Objective: Carpinus tientaiensis is an endemic tree species in China, which is only disjunctively distributed in the east and middle of Zhejiang Province. Due to the habitat fragmentation, the population of C.tientaiensis becomes smaller and isolated from each other, so it has been in a critically endangered state. The research on the natural community characteristics of C. tientaiensis and their association with environment in Tiantai County and Pan'an County of Zhejiang Province can provide a basis for scientifically and effectively restoring the population of C. tientaiensis. Method: Based on the field community and habitat survey data, the community characteristics of C. tientaiensis were quantitatively analyzed through two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The associations of the community characteristics and species distribution pattern of C. tientaiensis in the two regions with environment were explored. Result: 24 quadrats of C. tientaiensis community were investigated in the survey regions, and a total of 46 species of vascular plants (40 genera and 29 families) were recorded. The important value of main species was subjected to TWINSPAN clustering, based on which the C. tientaiensis community was divided into 7 association types. C. tientaiensis played a dominant role in the community, and the commonly-seen associated plants in each quadrat included Indocalamus latifolius (17/24), Lindera reflexa (9/24), Symplocos paniculata (9/24), Castanea seguinii (8/24) and Crytomeria fortunei (7/24). According to the analysis of the floristic geographical elements of seed plants in the community, there were significant warm-temperate characteristics in the community, and the tropical and subtropical elements occupied a large proportion. The rationality of TWINSPAN classification result was verified by CCA ranking order. 72.66% of the association between species distribution and environmental factors could be explained through the first 3 axes of CCA, and the 7 association types had significant differentiation in terms of the environmental gradients. The first axis prominently reflected the altitudinal gradients (P < 0.01) and disturbance (P < 0.01), and the second axis reflected the change trends of slope position and slope gradients (P < 0.01). The Monte Carlo permutation test showed that the species had extremely significant correlations with the altitude, disturbance, and slope. The C. tientaiensis community was mainly distributed in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest on the middle and lower mountains at an altitude of 850-1 250 m. Due to the habitat loss and fragmentation, only a few plants of C. tientaiensis were left in the association, such as Pinus taiwanensis-C. tientaiensis-Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata + I. latifolius-L. reflexa association, and C. tientaiensis-Lindera erythrocarpa-Acer pubipalmatum + I. latifolius + Antenoron filiforme association. The structure of some associations became incomplete, such as C. tientaiensis+ Potentilla freyniana-Houttuynia cordata-Clinopodium gracile association composed of only tree layer and herb layer, with simple community composition and low species coverage. In Tiantai County, C. tientaiensis-Rhododendron fortune-C. polyneura + I. latifolius-Smilax glaucochina + Aster ageratoides association was distributed in areas with gentler slopes and better soil humidity, which was the largest wild community of C. tientaiensis, with a few survived wild saplings and seedlings. Conclusion: C. tientaiensis narrow distribution range, its community stability is not high, and the age structure of the population is decaying. The relationship between vegetation communities and environmental factors was reflected by CCA ordination, as altitude, slope and disturbance were the dominant environmental factors affecting the community structure and spatial distribution of C. tientaiensis, which can be used as an important basis for the restoration and enhancement of C. tientaiensis population. Relevant studies should take into account its unique habitat, it is necessary to pay close attention to the stability of original natural community and enhance the protection of the native environment and associated plants during the restoration and protection of C. tientaiensis population, so as to ensure the long-term survival of C. tientaiensis population.

Objective: To explore the effects of interception of runoff pollutants N and P by the buffer zone of the waterfront vegetation of different vegetation types in Danjiangkou Reservoir area, with a view to providing a scientific basis for vegetation buffer construction and water purification Method: Five types of vegetation buffer of Pinus massoniana pure forest, Quercus variabilis pure forest, mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis, Phyllostachys viridis forest and barren land were studied. Three 20 m×20 m plots were set for each vegetation type, and a simple runoff field of 2 m×20 m was set in each plot. Soil permeability was determined by double-ring infiltration test; soil density and maximum moisture capacity were measured by ring cutter method; surface runoff simulation experiment was conducted to study the interception effects of the five types of vegetation buffers on runoff pollutants of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen. Result: The double-ring infiltration test showed that the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis displayed the highest initial infiltration rate and steady infiltration rate, and the lowest ones in the Q. sinensis forest. The ring-knife test showed that the soil density of the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis was the smallest, and the maximum moisture capacity was the largest. Q. sinensis forest had the largest soil density and the smallest maximum moisture capacity. The interception rate of each type of waterfront vegetation increased with the increase of buffer zone width. The TN interception rate (up to 71.8%) of the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis was the best when the waterfront vegetation buffer zone was 20 m in width. The interception rate (only 36.1%) of Q. sinensis was the lowest. The interception rate of ammonium nitrogen was not significantly different among P. massoniana, the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis, Phyllostachys viridis and wild grasses (P>0.05). The interception range was 48.97%-55.11% when the buffer zone was 20 m in width. However, the interception rate of the Q. sinensis (only 29.78%) was significantly lower than those of the other four forest stands (P < 0.05). The mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis had the best interception rate of nitrate nitrogen, and the Q. sinensis had the worst, 58.17% and 34.00% respectively. The interception rate of TP by the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis and the pure forest of Phyllostachys viridis was 79.77% and 74.21% respectively with a buffer zone of 20 m in width, and the interception rate of Q. sinensis was 60.83%. Regression and Sperson correlation, showed that the interception rate of different vegetation types was mainly affected by physical properties of the soil. Conclusion: If the geographical conditions permit, the width of waterfront vegetation buffer zone should be increased as much as possible to improve its interception and decontamination ability. P. massoniana and Q. sinensis are the main tree species in the reservoir area. When constructing the waterfront vegetation buffer zone, the proportion of the mixture of P. massoniana and Q. sinensis should be increased as much as possible.

