分化过程研究. 园艺学报, 2019. 46 (7): 1373- 1378.
	Wu C H , Wang Q , Lu M Y , et al. Study on characteristics and floral bud development of flower bud in 'Danhua' pear. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2019. 46 (7): 1373- 1378.
	叶茂宗, 金显忠, 王成炬, 等. 山茶花花芽分化和成型成因的探讨. 园艺学报, 1989. 10 (2): 153- 160.
	Ye M Z , Jin X Z , Wang C J , et al. Studies on morphological differentiation of flower bud of Camellia japonica L. cultivars and analysis on the formation of flower forms. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 1989. 10 (2): 153- 160.
	喻方圆, 陈幼生, 肖石海, 等. 杉木种子园球果产量预测方法的研究. 林业科学, 1997. 33 (3): 225- 233.
	Yu F Y , Chen Y S , Xiao S H , et al. Study on prediction method of cone crop in Chinese fir seed orchard. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1997. 33 (3): 225- 223.
	喻雄, 邓全恩, 李建安. 内源激素含量与'铁城一号'油茶开花过程的关系. 经济林研究, 2019. 37 (4): 149- 154.
	Yu X , Deng Q E , Li J A . Relationship between endogenous hormones contents and flowering process in Camellia oleifera 'Tiecheng No.1'. Non-wood Forest Research, 2019. 37 (4): 149- 154.
	俞新妥, 陈存及, 白育玲, 等. 杉木花芽分化的观察. 林业科学, 1981. 17 (1): 46- 49.
	Yu X T , Chen C J , Bai Y L , et al. A preliminary observation on the flower-bud initiation of Chinese fir in Nanpin, Fujian. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 1981. 17 (1): 46- 49.
	于越, 安万祥, 董德祥, 等. 柑橘花芽分化研究进展. 中国果菜, 2019. 39 (9): 53- 56.
	Yu Y , An W X , Dong D X , et al. Advances in studies on flower bud differentiation of Citrus. China Fruit & Vegetable, 2019. 39 (9): 53- 56.
	张丽之, 张昕, 左希亚, 等. 外源葡萄糖对'长富2号'苹果花芽生理分化期可溶性糖和相关基因表达的影响. 园艺学报, 2019. 46 (1): 11- 24.
	Zhang L Z , Zhang X , Zuo X Y , et al. Effects of exogenous glucose treatment on soluble sugar and expression of related genes during floral bud differentiation stage in terminal spurbuds of 'Nagafu 2' apple. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2019. (1): 11- 24.
	张宁, 黄曜曜, 敖妍, 等. 文冠果花芽分化过程及内源激素动态变化. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 2019. 43 (4): 33- 42.
	Zhang N , Huang Y Y , Ao Y , et al. Flower bud differentiation and dynamic changes of endogenous hormones in Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition, 2019. 43 (4): 33- 42.
	钟晓红, 罗先实, 陈爱华. 奈李花芽分化与体内主要代谢产物含量的关系. 湖南农业大学学报, 1999. 25 (1): 31- 35.
	Zhong X H , Luo X S , Chen A H . A study on Nai plum's flower bud differentiation and its major content of metabolic production. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 1999. 25 (1): 31- 35.
	朱牧笛, 张荣, 石卓功. 苹果花芽形态分化特性研究. 安徽农业科学, 2017. 45 (4): 42- 44.
	Zhu M D , Zhang R , Shi Z G . Morphological differentiation characteristics of Malus pumila Mill. flower bud. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017. 45 (4): 42- 44.
	朱益民, 王千千, 董彬, 等. 桂花OfSVP响应环境低温对花芽分化的影响. 园艺学报, 2019. 46 (6): 1134- 1144.
	Zhu Y M , Wang Q Q , Dong B , et al. Effect of OfSVP on flower bud differentiation in response to ambient temperature in Osmanthus fragrans. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2019. 46 (6): 1134- 1144.
	朱振家, 姜成虎, 史艳虎, 等. 油橄榄成花诱导与花芽分化期间侧芽内源激素含量变化. 林业科学, 2015. 51 (11): 32- 39.
	Zhu Z J , Jiang C H , Shi Y H , et al. Variations of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of olive trees (Olea europaea) during floral induction and flower-bud differentiation. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015. 51 (11): 32- 39.
	Achard P , Cheng H , De G L , et al. Integration of plant responses to environmentally activated phytohormonal signals. Science, 2006. 311 (5757): 91- 94. doi: 10.1126/science.1118642
	Alvarez M A , Tranquilli G , Lewis S , et al. Genetic and physical mapping of the earliness per se locus Eps-A^m1 in Triticum monococcum identifies EARLY FLOWERING 3(ELF3) as a candidate gene. Functional and Integrative Genomics, 2016. 16 (4): 365- 382.
	Balasubramanian S , Sureshkumar S , Lempe J , et al. Potent induction of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering by elevated growth temperature. PLoS Genetics, 2006. 2 (7): e106. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020106
	Bangerth F . Dominance among fruits/sinks and the search for a correlative signal. Physiologia Plantarum, 1989. 76 (4): 608- 614. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05487.x
	Bangerth F . Polar auxin transport as a signal in the regulation of tree and fruit development. Acta Horticulturae, 1993. 329, 70- 76.
	Bangerth F . Can regulatory mechanism in fruit growth and development be elucidated through the study of endogenous hormone concentration. Acta Horticulturae, 1998. 463, 77- 78.
	Bangerth K F . Floral induction in mature, perennial angiosperm fruit trees:similarities and discrepancies with annual/biennial plants and the involvement of plant hormones. Scientia Horticulturae, 2009. 122 (2): 153- 163. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.06.014
	Bartolini S , Viti R , Andreini L . The effect of summer shading on flower bud morphogenesis in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Central European Journal of Biology, 2013. 8 (1): 54- 63.
	Benzoni A , Palzkill D A , Nelson J M . Flower bud dormancy, ABA concentration and survival during frost of jojoba genotypes under water stress. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 1992. 117 (6): 976- 980. doi: 10.21273/JASHS.117.6.976
	Blazquez M A , Green R , Nilsson O , et al. Gibberellins promote flowering of Arabidopsis by activating the LEAFY promoter. Plant Cell, 1998. 10, 791- 800. doi: 10.1105/tpc.10.5.791
	Blazquez M A , Weigel D . Integration of floral inductive signals in Arabidopsis. Nature, 2000. 404, 889- 892. doi: 10.1038/35009125
	Bonnet-Masimbert M . Floral induction in conifers:a review of available techniques. Forest Ecology and Management, 1987. 19 (1-4): 135- 146. doi: 10.1016/0378-1127(87)90019-3
	Buttrose M S . Fruitfulness in grape-vines:the response of different cultivars to light, temperature and daylength. Vitis, 1970. 9, 121- 125.
	Chen C , Cao Y Y , Wang X J , et al. Do stored reserves and endogenous hormones in overwintering twigs determine flower bud differentiation of summer blooming plant-Styrax tonkinensis?. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2019a. 22 (4): 815- 820.
	Chen C , Wang X J , Cao Y Y , et al. Time course morphological and histological changes in differentiating floral buds of Styrax tonkinensis. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2019b. 22 (6): 1491- 1496.
	Christiaens A , Pauwels E , Gobin B , et al. Flower differentiation of azalea depends on genotype and not on the use of plant growth regulators. Plant Growth Regulation, 2015. 75 (1): 245- 252. doi: 10.1007/s10725-014-9948-2
	Chutinanthakun T , Sekozawa Y , Sugaya S , et al. Effect of bending and the joint tree training system on the expression levels of GA₃-and GA₂-oxidases during flower bud development in 'Kiyo' Japanese plum. Scientia Horticulturae, 2015. 193, 308- 315. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.023
	D'Aloia M , Bonhomme D , Bouché F , et al. Cytokinin promotes flowering of Arabidopsis via transcriptional activation of the FT paralogue TSF. Plant Journal, 2011. 65 (6): 972- 979. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04482.x
	Engin H , Uenal A . Examination of flower bud initiation and differentiation in sweet cherry and peach by scanning electron microscope. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2007. 31 (6): 373- 379.