Objective: Four natural populations of Picea purpurea, Abies faxoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus liaotungensis in Bailongjiang and Taohe forest regions in southern Gansu Province were investigated to characterize population structure, to reveal the current status of population survival and to predict future trend of population development, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the protection and sustain able management of the forests of the regions. Method: Based on field surveys and data analysis, population structure diagram were drawn, static life table were designed, survival curve were fitted and analysed. Quantification method was used to study the population dynamics, and population development trend were predicted by using time-sequence model. Result: There were sufficient seedlings of P. purpurea and A. faxoniana but with a high mortality, and the populations gradually become stable after the young age, survival curves of both populations conformed to Deevey-Ⅲ type, indicating expansion of the populations. P. tabulaeformis had also a larger percentage of seedlings, there was a peak of death in young age, middle age and middle old age, survival curve conformed to Deevey-Ⅱtype. The number of young individuals in the population of Q. liaotungensis was insufficient, with a peak of death occurred at young age and middle age, survival curve conformed to Deevey-Ⅱtype. The quantitative dynamic analysis also showed that the 4 populations are all growth type, and growth potential is ranked in the order of A. faxoniana > P. purpurea > P. tabulaeformis > Q. liaotungensis. The 4 populations all showed growth type when considering interference of external environment, and Q. liaotungensis has a high probability of disturbance, followed by P. tabuliformis, A. faxoniana and P. purpurea have a low probability of random interference by external factors. Time series prediction indicated that the number of individuals in the 4 populations will all increase after 2, 4, 6, 8 age classes in future, the proportion of population increase was positively correlated with the number of young individuals. Conclusion: The 4 populations were all growth type. P. purpurea and A. faxoniana were well naturally regenerated, with a stable population structure and great growth potential; the advantages of P. tabulaeformis seedlings was not obvious with small growth potential; Q. liaotungensis was poorly naturally regenerated, and it was vulnerable to external environment with the least growth potential. High mortality rate of young individuals was a "bottle neck" for natural regenerationand development of the population. Competition and self-thinning caused by the limitation of light and space what was the key factors leading to low survival rate of seedlings and saplings in seedling stage. Population regeneration of A. faxoniana and P. purpurea in a close-to-nature state have been affected mainly by their biological characteristics and environmental factors. P. tabulaeformis has been affected mainly by pests and diseases and Q. liaotungensis has been damaged mainly by human. For this reason, artificial measures should be taken to improve the survival rate of young individuals in A. faxoniana and P. purpurea and increasing the proportion of adult trees in the forest. It was necessary to strengthen pest control for P. tabulaeformis forest, and Q. Liaotungensis needs to strengthen protection and take artificial assistance to promote regeneration. Moreover, policy support was also needed to conserve forest resources in the region.

Objectve: Colletotrichum fructicola is one of the major causal pathogens of Camellia oleifera. This experiment aims to study the biological functions of a leucine zipper (bZIP) type transcription factor CfAp1 in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of C. fructicola, providing theoretical basis for controlling oil-tea tree anthracnose. Method: The whole genomic DNA of C. fructicola was extracted, and the CfAP1 gene knockout vector fragment was constructed based on the principle of homologous recombination. The fragment was transformed into the protoplasts of the wild type strain of C. fructicola by PEG-mediated method. Putative transformants were screened on hygromyc in media, and then verified by PCR amplification. Thus, a deletion mutant was obtained. PCR-amplifying CfAP1 gene-containing complement of the promoter of C. fructicola was used to construct a complement vector pYF11::CfAP1. PEG-mediated transformation of pYF11::CfAP1 was transformed into the protoplasts of the ΔCfap1 mutant, and then the complement strain ΔCfap1/AP1 was obtained. The biological phenotypes of wild-type strain, the ΔCfap1-8 mutant and the gene complementation ΔCfap1/AP1 were measured for growth and development, appressorium formation, external stress and pathogenicity. Result: Our results showed that the transcription factor CfAp1 of C. fructicola had 566 amino acids with one bZIP domain, two PAP1 domains and three unknown function domains, encoded by a 1 804 bp gene or thologous to MoAp1 of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Compared with the wild-type strain and the gene complementation ΔCfap1/AP1, the growth rate of ΔCfap1-8 mutant had no remarkable change, but the aerial hyphae decreased significantly. The conidia of the ΔCfap1-8 mutant were remarkably reduced. Stress response assay showed that the ΔCfap1-8 mutant was remarkably inhibited on the PDA plate containing 2.5 mmol·L^-1, 5 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂ and 0.7 mol·L^-1 NaCl. The pathogenicity of the ΔCfap1-8 mutant was remarkably decreased in virulence to C. oleifera. The appressorium pressure of the conidium was reduced, which may lead to a decrease in the pathogenicity of C. fructicola. Conclusion: The study reveals that the transcription factor CfAp1 plays critical roles in growth and development, conidiation, appressorium formation, pathogenicity and response to oxidative stress and osmotic stress in C. fructicola.

Objective: In this paper, the mechanical vibration of blueberry fresh fruits in logistics and transportation vehicles was simulated, and the quality change law under the interaction of different mechanical vibration frequency and different storage and transportation temperature conditions was analyzed, so as to provide a reference for the cold chain transportation and circulation of blueberry fresh fruit after harvest. Method: Fresh "Lanfeng" blueberries were selected and stored in transparent plastic small package at 4, 10 and 25℃. The blueberry package was placed on the vibration test bench that was subjected to the simulated road transportation. Through the frequency sweep vibration experiment, the measured natural frequency of the blueberry package was 85 Hz. The three vibration amplitudes were selected to carry out the blueberry constant frequency vibration experiment. After the simulated transport vibration test, the blueberry packages were immediately placed at 4, 10 and 25℃ for storage test, and the fresh blueberries that did not undergo vibration were used as the control group under the three storage temperature conditions. A total of 7 indicators including malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble solids (SSC) content, ascorbic acid (Vc) content and hardness were evaluated. Changes of storage quality of mechanical vibrating blueberries at 4, 10 and 25℃ were studied. Result: During storage, the vibration significantly (P < 0.05) affected MDA and anthocyanin content of blueberries, whereas the storage temperature factors significantly (P < 0.05) affected Vc, SSC content and hardness of blueberries. The interaction of two factors had a more significant effect on the content of SSC, Vc and titratable acid (TA) of blueberries. The equation between MDA, SSC and Vc content on storage and transportation temperature (X₁) and vibration frequency (X₂) was obtained by regression analysis, that could provide a theoretical basis for predicting the maturity and even decline of blueberries. Conclusion: Both vibration frequency and storage temperature affect storage quality of blueberry. Vibration and high temperature accelerate the rate of blueberry corruption. Therefore, in the process of storage and transportation of blueberries, the resonance effect of the package at the natural frequency of 85 Hz should be reduced. Storage at 4℃ is more conducive to the stability of various indicators of blueberry fruit and delaying fruit senescence.