	Fadón E , Rodrigo J , Herrero M . Is there a specific stage to rest? Morphological changes in flower primordia in relation to endodormancy in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Trees, 2018. 32 (6): 1583- 1594. doi: 10.1007/s00468-018-1735-7
	Fang S , Gao K , Hu W , et al. Chemical priming of seed alters cotton floral bud differentiation by inducing changes in hormones, metabolites and gene expression. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018. 130, 633- 640. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.010
	Franklin K A . Light and temperature signal crosstalk in plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2009. 12 (1): 63- 68. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.09.007
	Gao Y , Liu H , Dong N G , et al. Temporal and spatial pattern of indole-3-acetic acid occurrence during walnut pistillate flower bud differentiation as revealed by immunohistochemistry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2012. 137 (5): 283- 289. doi: 10.21273/JASHS.137.5.283
	Goethe V J W. 2009. Metamorphosis of plants. MIT Press edition.
	Goldberg-Moeller R , Shalom L , Shlizerman L , et al. Effects of gibberellin treatment during flowering induction period on global gene expression and the transcription of flowering-control genes in Citrus buds. Plant Science, 2013. 198, 46- 57. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.012
	González-Rossia D , Juan M , Reig C . The inhibition of flowering by means of gibberellic acid application reduces the cost of hand thinning in Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.). Scientia Horticulturae, 2006. 110, 319- 323. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2006.07.022
	Gorakh S , Singh A K , Rajan S . Effect of defoliation, decapitation and deblossoming on fruit bud differentiation in guava (Psidium guajava L.). Journal of Applied Horticulture, 1999. 1 (2): 97- 100. doi: 10.37855/jah.1999.v01i02.08
	Goto A , Matsushima Y , Kadowaki T , et al. Drosophila mitochondrial transcription factor A (d-TFAM) is dispensable for the transcription of mitochondrial DNA in Kc167 cells. Biochemical Journal, 2001. 354 (2): 243- 248.
	Hackett W P , Hartmann H T . Inflorescence formation in olive as influenced by low temperature, photoperiod, and leaf area. Botanical Gazette, 1964. 125 (1): 65- 72. doi: 10.1086/336247
	Halliday K J , Salter M G , Thingnaes E , et al. Phytochrome control of flowering is temperature sensitive and correlates with expression of the floral integrator FT. Plant Journal, 2003. 33 (5): 875- 885. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01674.x
	Han M H , Peng F R , Marshall P . Pecan phenology in southeastern China. Annals of Applied Biology, 2018. 172 (2): 160- 169. doi: 10.1111/aab.12408
	Hassankhah A , Rahemi M , Mozafari M R , et al. Flower development in walnut:altering the flowering pattern by gibberellic acid application. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2018. 46 (2): 700- 706. doi: 10.15835/nbha46211183
	Henriod R E , Jameson P E , Clemens J . Effect of irradiance during floral induction on floral initiation and subsequent development in buds of different size in Metrosideros excelsa (Myrtaceae). Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 2003. 78, 204- 212. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2003.11511607
	Horvath D . Common mechanisms regulate flowering and dormancy. Plant Science, 2009. 177 (6): 523- 531. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.09.002
	Ikegami H , Nogata H , Inoue Y , et al. Expression of FcFT1, a Flowering LOCUS T-like gene, is regulated by light and associated with inflorescence differentiation in fig (Ficus carica L.). BMC Plant Biology, 2013. 13 (1): 216.
	Ito A . Action of plant hormone on flower bud formation in Japanese pear. Fruit Japan, 1998. 53, 59- 61.
	Ito A , Yaegaki H , Hayama H . Bending shoots stimulates flowering and influences hormone levels in lateral buds of Japanese pear. Hortscience, 1999. 34 (7): 1224- 1228. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.34.7.1224
	Iwahori S , Garcialuis A , Santamarina P , et al. The influence of ringing on bud development and flowering in 'Satsuma' mandarin. Journal of ExperimentalBotany, 1990. 41 (10): 1341- 1346.
	Kato Y , Miyake I , Ishikawa H . Initiation of flower bud by gibberellin in Cryptomeria japonica. Journal of Japanese Forestry Society, 1958. 40, 35- 36.