Objective: The diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi in the needles of Pinus densiflora with different incidences of Sphaeropsis sapinea were studied, and the differences of endophytic fungal diversity and community structure was analyzed, so as to provide basis for the management of pure forests of P. densiflora. Method: High-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the ITS1 region of the fungal rRNA gene, and further the diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi in different level of disease of P. densiflora were analyzed by using bioinformatics technology. Result: In the pure pine stands, the diversity of endophytic fungi in the asymptomatic needles of P. densiflora was higher than that of infected needles. The dominant fungi in the asymptomatic needles were Trichomerium and Phaeococomyces. The community structure changed after the infection of the pathogens. The principal coordinate analysis showed that the clustering distance within the asymptomatic endophytic fungi or the infected endophytic fungi was closer than that between the asymptomatic and the infected endophytic fungi. Compared with the asymptomatic needles, the proportion of symbiotroph fungi decreased, and the proportion of pathotrophic fungi was increased, and the proportion of saprotroph fungi accounted for a higher proportion (37.15% -65.87%) in all needles. Conclusion: In pure pine forest, the diversity and community structure of the endophytic fungi of P. densiflora are affected by S. sapinea, and the difference in the structure of endemic fungi between symptomatic needles and asymptomatic needles is significant. Fungal trophic classification confirms that saprotroph fungi and symbiotroph fungi are the main fungi in asymptomatic conifers, while pathotroph fungi are the dominant in lighter infected needles.

Objective: This study was aimed to explore a method for in vitro conservation of callus by selecting osmotic regulators and growth inhibitor on the basis of the optimization of plant hormones in order to providing a theoretical foundation and technical support for in vitro conservation of germplasm resources in Cyclocarya paliurus. Method: The callus of C. paliurus was used for in vitro conservation, the contents of 6-BA (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mg·L^-1) +IBA (0.2, 0.4 mg·L^-1) in the medium were optimized by using two-factor complete randomization. Sugar contents (30, 45, 50, 55, 60 g·L^-1) and number of days for conservation (60, 90, 120, 150, 180 days), contents of osmoregulators (mannitol:0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g·L^-1; inositol:0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 g·L^-1), contents of growth inhibitors (paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃):0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg·L^-1; daminozide (B₉):0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg·L^-1) were tested in the in vitro conservation tests by using single-factor complete randomization. Cell ploidy and genetic stability of the callus at different conservation times were detected by flow cytometry and SSR markers, and the callus at the fifteenth generation (T15) was used for re-growth test. Result: The results showed that the optimization of 6-BA+IBA content combination, and the selection of osmoregulator, growth inhibitor and number of conservation days, the improved MS medium with 0.8 mg·L^-16-BA+0.2 mg·L^-1IBA +45 g·L^-1sugar+6.0 g·L^-1agar (pH5.8) was suitable for in vitro conservation of the callus, effectively inhibiting the growth of callus. The suitable duration for callus subculture was 90 days, with a callus survival rate of 100%, and the callus was yellowish green in color, granular in shape, small and porous. Compared with the leaves used as control, no changes were found in cell ploidy and genetic stability in different generations of subculture. The calluses in vitro conservation were all able to regrow and differentiate in the medium, displaying good performance in morphology, viability and growth vigor. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the appropriate medium for callus in vitro conservation of C. paliurus was the improved MS medium with 0.8 mg·L^-16-BA+0.2 mg·L^-1IBA +45 g·L^-1sugar+6.0 g·L^-1agar (pH5.8), and the optimal subculture is once every 90 days under (20±1)℃. No variation was found in the callus in vitro conservation indicating good genetic stability. Use of additives of mannitol, inositol, PP₃₃₃ and B₉ was harmful to in vitro callus conservation of C. paliurus.

Objective: SSR markers were employed for an analysis of population structure of a collection of germplasm resources of Populus deltoides,and a core collection of the germplasm resources was constructed in order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific management,efficient utilization and effective protection of germplasm resources of the species. Method: The genetic structure of 338 individual trees of P. deltoides collected at 23 sampling sites of 6 provenances were analyzed using 15 pairs of SSR primers. Genetic diversity parameters such as number of alleles (N_a),effective number of alleles (N_e),Shannon's information index (I),observed heterozygosity (H_o),Nei's diversity index (H),polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated by GeneAlEx 6.503 and other software. And the principal coordinates (PCoA) analysis was also carried out. The core collection was constructed by using the method of grouping and stepwise clustering,combining with the method of maximizing the number of alleles and the sampling strategy of rare allele priority. More individuals were added in the core collection to capture 100.00% of the alleles forming an optimized core collection. The validity of the core collection and the optimized core collection was verified by t-test and PCoA analysis. Result: The population structure showed that six provenances were divided into three types:the individuals originated from St. Lawrence River Basin (Que) and Columbia River Basin (Was) were classified as one group,while those from the middle and lower Mississippi River Basin (Mis,Lou,Ten) were classified as another group,and those of the Iow provenance from the upper Mississippi River were into one group. Based on the population structure,19 core germplasms were screened,accounting for 5.62% of the original collection,the retention rates of N_a,N_e,I,H_o,H,PIC were 79.83%,102.75%,103.39%,125.31%,104.72% and 105.27%,respectively. t-test and PCoA analysis showed that the core collection was representative. By adding 15 individuals with missing alleles to the core collection,the optimized core collection including 34 individuals was constructed,and the sampling ratio was 10.06%. The retention rates of N_a,N_e,I,H_o,H,PIC were 100.00%,107.94%,110.93%,119.48%,107.52% and 109.19%,respectively. The results of t-test and PCoA analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the genetic diversity of the optimized core collection and the original collection,and the genetic information of the response was better than that of the core collection. Conclusion: The six provenances of P. deltoides resources were divided into three types:North-type (Que,Was),Middle-type (Iow) and South-type (Lou,Ten,Mis). There was no significant difference between the genetic diversity of the core collection and the optimized core collection constructed by multiple strategies and the original collection,which could well represent the genetic diversity of the resource population of P. deltoides. On the basis of preserving genetic diversity information of the original collection,the optimized core collection could remove the genetic redundancy. The results were beneficial to the effective protection and scientific utilization of P. deltoides resources and laid a solid foundation for poplar breeding.