	Kishore K . Phenological growth stages of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) according to the extended BBCH-scale. Scientia Horticulturae, 2016. 213, 294- 302. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.047
	Koutinas N , Pepelyankov G , Lichev V . Flower induction and flower bud development in apple and sweet cherry. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 2010. 24 (1): 1549- 1558. doi: 10.2478/V10133-010-0003-9
	Lavee S . Involvement of plant growth regulators and endogenous growth substances in the control of alternate bearing. Acta Horticulturae, 1989. 239, 311- 322.
	Luckwill L C. 1970. The control of growth and fruitless of apple trees. Luckwill L C. Cutting CV, physiology of tree crops. New York: Acad. Press, 237-253.
	Menzel C M , Simpson D R . Temperature above 20℃ reduce flowering in lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 1995. 70 (6): 981- 987. doi: 10.1080/14620316.1995.11515374
	Mert C , Barut E , Ipek A . Variation in flower bud differentiation and progression of floral organs with respect to crop load in olive. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 2013. 41 (1): 79- 85. doi: 10.15835/nbha4118281
	Moon J Y , Suh S S , Lee H , et al. The SOC1 MADS-box gene integrates vernalization and gibberellin signals for flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant Journal, 2003. 35 (5): 613- 623. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01833.x
	Moss G I . Temperature effects on flower initiation in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1976. 27 (3): 399- 407. doi: 10.1071/AR9760399
	Muñoz-Fambuena N , Mesejo C , González-Mas M C , et al. Gibberellic acid reduces flowering intensity in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) by repressing CiFT gene expression. Journal of Plant Growth Regulations, 2012. 31 (4): 529- 536.
	Pérez F J , Kühn N , Vergara R . Expression analysis of phytochromes A, B and floral integrator genes during the entry and exit of grapevine-bud from endodormancy. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2011. 168 (14): 1659- 1666. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.03.001
	Pescie M , Lovisolo M , Magistris A D , et al. Flower bud initiation in southern highbush blueberry cv. O'Neal occurs twice per year in temperate to warm-temperate conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 2011. 13 (1): 8- 12. doi: 10.37855/jah.2011.v13i01.02
	Pharis R P . Promotion of flowering in conifers by gibberellins. The Forestry Chronicle, 1975. 51 (6): 244- 248. doi: 10.5558/tfc51244-6
	Pharis R P , Morf W . Experiments on the precocious flowering of western red cedar and four species of Cupressus with gibberellin A₃ and A_4/7mixture. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1967. 45 (9): 1519- 1524. doi: 10.1139/b67-156
	Pharis R P , Webber J E , Ross S D . The promotion of flowering in forest trees by gibberellin A_4/7 and cultural treatments:a review of the possible mechanisms. Forest Ecology and Management, 1987. 19, 65- 84. doi: 10.1016/0378-1127(87)90012-0
	Pin P A , Nilsson O . The multifaceted roles of FLOWERING LOCUS T in plant development. Plant Cell Environment, 2012. 35 (10): 1742- 1755. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02558.x
	Ratcliffe O J , Bradley D J , Coen E S , et al. Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis. Development, 1999. 126, 1109- 1120.
	Reig C , Farina V , Volpe G , et al. Gibberellic acid and flower bud development in loquat (Eriobotrya japonicaLindl.). Scientia Horticulturae, 2011. 129 (1): 27- 31. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.02.017
	Rivera G , Borchert R . Induction of flowering in tropical trees by a 30-min reduction in photoperiod:evidence from field observations and herbarium specimens. Tree Physiology, 2001. 21 (4): 201- 212. doi: 10.1093/treephys/21.4.201
	Ryu J Y , Park C M , Seo P J . The floral repressor BROTHER OFFT AND TFL1 (BFT) modulates flowering initiation under high salinity in Arabidopsis. Molecules and Cells, 2011. 32, 295- 303. doi: 10.1007/s10059-011-0112-9
	Ryugo K . Promotion and inhibition of flower initiation and fruit set by plant manipulation and hormones, a review. Acta Horticulture, 1985. 179, 301- 308.