Objective: By exploring the juvenile-mature correlation and patterns of genetic variation in growth traits of open-pollinated families of Schima superba with changes of age to provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the efficiency of genetic improvement of S. superba. Method: 47 open-pollinated families of S. superba plus trees established in Fujian in 2008 were investigated,tree height and DBH were measured in the 3rd,5th and 10th years,respectively,genetic variation at different ages was analyzed to reveal the changes of genetic parameters and the phenotypic and genetic juvenile-mature correlations,and the stability of increment of different families was preliminarily evaluated. Result: At different ages,the height and DBH of open-pollinated families of S. superba plus trees were significantly different from each other,and the family effect increased with the increase of age,and there was significant provenance effect. The growth of height and DBH was larger at younger age,and the growth rate of the DBH was relatively greater than that of the tree height. The growth analysis of typical families showed an unchanged trend of the early dominant and inferior families with the increase of age,while the middle families tended to become better or worse. The family and individual heritabilities of the tree height were between 0.23-0.59 and 0.09-0.56,respectively,and the family and individual heritabilities of the DBH were between 0.39-0.76 and 0.18-0.70,respectively. The genetic control of tree height and DBH were increased with the increase of age,higher level of genetic control appeared after 5 years,and the genetic control was greater in DBH than in tree height. The phenotypic variation coefficients were greater than the genetic variation coefficients of tree height and DBH; With increasing age,the genetic variation coefficient of DBH increased,and the phenotypic variation coefficients of DBH decreased,while the phenotypic and genetic variation coefficients of tree height increased first and followed by a decrease. The phenotypic and genetic variation coefficients of DBH were greater than tree height. The juvenile-mature phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients of tree height were between 0.20-0.28 and 0.26-0.55,respectively,and the DBH was between 0.23-0.59 and 0.53-0.80,displaying a trend of increase with age,the juvenile-mature correlation was mainly controlled by genetic factors; At 5 years,the phenotypic and genetic juvenile-mature correlation of both tree height and DBH were greater than those at 3 years,indicating that early selection was more effective at 5 years than at 3 years; The juvenile-mature correlation coefficient of DBH was greater than tree height,indicating that DBH was better as an early selection trait. Based on genotype grouping,47 families were divided into 4 categories with DBH as the evaluation indicator,among them,the families with low increment and high stability accounted for the largest proportion (34.04%); 12 families such as JO49,JO62 and LQ1 were selected with the goal of high growth and high stability. Conclusion: The genetic effect of growth traits among the open-pollinated families of S. superba plus trees were increased with age increase,and there was a significant effect of provenance,families should be selected within superior provenances. The genetic control of tree height and DBH becomes higher after 5 years,and the DBH has a greater genetic control and a stronger variability than the tree height has. Juvenile-mature correlation of tree height and DBH was mainly controlled by genetic factors,DBH was more reliable as an early selection trait. DBH as early selective trait selection was more efficient at 5 years than at 3 years.

Objective: In this study,the fungal community structure and functional group in the roots of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica were characterized to provide fundamental basis for forest management in the Horqin Sandy Land. Method: P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations with different ages (26,33 and 43 a) in the Horqin Sandy Land were targeted. The fungal communities and functional groups in the roots of P. sylvestris var. mongolica were identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild platform,respectively. And the effects of soil properties on fungal diversities and functional group were also investigated. Result: 1) A total of 832 OTUs of fungi were obtained from root tip samples of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in Horqin sandy land. There were no significant differences in Simpson,Shannon and Pielou index among the different ages of plantations. 2) The root fungi of P. sylvestris var. mongolica in sandy land belonged to 182 genera,84 families,54 orders,16 classes and 5 phyla. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in all age groups. The dominant genera were Chalara,Hypocrea and Phialocephala. With the increase of stand age,the proportion of dominant genera decreased,while the common genera increased. At the same time,rare genera remained at a stable level. 3) The proportion of pathogenic fungi decreased with age increasing,while the symbiotrophic fungi increased sharply which the mainly included ectomycorrhizal fungi (e.g.,Lactarius,Amphinema and Rhizopogonwere). 4) There was no significant correlation between diversity and soil properties,and relative abundance of symbiotroph had a significant negative correlation with soil water content. Conclusion: The community composition of fungi in the roots of P. sylvestris var. mongolica is abundant,the types of functional groups are diverse. The fluctuation of functional group structure in different age group is mainly affected by pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. No significant correlation is found between fungal diversity and soil properties.

Objective: Sclerodermus alternatusi was first observed to parasitize the larva of pine sawyer beetle (PSB, Monochamus alternatus) in Yunnan Province in 2010 and has become a potential agent in current biocontrol of PSB. This study investigated their fitness gains associated with different numbers of foundress population in order to enhance the efficiency of mass-rearing of this parasitoid. Method: The parasitism behavior of foundress,the developmental process and the number of the offspring,brood size,and sex ratio were recorded under six different foundress densities (ranged from 1 to 6) using Thyestilla gebleri as host. Result: The results showed that both the first attack time on the host and the pre-oviposition time of female were declined with the increase of foundress densities. The duration of egg stage was not significantly different among different foundress densities,while the duration of both larval and pupal stages was gradually decreased as the foundress densities increased. With one foundress,the larval duration was the longest,with an average of 9.6 d,while with 6 foundresses,the larval duration was the shortest,with an average of 8.5 d. The pupal duration of males ranged from 18.7 to 19.7 d in different foundress densities,and that of females ranged from 20.0 d to 21.5 d,1-2 d longer than that of males. Brood size of the parasitoids increased significantly when the number of foundress increased from one to six. The net increments of brood size were approximate 60% as the number of foundress ranged from one to four; however,the further increases in foundress density did not affect the net brood size. The sex ratios of this bethylid wasp were always female biased. The proportions of males in the progeny colonies were less than 10% throughout all experimental treatments and showed no significant differences among treatments,but a slightly increase of sex ratio exhibited in the treatments of higher foundress densities. Conclusion: These findings suggest that moderate increase of the foundress densities could obtain more offspring in artificially mass-rearing of S. alternatusi. Meanwhile,the breeding durations of each generation can be shortened when more founderesses are inoculated to a host. Our findings provide a new approach to enhance the efficiency of mass-rearing of this bethylid wasp.

Objective: In order to provide theoretical basis for revealing drying mechanisms and precise control of wood platen drying process,the effects of heating platens' temperature on temperature and pressure inside poplar lumber with moisture content (MC) beyond fiber saturation point (FSP) were studied,the moisture state variety in surface layer and center layer of poplar lumber was further analyzed,and the moisture migration mechanisms were explained accordingly. Method: The dimension of poplar lumber specimen was 400 mm (L) ×120 mm (T) ×25 mm (R). The wood initial MC range was 40%-60%. The platen drying experiments were conducted under three levels of heating platens' temperatures,i.e. 120,130 and 140℃. The temperature and pressure in the surface and center layer of lumber was measured with temperature-pressure integrated sensor in drying process,and the moisture state was further analyzed in accordance with the thermodynamics principle,which is based on the relationships between saturated pressure and saturated temperature of vapor. Result: 1) The peak values of temperature and pressure inside poplar lumber were increased with the increase of heating platens' temperature. As the heating platens' temperature increased from 120℃ to 140℃,the peak values of temperature and pressure in the surface layer of lumber were increased from 115.4℃,209.3 kPa to 133.0℃,314.5 kPa,respectively. The peak values of temperature and pressure in the center layer of poplar lumber were increased from 109.4℃,235.5 kPa to 126.4℃,336.9 kPa,separately. However,the peak temperatures' occurrence time lagged behind the related peak pressures. 2) The analysis for moisture state in the surface layer of poplar lumber showed that the moisture in poplar lumber was unsaturated water at the heating platens' temperature of 120℃. The final MC of surface layer,which was higher than FSP,provided the evidence for the conclusion. The heat transferred from the heating platens to surface layer of poplar lumber resulted in the large volume vaporization of free water with the heating platens' temperature of 130 and 140℃. As drying continues,state of vapor in the surface layer of poplar lumber was changed from the saturated state to superheated state,and the final MC of surface layer was lower than FSP,which provided evidence for the conclusion. Moisture state analysis for the center layer of poplar lumber showed that the moisture in lumber was unsaturated water with the MC beyond FSP. Though the internal temperature was higher than the boiling point under atmospheric pressure,but the local pressure inside lumber was higher than atmospheric pressure. The final MC of center layer of poplar lumber with three different heating platens' temperatures was higher than 50%,which proved the guess of liquid state in the center layer of lumber. 3) Moisture state analysis inside the poplar lumber during the opening period of heating platens showed that flashing phenomena occurred to unsaturated water in poplar lumber with the pressure's sudden dropping to the atmospheric pressure,and that liquid water inside lumber was changed into vapor and vapor was discharged from surface of lumber,and these resulted in the decreasing of MC of lumber. Conclusion: In the closing phase of heating platens,vapor pressure inside wood,which was resulted from the water evaporating between surface and evaporation front,was higher than the atmospheric pressure. Moisture state distribution of superheated vapor (surface) -saturated vapor (evaporation front) -liquid water (center) was formed from surface to center of lumber along the thickness orientation. In the opening phase of heating platens,vapor driven by pressure difference between the inside and outside of lumber was discharged to environment,and resulted in the decreasing of wood MC,and these are the main ways of moisture migration in wood with high MC in platen drying.

Objective: The research aimed to develop a cellulose nanofibers/filter paper (CNF/FPP) composite microfiltration membrane with a low price,a simple production process and an excellent performance. The effects of basis weight of the composite membranes and CNF additions on the filtration performances and mechanical properties of the composite microfiltration membrane were investigated. This study was expect to provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of the composite CNF/FPP microfiltration membrane. Method: The mature paper production technology was adopted to prepare the composite microfiltration membranes by combining the filter paper pulp (FPP) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The CNF retention rate,pure water flux,GCC retention rate,mechanical properties and micro morphology were tested,respectively. The effects of CNF retention,CNF addition and the quantification of composite membranes on the pure water flux,GCC rejection as well as mechanical properties of the composite microfiltration membranes were further studied. Result: The addition of AlCl₃ was beneficial to the aggregation of CNF,leading it bedded into the composite microfiltration membranes. When the ratio of CNF (g)/AlCl₃ (mmol) was 3:2,the retention rate of CNF reached 100%. With the increase of the amount of CNF and the quantitative value of the composite membrane,the pure water flux of the composite microfiltration membrane was decreased and the retention rate of GCC was increased. Specifically,when the amount of CNF was 20% and the composite membrane was 50 g·m^-2,the composite membranes possessed the highest retention rate (up to 85.94%) and the pure water flux was 1 814 L·m^-2h^-1. In addition,the mechanical properties of the composite microfiltration membrane were obviously improved with the retention of CNF. Especially,the tensile strength of the composite microfiltration membrane was up to 2.619 kN·m^-1,which was twice that of the pure FPP pulp membrane. The micromorphology analysis of the composite microfiltration membrane further showed that CNF could be lapped on the filter paper substrate to reduce the original porosity of the filter paper. Conclusion: AlCl₃ was added to the cellulose nanofibers dispersion so that the cellulose nanofibers can be trapped and embedded into the pulp. With the increase of the quantity of the composite microfiltration membrane as well as the addition of CNFs,the pure water flux of the composite microfiltration membrane decreased,while the corresponding retention of GCC increased. When the added amount of CNFs was 20%,the retention rate was up to 85.94%,and the pure water flux was only 1 814 L·m^-2h^-1. Due to the high strength of CNFs,and the fact that it can form crosslinking in the paper pulp substrate thus reducing the porosity of the membrane,the filtration and mechanical performances of the composite microfiltration membrane were superior to those of pure filter paper.