	Samacha A , Smith H M . Constraints to obtaining consistent annual yields in perennials. II:Environment and fruit load affect induction of flowering. Plant Science, 2013. 207, 168- 176. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.02.006
	Somers D E , Devlin P F , Kay S A . Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science, 1998. 282 (5393): 1488- 1490. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5393.1488
	Southwick S M , Davenport T L . Characterization of water stress and low temperature effects on flower induction in citrus. Plant Physiology, 1986. 81, 26- 29. doi: 10.1104/pp.81.1.26
	Stutte G W , Martin G C . Effect of light intensity and carbohydrate reserves on flowering in olive. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 1986. 111 (1): 27- 31.
	Turck F , Fornara F , Coupland G . Regulation and identity of florigen:FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2008. 59 (1): 573- 594. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092755
	Wilkie J D , Sedgley M , Olesen T . Regulation of floral initiation in horticultural trees. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2008. 59 (12): 3215- 3228. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern188
	Wood B W . Influence of plant bioregulators on pecan flowering and implications for regulation of pistillate flower initiation. Hortscience, 2011. 46 (6): 870- 877. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.46.6.870
	Xing L B , Zhang D , Zhao C P , et al. Shoot bending promotes flower bud formation by miRNA-mediated regulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2016. 14, 749- 770. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12425
	Xu Y C , Zhou L H , Hu S Q , et al. The differentiation and development of pistils of hermaphrodites and pistillodes of males in androdioecious Osmanthus fragrans L. and implications for the evolution to androdioecy. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2014. 300 (5): 843- 849. doi: 10.1007/s00606-013-0923-6
	Yamaguchi N , Winter C M , Wu M F , et al. Gibberellin acts positively then negatively to control onset of flower formation in Arabidopsis. Science, 2014. 344 (6184): 638- 641. doi: 10.1126/science.1250498
	Ying Z , Davenport T L . Leaves required for floral induction of lychee. Plant Growth Regulation Society of America Quarterly, 2004. 32, 132- 137.
	Zhao H , Lin K , Gan S , et al. Heterologous expression of ELF4 from Chlamudomonas reinhardtii and Physcomitrella patens delays flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2019. 305, 777- 785. doi: 10.1007/s00606-019-01606-1

树种 Species	花芽分化期^① Flower bud differentiation period	分化持续时间 Differentiation duration/d	文献 References
杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata	雄花Staminate：	30~40	俞新妥等(1981)
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jan.-F, Aug.	30~40
	雌花Pistillate：	40~50
	9月上旬—10月下旬F.Sep.-L, Oct.	40~50
日本柳杉Cryptomeria japonica	雄花Staminate：	90~100	孙时轩(1992)
	6月下旬—9月下旬L.Jun.-L, Sep.	90~100
	雌花Pistillate：	70~80
	7月中旬—9月下旬M, Jul.-L, Sep.	70~80
马尾松Pinus massoniana	雄花Staminate：	60~70	汪企明(1994)
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jun.-F.Aug.	60~70
	雌花Pistillate：	60~70
	6月下旬—8月上旬L, Jun.-F, Aug.	60~70
甜樱桃Prunus avium	7月初—8月底Early Jul.-Late Aug.	40~50	Engin et al.(2007)
扁桃P. persica	7月初—9月底Early Jul.-Late Sep.	70~80	Engin et al.(2007)
南京椴Tilia miqueliana	3月底—5月初Late Mar.-Eorly May	35~40	高芬等(2008)
芒果Mangifera indica	10月底—次年2月上旬Late Oct.-F, Feb. of next year	90~110	Wilkie et al.(2008)
光皮树Swida wilsoniana	2月下旬—4月底L, Feb-Late Apr.	60~70	何见等(2009)
油茶Camellia oleifera	5月上旬—9月中下旬F, May-L, Sep.	130~140	王湘南等(2011)
桂花Osmanthus fragrans	6月上中旬—9月上旬F, M, Jun.-L, Sep.	80~90	王英等(2016)
薄壳山核桃Carya illinoensis	3月中下旬—5月上旬M, L, Mar.-F, May	50~60	常君等(2019)

[1]	Hongkai Liu,Xu Chen,Mingzhong Zhang,Qiang Wang,Yanping Wang. Anatomical Characteristics of Fine Roots of 11 Tree Species in the Hilly Mountainous Areas in Central Shandong Province and Their Drought Resistance Strategies [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(7): 185-193.