Flower bud differentiation is one of the key stages in the process of tree flowering and fruiting,and it directly affects the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds. Studying and revealing the rule of flower bud differentiation,and controlling flower bud differentiation with scientific measures are important bases for ensuring the quality and high yield of tree seeds. Flower bud differentiation includes physiological and morphological differentiation,and the processes are the results of the interaction and coordination of internal and external factors. The internal factors include plant hormones and nutrition. Among plant hormones,the GA is the most important factor. GA inhibits the flower bud differentiation of most broadleaf tree species while it enhances the flower bud differentiation of conifers. Carbohydrate,protein,lipid and mineral elements are nutrients closely related to flower bud differentiation. The most important nutrient is carbohydrate. Flower bud differentiation can be promoted in the condition of high concentration of carbohydrate. The external factors include water,temperature and light. It is generally recognized that moderate drought and sufficient sunlight can promote flower bud differentiation. Temperature has a great influence on flower bud differentiation but different species have different requirements for temperature. The theories related to flower bud differentiation include C/N ratio and hormone balance. At present,significant progress has been achieved on molecular regulation of flower bud differentiation. Mode of action of some important genes such as FT and TFL1 has been revealed. Understanding the mechanism of flower bud differentiation is helpful to make reasonable cultivation measures to regulate flowering period and quantity,and improve fruiting quality. This article reviewed the research progress on anatomical observation,the period of flower bud differentiation,factors influencing flower bud differentiation and related theories of flower bud differentiation in recent years. The future research prospect was also discussed in this paper.

Forest management science is the leading discipline of forestry,which plays an important role in the construction of forestry in China. It is a discipline about the basic theory,techniques and arts of how to organize silvicultural and management practices. As a discipline,forest management was introduced from Japan to China in the early 20^th century. It has been developed as a discipline group composed of forest management,forest measurement,remote sensing (RS) and "3S" techniques,and the application of information management and system science. The present situation and trend of forest management discipline were summarized to provide references for the development of the discipline in the paper. Literature analysis was used to review the research progress of forest managers in China over the past 60 years from six aspects. They included forest management theory and technology modes,monitoring and management of forest resources survey,forest statistics and stand growth model,forest harvest optimization decisions,forestry RS and information technology applications. Technical systems of the mutli-functional management for plantations and the structure-based forest management were developed. Within the framework of sustainable forest management,theory and practice of close-to-nature forest management and multi-functional forest management are still under testing. Forest management plays an important role in the establishment and refinement of national forest inventory system. Modern statistical method ology was widely applied in forest and growth yield modelling,such as compatible tree biomass equations. Climate-sensitive forest growth models and management planning models with the inclusion of carbon storage were also developed for adaptive forest management to future climate change. There was rapid progress in RS application. Forest parameter retrieving focused on LiDAR and multi-mode RS data. Unmanned aerial vehicle began to be used in forest inventory. The application and service platform based on high-resolution RS owned by China was formed,which enhanced its wide utilization in forestry. A number of forest resource management systems were developed,and a platform of comprehensive forest maps was finished which covering RS images,geographic information,sub-compartment and forested land features. Despite the significant progress mentioned above,the overall level is following the international work,and there are still some knowledge gaps in forest management science,which are the lack of forest management theory and practice with Chinese characteristics,basic forest management issues,timely forest monitoring system,and insufficient forest management planning tools,etc. The multiple functions of forest and its realization are a severe challenge for forest management research but a rare opportunity for forest management development. In order to meet the requirements of modern forestry development,it is necessary to give full play to the advantages of interdisciplinary comprehensive research and industry-university-research combination,and to carry out theoretical research,applied basic research and technological research in the field of forest management.

Stand structure is an important factor in forest management and analysis. Enhancing the diversity and complexity of stand structure is the basis for maintaining and increasing the biodiversity of forest ecosystems. The method of expressing diversity of stand structure has been a key issue in the study of ecology and forestry disciplines. This paper summarized the research progress of stand structure diversity from the composition diversity of forest stands,the tree size differentiation diversity and the spatial distribution diversity. The composition structural diversity of forest stands is often based on composition attribute and the α species diversity index in plant community science. The diversity of the stand structure based on the neighbourhood relationship reflects the compositional diversity by describing the degree of segregation of the tree species in the stand. The size differentiation diversity of forest trees was compared with the factors such as DBH,tree height and crown width. The indicators of size coefficient,Gini coefficient,DBH distribution and size differentiation were used to describe the size differentiation diversity of stand. The spatial diversity of forest trees is essentially the diversity of spatial distribution patterns of trees in horizontal space. The point pattern analysis method could be used describe the differences of forest position with the change of scale,but it requires accurate tree position data. The mark second-order structural characteristic can reflect the distribution of tree species and the size with the change of scale in the stand and have certain ability to analyze and explain the ecological process and hypothesis,but they cannot express the richness of the tree species and the degree of tree size variation,it also needs accurate tree position data. The complexity of the stand structure takes precedence over the diversity of the stand structure,and the two concepts are related and different. The diversity of the stand structure is often used as an alternative indicator of the complexity of the stand. In the future,the construction of forest structure diversity or complexity indicators needs to take into account the multidimensional characteristic of the forest structure,at the same time,the weighting of multiple attributes must be considered. In addition,the specific forest management activities should be considered in the process of the construction of the forest structure diversity index,and which could be used to guide the stand structural adjustment and finally achieve the goal of increasing the diversity of stand structure and maintaining and increasing the diversity of the forest ecosystem.

Objective: This paper aims to study the improvement effect of adding shell powder soil conditioner in acidified soil with Malus hupehensis var. mengshanensis seedlings as material. Method: The orchard acidified soil (pH value is 5.45) was dug out and mixed with conditioner,which was applied to potted M. hupehensis var. mengshanensis seedlings. The three conditioner treatments were:large grain shell powder (DLB),medium grain shell powder (ZLB) and small particle shell powder (XLB),and the pH value of soil,plant height and relative chlorophyll content were measured. After 6 months of treatment,soil samples were collected 5 cm away from the seedlings. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified to establish a library. The abundance,diversity and community structure of soil bacterial 16S rRNA gene V3+V4 region and fungi ITS1 + ITS2 region were detected. Result: The three kinds of shell powder conditioner were able to significantly improve the soil pH value to 6.5-7.2,which was 19.26% to 28.44% higher than the initial pH value. Both DLB and ZLB treatments could significantly increase plant height and relative chlorophyll content in leaves. According to the results of high throughput sequencing,a total of 736 515 effective bacterial tags and 782 991 effective fungal tags were obtained from 12 soil samples. The proportion of effective sequences was more than 72%. There were 1914 bacterial OTU and 446 fungal OTU in the three treatment groups and the control group. According to the analysis of community abundance index (Ace index and Chao index) and diversity index (Simpson index and Shannon index),three kinds of shell powder treatments significantly improved the abundance and diversity of soil bacterial community. Among them,ZLB treatment had the most significant effect. Ace,Chao and Shannon index increased by 53.84%,49.85% and 14.21%,respectively. Simpson index decreased by 54.76%. Three kinds of shell powder treatments had no significant effect on the abundance of fungal communities,but all of them reduced the diversity of fungal communities. Among them,DLB treatment had the most significant effect,with Shannon index reduced by 44.02%,Simpson index increased by 11.5 times compared with CK treatment. According to the analysis of Beta diversity of each treatment community,the soil microorganisms changed significantly after adding three kinds of shell powder to acidified soil. According to the analysis of the relative abundance composition of flora,at the level of family classification,all three kinds of shell powder treatments significantly increased the abundance of inferior bacteria (ABS-19 and Xanthomonadales),also increased the abundance of inferior fungi (Chaetomiaceae,Microascaceae,Lasiosphaeriaceae,and Ascobolaceae). All three kinds of shell powder treatments significantly decreased the abundance of dominant bacteria of Acidobacteriaceae and Solibacteraceae,and decreased the abundance of dominant fungi of Nectriaceae,Mortierellaceae,Pleosporaceae,and Cladosporiaceae. Conclusion: The application of three kinds of shell powder soil conditioners can increase the soil pH value and improve the growth of M. hupehensis var. mengshanensis,also change the abundance and diversity of bacteria and the diversity of fungi in acidified soils. As a new type of green biological conditioner,shell powder has great application potential.

Objective: Biomass model is an effective method to estimate forest biomass,and nonlinear simultaneous equations are common method to construct compatible biomass model. This article takes Cyclobalanopsis glauca as an example to compared two common biomass model construction method and three parameter estimation algorithms,so as to select the best biomass model construction method and algorithms,and provide technical support for model construction and biomass studies. Method: Based on abore-ground biomass data of 25 trees of C.glauca. In South China,the compatible biomass models of controlling directly by proportion functions and controlling by the sum of equations were selected,and ordinary least square (OLS),two-stage least square (2SLS) and three-stage least square (3SLS) were used as estimation algorithms. Establishing the compatibility model of the above-ground biomass and the biomass of each component,and comparing the fitting effect of various compatible biomass models. Result: Under three kinds of parameter estimation algorithms,these two biomass models both can guarantee the compatibility between above-ground biomass and biomass of stem,branch and leaf components.The determination coefficient of each component biomass model is above 0.8,the determination coefficient of above-ground biomass model is the highest,and the determination coefficient of the leaf biomass model is the lowest. Using the same parameter estimation algorithm,there is not much difference in the fitting effect of compatible biomass between the two structures. Comparing three parameter estimation algorithms,parameter estimation values and evaluation indexes of compatible biomass model,that indicated by two-stage least square and three-stage least-squares are consistent respectively. However,the result obtained by ordinary least square are quite different which is distinguished by a higher fitting accuracy and a simpler calculation process. Conclusion: Considering the main purpose in forestry practice is usually to calculate above-ground biomass,the controlling directly by proportion functions based on the ordinary least square can immediately calculate the above-ground biomass with high estimation accuracy,and has good application prospects.

Objective: The object of this study was to explore the potential of GF-3 fully polarized SAR data in the estimation of artificial forest canopy biomass and to make an attempt to propose an accurate estimation method for forest canopy biomass. Method: In this study,based on the data from 22 sample plots of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix principis-rupprechtii artificial forest in Wangyedian Forest Farm,Chifeng,Inner Mongolia and from GF-3 fully polarimetric SAR,Freeman three-component decomposition,Freeman two-component decomposition and Yamaguchi three-component decomposition were used to obtain polarization decomposition components. The volume-to-ground scattering ratio parameters (R₁,R₂ and R₃) corresponding to each polarization decomposition method were constructed respectively. The multiple stepwise regression method was used to establish regression models for forest canopy biomass and SAR extraction parameters,and the model was evaluated using the leave-one-out cross test. Result: There were significant negative correlations between the components obtained by different polarization decomposition methods and the canopy biomass. The correlation between the volume scattering component of the Freeman three-component decomposition and the canopy biomass (r=-0.68) was higher than that between the double-bounce scattering component and the canopy biomass (r=-0.6),and also higher than that between the surface scattering component and the canopy biomass (r=-0.424). Similarly,the correlation between the volume scattering component of the Freeman two-component decomposition and the canopy biomass (r=-0.718) was higher than that between the ground scattering component and the canopy biomass (r=-0.62). The correlation between the double-bounce scattering component of Yamaguchi three-component decomposition and the canopy biomass was the highest (r=-0.743). Compared with Freeman three-component decomposition,the decomposition components of Freeman two-component decomposition and Yamaguchi three-component decomposition had better correlations with the canopy biomass. The optimal parameters obtained by stepwise regression were the volume-to-ground scattering ratio parameters R₂ and R₃ corresponding to Freeman two-component decomposition and Yamaguchi three-component decomposition,respectively. Then the canopy biomass estimation model was established (R²=0.658,RMSE=4.943 t·hm^-2). The cross-validation results of the model showed that the prediction error of the model was relatively low (ME=-0.665 t·hm^-2,MAE=4.845 t·hm^-2,MRE=3.33%,AMRE=23.233%,P=91.5%). The model was tested by means of confidence ellipse F test,and the estimated values were consistent with the measured values. The simulation results were good,and the predicted values were generally distributed near the 1:1 line. No saturation point appears in the model. Conclusion: The decomposition components obtained by the three polarization decomposition methods of Freeman three-component decomposition,Freeman two-component decomposition,and Yamaguchi three-component decomposition were significantly correlated with the canopy biomass. The rotation transformation of polarization coherence and the optimization of volume scattering model could effectively improve polarization decomposition effects of forest area. The volume-to-ground scattering ratio parameters were more sensitive to the canopy biomass than each single polarization decomposition component. Collaborative use of multiple polarization decomposition components could estimate forest canopy biomass more accurately. Polarization decomposition was feasible for estimating forest canopy biomass,and there was no obvious saturation problem.

Objective: This paper was implemented to study the effects of forest storey of multi-storied stand on Oaks natural forest basal area growth model in Hunan Province. It would reflect the basal area growth rules of different storeys by building basal area growth models from the perspective of forest storey in order to provide references for the growth harvesting and management of the Oaks natural secondary forest in Hunan Province. Method: After the storey identification by using whole tree height clustering,IUFRO standard and TRSRAT,the model of Schumacher was used to fit the basal area of whole stand,upper layer and lower layer based on the 51 plots of Oaks natural secondary forest in Hunan Province,and the optimal method of storey identification was selected. Considering the compatibility of the total basal area and each forest layer basal area,the compatible storey basal area growth model was built by adjustment in proportion. Result: The results of storey identification by whole tree height clustering,IUFRO standard and TRSRAT were all satisfied with the requirements of technical regulations for forest resources planning and design investigation,and the F testing of different forest layer statistics were significant. The model of Schumacher could better simulate the growth of whole stand and different forest layers,the coefficients of determination (R²) were all above 0.92. Compared with the whole stand basal area growth model without storey identification,the coefficient of determination (R²) of different forest layers with storey identification was increased from 0.925 9 to 0.945 5-0.984 6.The IUFRO standard was selected as the optimal method of storey identification,and the accuracy of the basal area growth model was the highest (R²=0.970 4,MAE=1.458 8,RMSE=2.178 6).Compared with the whole stand basal area growth model without storey identification,the determination coefficient (R²) was increased by 5.0%,the mean absolute error (MAE) and the root mean square error (RMSE) was respectively decreased by 39.8% and 26.4%. The proportional adjustment method based on total basal area could better solve the problem of the compatibility between total basal area and each forest layer basal area. Compared with the independent prediction model of each forest layer,the determination coefficient (R²) of upper layer was increased from 0.974 6 to 0.986 8,and the determination coefficient (R²) of lower layer was increased from 0.980 2 to 0.988 8. Conclusion: The effects of forest storey of multi-storied stand on Oaks natural forest basal area growth model in Hunan Province was significant. It was important to study the characteristics of different forest storeys and improve the modeling accuracy by considering storey effection. The research results were expected to reveal the growth process of forest basal area in subtropical Oaks forest,which was of great significance to growth harvesting and management of the Oaks natural secondary forest.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the adult emergence relationships between Dastarcus helophoroides and its host Monochamus alternatus in Pinus massoniana forests. The result would provide valuable information for applying the parasitoid to control the cerambycid beetle M.alternatus. Method: The adult eclosion and emergence regularity of D. helophoroides and M. alternatus was investigated by releasing D. helophoroides eggs on the M. alternatus larvae and pupae of the infested bait-trees. The flight seasonal dynamics of D. helophoroides and M. alternatus adults was monitored using M. alternatus pheromone lures in the pine forests from 2016 to 2017. The distribution characteristics of D. helophoroides adults on pine trunks were surveyed by dissecting the dead pine trees. Result: D. helophoroides adults could mate and lay eggs soon after overwintering. The overwintered adults of M. alternatus emerged in early May,and disappeared in early July with the peak in late May. The first generation of D. helophoroides adults emerged around late June and early July,and disappeared in late July; the peak of emergence was around early and mid July,which was 42-50 days later than that of the overwintered M. alternatus adults; and the average emergence period and the peak emergence duration were 30.5 d and 11.5 d,respectively. The M. alternatus adults were caught from late April to late October,and the high occurrence period was from late May to late July with the peak in mid June. The D. helophoroides adults could be caught by the M. alternatus pheromone lures from early May to mid October. Approximately 6.62% of the total number of the beetles were caught from May to June. The number trapped increased significantly in July,and reached the peak period in September,which was about three months later than that of M. alternatus adults trapped; Around 93.38% of the total number were caught from July to Octobert. The D. helophoroides adults were mainly distributed in the middle and upper parts of the dead tree trunks,with the upper part accounting for 77.12% of the total. The number of the boring holes by M.alternatus larvae were 55.33% distributed in the upper part,and 37.18% in the middle,and only 7.49% in the lower part. Conclusion: The D. helophoroides adults enter the breeding season soon after overwintering,which makes the larval emergence period of the first generation D. helophoroides coincide with the optimum pupa stage of M. alternatus,which is the result of a long-term co-evolution of the two species. It is indicated that D. helophoroides could be an obligate parasitoid of M.alternatus. The M. alternatus adults of overwintered generation emerge after May,then emigrate to healthy pine trees for feeding and lay eggs later on the harmed trees. The D. helophoroides adults of the first generation emerge after June,then migrate and transfer to the newly-died wood bored by the M. alternatus larvae of the first generation. The parasitoid adults are mainly distributed in the middle and the upper part of the dead tree trunks,and the distribution pattern coincides basically with that of M. alternatus larvae. It could be concluded that the D. helophoroides adult has a significant tracking and following effect on its host.

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of dissolution and regeneration of bamboo in LiCl/DMSO solvent system,and to provide a feasible solvent system for detailed elucidation of structural information of bamboo protolignin. Method: The analysis of general chemical composition was followed by national standard method. The contents of structural unit of lignin were conducted by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation,the effects of dissolution and regeneration of bamboo on the cellulose crystallinity were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Result: Bamboo samples with 2 h ball milling could be dissolved in 6% LiCl/DMSO solvent system at a mass concentration of 7.5%,even 10% in the 8% LiCl/DMSO solvent system. The lignin yield was about 90%,the phenylpropane unit structure was found to be well preserved by nitrobenzene oxidation reaction after regeneration in water,the S unit was about 50%,while carbohydrate content was a little loss and the crystallinity was decreased from 58.7% to 26.5%. Conclusion: The effects of ball milled time and LiCl concentration in DMSO on dissolution of bamboo in LiCl/DMSO solvent system were showed. Regenerated ability of chemical composition was high. Compared with that of carbohydrate,lignin ability was higher. In addition,condensed degree of lignin unit was lower than that of rice straw,and both effects of ball milling and regeneration treatment on lignin structure were not found from alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation results,and the crystallinity of cellulose was destroyed by regeneration. The bio-structure and the chemical composition of bamboo were similar to those of wood,so its dissolution property was also close to that of wood. The LiCl/DMSO solvent system could be used to elucidation protolignin information of bamboo.