[2]	Li Gu,Ping He,Hongping Deng,Dongping Ni,Qian Wang,Lideng Cheng,Luoju Ba. A Morphology Study on Floral Organ Development Process of Eurya obtusifolia [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(2): 174-183.
[3]	Du Changjian, Sun Jiacheng, Chen Wei, Ji Jing, Jiang Zeping, Shi Shengqing. Comparison of Physiological and Anatomical Characteristics between Seedlings and Graftings Derived from Old Platycladus orientalis [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(9): 41-49.
[4]	Liangang Zhang,Ling Zhi,Guangyu Wang,Ya Li. Influencing Factors and Improving Path of Farmers' Satisfaction with the Grain for Green Project: A Case Study of Heqing County in Yunnan Province and Zhijin County in Guizhou Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(12): 123-132.
[5]	Zheng Jing, Lin Huiqi. Forest Farmers’ Cognition and Its Influence Factors of Commercial Forest Redemption in Key Ecological Location ——Based on Case Study from Fujian Province [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(9): 114-124.
[6]	Li Jianbo, Jia Huixia, Zhang Jin, Liu Bobin, Hu Jianjun, Wang Lijuan, Lu Mengzhu. Effect of Overexpression of Populus tomentosa WUSCHEL-related homeobox 4 (PtoWOX4a) on the Secondary Growth of Poplar [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(2): 52-59.
[7]	Chang Shanshan, Shi Yang, Liu Yuan, Hu Jinbo. Anatomical Structure and Structure Characteristic of Chemical Composition of Gelatinous Layer in Tension Wood [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2018, 54(2): 153-161.
[8]	Huang Juan, Chen Cun, Zhang Weixi, Ding Changjun, Su Xiaohua, Huang Qinjun. Effects of Drought Stress on Anatomical Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Transgenic JERF36 Populus alba×P. berolinensis Seedling Leaves [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2017, 53(5): 8-15.
[9]	Yang Sheng, Hao Guowei, Zhang Xiaowei, Bai Mudan, Li Kai, Shi Meijuan, Cheng Peihong, Guo Huangping, Li Liulin. Effects of Mineral Nutrition on Formation of Wizened Bud in ‘Yuluxiangli’ Pear [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2016, 52(2): 127-133.
[10]	Liao Wenmei, Zhang Guanglai, Kong Fanbin. Farmers' Demands on Forestry Socialized Services and its Influencing Factors—A Survey Based on 1 413 Households in 8 Provinces [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2016, 52(11): 148-156.
[11]	Guo Xuemin, Liu Jianzhen, Zhai Jiangtao, Xiao Xiao, Lü Yamei, Li Dandan, Pei Shimei, Zhang Libin. Relationship between Leaf Anatomical Structure and Trunk Cold Resistance of 16 Peach Cultivars [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(8): 33-43.
[12]	Chen Liying, Du Kebing, Jiang Faxiang, Peng Yanjie, Tu Bingkun, Wang Xiang. Influences of Waterlogging Stress on Cell Structure of Primary Roots of Two Poplar Species [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(3): 163-169.
[13]	Wang Shaofei, Tang Zhenzheng, Yuan Yi, Liu Jianqiang, Zhu Lin. Structure and Development of Insect-Gall Induced by Quadrastichus erythrinae [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(1): 165-170.
[14]	Du Yuliang, Liu Caihong, Chen Ye, Yin Zengfang. Establishment and Influencing Factors of in vitro Culture System for Tracheary Elements Differentiation [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2014, 50(8): 146-153.
[15]	Wang Sen, Yan Chao. Comparison of the Accumulation Ability of Photosynthetic Product between Two Types of Bearing Shoots of Southern China Fresh-Eat Jujube [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2014, 50(6): 90-97.

Research Progress on Flower Bud Differentiation of Trees

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 1

References 0

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments