宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林植被碳密度时空特征及其环境响应

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230037

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: In this study, the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation carbon densities (VCD) of the tree layer, understory shrub layer and herb layer of larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) plantations in the Liupan Mountains area of southern Ningxia of northwest China were investigated and analyzed, and the VCD models considering the effects of multiple factors of site quality and stand structure were established, so as to provide theoretical basis and decision-making tools for estimating VCD and their sustainable management of the larch plantations under complex topographic conditions in the mountainous regions of northwest China. Method: The VCD of tree, shrub and herb layers of larch plantations in the study area was determined by the combined application of sample plot inventory and mathematical models. The upper boundary line method was used to determine the response pattern and corresponding function form of VCD to each main influencing factor (forest age, density, mean annual precipitation, mean annual air temperature, slope aspect). A VCD model that can reflect the comprehensive impact of multiple factors was constructed through multiplicative coupling, and then the measured data were used to calibrate and validate the model. Result: 1) The average VCD of the existing larch plantations in the Liupan Mountains area was 46.82 t C·hm^-2, of which the tree layer accounted for 94.92%, while the shrub layer and herb layer only accounted for 4.76% and 0.32%, respectively. 2) The VCD of tree layer firstly increased rapidly with the increase of forest age, stand density, and mean annual precipitation, and then increased slowly and gradually tended to its maximum value after exceeding the certain threshold values of those factors. The corresponding threshold values for those influencing factors were 30 years of forest age, 1500 tree·hm^-2 of tree density, and 525 mm of mean annual precipitation. The VCD of tree layer firstly increased and then decreased with rising mean annual temperature and reached its peak at 6°C. It decreased nearly linearly with rising slope aspect (0° to due north, increasing with the deviation angle from north direction to both sides). 3) The VCD of the understory shrub-herb layers decreased linearly with rising tree layer VCD, and varied with mean annual temperature and precipitation as well as slope aspect in the same patterns of tree layer VCD and the same threshold values of 6 °C and 525 mm. 4) The established multi-factor coupled model of VCD was able to better estimate the variation of VCD of tree layer and understory shrub-herb layer, with R² of 0.8** and 0.7**, respectively. (5) According to simulation results of the model, the VCD of larch plantations firstly increased and then decreased with rising elevation, showing a relatively bigger difference among elevation gradients, the elevation range with the highest VCD was 2200—2400 m. Due to the effects of topography and climatic factors, there existed a certain horizontal difference, namely decreasing from west to east and from south to north. The VCD on shady slopes was higher than that on sunny slopes, with a difference of about 20% for tree layer and up to 100% for shrub-herb layers. Conclusion: The average VCD of the larch plantations in Liupan Mountains area is 46.82 t C·hm^-2 and mainly composed of tree layer. The VCD is jointly affected by the multiple factors of site quality (precipitation, temperature, slope aspect) and stand structure (age, density). The VCD of understory shrub-herb layers is also influenced by the tree layer biomass. The spatiotemporal variation of VCD of larch plantations can be better explained and predicted by the multi-factor coupled model. The reasonable selection of site types for afforestation and tree density for forest management is beneficial to maintain a better VCD with expected vegetation layer composition for the larch plantations.

Key words: Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations, vegetation layers, carbon density, coupled model, Ningxia Liupan Mountainous

CLC Number:

Ziyou Zhang,Yanhui Wang,Ao Tian,Zebin Liu,Jianbin Guo,Pengtao Yu,Xiao Wang,Yipeng Yu. Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Environmental Response of Vegetation Carbon Densities of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantations in the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia, China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(4): 32-45.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 2

Fig.5

Table 3

Simulated vegetation carbon density of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations growing on different sites of Liupan Mountains area"

海拔区间 Elevation ranges /m	坡向 Slope aspect	植被层 Vegetation layer	林分密度Stand density/(tree·hm^?2)														最大值 Max.	最小值 Min.	平均值 Mean
			500					1 000				2 000			3 000
			林龄 Age /a					林龄 Age /a				林龄 Age /a			林龄 Age /a
			10	20	30	40	50	10	20	30	40	10	20	30	10	20
1 800~ 2 000	阴坡 Shady	乔木层 Tree layer	9.5	13.1	20.7	36.9	71.3	16.6	22.9	36.4	64.9	19.2	26.5	42.0	19.4	26.8	71.3	9.5	30.4
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	7.4	7.3	7.2	7.0	6.5	6.7	6.6	6.5	6.1	5.5	5.5	5.3	5.3	5.3	7.4	5.3	6.3
		合计 Total	16.8	20.4	27.9	43.9	77.8	23.3	29.6	42.8	71.0	24.8	32.0	47.3	24.8	32.1	77.8	16.8	36.8
	半阴坡 Semi-shady	乔木层 Tree layer	7.8	10.8	17.1	30.5	59.0	13.7	19.0	30.1	53.6	15.9	21.9	34.8	16.1	22.2	59.0	7.8	25.2
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	6.1	6.0	6.0	5.8	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.1	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.4	6.1	4.4	5.2
		合计 Total	13.9	16.8	23.1	36.3	64.5	19.3	24.5	35.4	58.7	20.5	26.5	39.2	20.5	26.5	64.5	13.9	30.4
	半阳坡 Semi-sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	7.8	10.8	17.1	30.4	58.8	13.7	18.9	30.0	53.5	15.8	21.9	34.7	16.0	22.1	58.8	7.8	25.1
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	4.1	2.9	3.5
		合计 Total	11.9	14.8	21.1	34.3	62.5	17.4	22.6	33.6	56.9	18.9	24.9	37.6	19.0	25.0	62.5	11.9	28.6
	阳坡 Sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	7.8	10.8	17.1	30.4	58.8	13.7	18.9	30.0	53.5	15.8	21.9	34.7	16.0	22.1	58.8	7.8	25.1
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.8	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	3.3	2.4	2.9
		合计 Total	11.1	14.1	20.3	33.6	61.8	16.7	21.9	32.9	56.3	18.3	24.3	37.1	18.4	24.5	61.8	11.1	28.0
2 000~ 2 200	阴坡 Shady	乔木层 Tree layer	12.9	17.9	28.3	50.5	97.6	22.8	31.4	49.8	88.8	26.3	36.3	57.5	26.6	36.7	97.6	12.9	41.7
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	9.6	9.5	9.3	8.9	8.1	8.7	8.5	8.2	7.6	7.2	7.0	6.7	6.9	6.7	9.6	6.7	8.1
		合计 Total	22.5	27.4	37.6	59.4	105.7	31.4	39.9	58.0	96.3	33.5	43.3	64.3	33.5	43.4	105.7	22.5	49.7
	半阴坡 Semi-shady	乔木层 Tree layer	10.7	14.8	23.4	41.7	80.7	18.8	26.0	41.1	73.4	21.7	30.0	47.6	22.0	30.3	80.7	10.7	34.4
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	7.9	7.8	7.7	7.5	6.9	7.2	7.1	6.9	6.4	5.9	5.8	5.6	5.7	5.6	7.9	5.6	6.7
		合计 Total	18.6	22.6	31.1	49.2	87.6	26.0	33.0	48.0	79.8	27.7	35.9	53.2	27.7	35.9	87.6	18.6	41.2
	半阳坡 Semi-sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	10.7	14.7	23.3	41.6	80.5	18.8	25.9	41.0	73.2	21.7	29.9	47.4	21.9	30.3	80.5	10.7	34.4
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.0	4.6	4.8	4.7	4.6	4.3	4.0	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.8	5.3	3.8	4.5
		合计 Total	16.0	20.0	28.5	46.6	85.1	23.6	30.6	45.6	77.5	25.7	33.8	51.2	25.7	34.0	85.1	16.0	38.9
	阳坡 Sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	10.7	14.7	23.3	41.6	80.5	18.8	25.9	41.0	73.2	21.7	29.9	47.4	21.9	30.3	80.5	10.7	34.4
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.1	3.7	3.9	3.9	3.7	3.5	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1	4.3	3.1	3.7
		合计 Total	15.0	19.0	27.6	45.7	84.2	22.7	29.8	44.8	76.7	24.9	33.1	50.5	25.0	33.3	84.2	15.0	38.0
2 200~ 2 400	阴坡 Shady	乔木层 Tree layer	14.6	20.1	31.9	56.8	109.8	25.6	35.3	56.0	99.9	29.6	40.9	64.8	29.9	41.3	109.8	14.6	46.9
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	10.4	10.3	10.0	9.6	8.5	9.4	9.2	8.8	8.0	7.7	7.6	7.2	7.4	7.3	10.4	7.2	8.7
		合计 Total	24.9	30.4	41.9	66.4	118.4	35.0	44.5	64.8	107.9	37.3	48.4	71.9	37.3	48.6	118.4	24.9	55.6
	半阴坡 Semi-shady	乔木层 Tree layer	12.0	16.6	26.3	47.0	90.8	21.2	29.2	46.3	82.6	24.5	33.8	53.5	24.7	34.1	90.8	12.0	38.8
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	8.6	8.5	8.3	8.0	7.3	7.8	7.6	7.4	6.9	6.4	6.3	6.0	6.2	6.0	8.6	6.0	7.2
		合计 Total	20.6	25.1	34.7	55.0	98.1	28.9	36.9	53.7	89.4	30.9	40.1	59.6	30.9	40.2	98.1	20.6	46.0
	半阳坡 Semi-sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	12.0	16.6	26.3	46.9	90.6	21.1	29.1	46.2	82.4	24.4	33.7	53.4	24.7	34.1	90.6	12.0	38.7
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	5.7	5.7	5.6	5.4	4.9	5.2	5.1	4.9	4.6	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.1	4.0	5.7	4.0	4.8
		合计 Total	17.7	22.3	31.9	52.2	95.5	26.3	34.3	51.1	87.0	28.7	37.9	57.4	28.8	38.1	95.5	17.7	43.5
	阳坡 Sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	12.0	16.6	26.3	46.9	90.6	21.1	29.1	46.2	82.4	24.4	33.7	53.4	24.7	34.1	90.6	12.0	38.7
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.7	4.6	4.5	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.2	4.0	3.7	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.3	4.7	3.3	3.9
		合计 Total	16.7	21.2	30.8	51.2	94.6	25.3	33.3	50.2	86.1	27.9	37.1	56.7	28.0	37.3	94.6	16.7	42.6
2 400~ 2 600	阴坡 Shady	乔木层 Tree layer	13.8	19.0	30.2	53.8	104.1	24.3	33.5	53.1	94.6	28.0	38.7	61.3	28.4	39.1	104.1	13.8	44.4
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	9.1	9.0	8.8	8.4	7.5	8.2	8.1	7.7	7.1	6.8	6.6	6.3	6.5	6.4	9.1	6.3	7.6
		合计 Total	22.9	28.0	39.0	62.2	111.6	32.5	41.5	60.8	101.7	34.8	45.3	67.7	34.8	45.5	111.6	22.9	52.0
	半阴坡 Semi-shady	乔木层 Tree layer	11.4	15.8	25.0	44.5	86.0	20.1	27.7	43.9	78.3	23.2	32.0	50.7	23.4	32.3	86.0	11.4	36.7
		灌木层 Shrub-herb layer	7.5	7.4	7.3	7.0	6.4	6.8	6.7	6.5	6.0	5.6	5.5	5.3	5.4	5.3	7.5	5.3	6.3
		合计 Total	18.9	23.2	32.3	51.5	92.5	26.8	34.4	50.4	84.3	28.8	37.5	56.0	28.8	37.6	92.5	18.9	43.1
	半阳坡 Semi-sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	11.4	15.7	24.9	44.4	85.8	20.0	27.6	43.8	78.1	23.1	31.9	50.6	23.4	32.3	85.8	11.4	36.6
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.7	4.3	4.5	4.5	4.3	4.0	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.5	5.0	3.5	4.2
		合计 Total	16.4	20.7	29.8	49.1	90.1	24.6	32.1	48.1	82.1	26.9	35.6	54.1	27.0	35.8	90.1	16.4	40.9
	阳坡 Sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	11.4	15.7	24.9	44.4	85.8	20.0	27.6	43.8	78.1	23.1	31.9	50.6	23.4	32.3	85.8	11.4	36.6
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.8	3.5	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.1	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.9	4.1	2.9	3.5
		合计 Total	15.5	19.8	28.9	48.2	89.3	23.7	31.3	47.3	81.3	26.2	34.9	53.5	26.3	35.1	89.3	15.5	40.1
2 600~ 2 800	阴坡 Shady	乔木层 Tree layer	10.3	14.3	22.6	40.4	78.0	18.2	25.1	39.8	71.0	21.0	29.0	46.0	21.3	29.3	78.0	10.3	33.3
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.9	4.9	4.8	4.7	4.3	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.0	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.5	4.9	3.5	4.2
		合计 Total	15.3	19.2	27.5	45.0	82.3	22.7	29.5	44.1	75.0	24.7	32.7	49.5	24.8	32.8	82.3	15.3	37.5
	半阴坡 Semi-shady	乔木层 Tree layer	8.6	11.8	18.7	33.4	64.5	15.0	20.8	32.9	58.7	17.4	24.0	38.0	17.6	24.3	64.5	8.6	27.6
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.1	3.0	2.9	2.9	2.9	4.1	2.9	3.5
		合计 Total	12.6	15.9	22.7	37.3	68.2	18.7	24.4	36.5	62.1	20.5	27.0	41.0	20.5	27.2	68.2	12.6	31.0
	半阳坡 Semi-sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	8.5	11.8	18.7	33.3	64.3	15.0	20.7	32.8	58.5	17.3	23.9	37.9	17.5	24.2	64.3	8.5	27.5
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	2.7	2.7	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	2.7	1.9	2.3
		合计 Total	11.3	14.5	21.3	35.9	66.8	17.5	23.2	35.2	60.8	19.4	26.0	39.9	19.5	26.1	66.8	11.3	29.8
	阳坡 Sunny	乔木层 Tree layer	8.5	11.8	18.7	33.3	64.3	15.0	20.7	32.8	58.5	17.3	23.9	37.9	17.5	24.2	64.3	8.5	27.5
		灌木层 Shrub-herb layer	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	2.2	1.6	1.9
		合计 Total	10.7	14.0	20.8	35.4	66.3	17.0	22.7	34.8	60.4	19.0	25.6	39.5	19.1	25.8	66.3	10.7	29.4
最大值 Max.		乔木层 Tree layer	14.6	20.1	31.9	56.8	109.8	25.6	35.3	56.0	99.9	29.6	40.9	64.8	29.9	41.3	109.8	14.6	46.9
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	10.4	10.3	10.0	9.6	8.5	9.4	9.2	8.8	8.0	7.7	7.6	7.2	7.4	7.3	10.4	7.2	8.7
		合计 Total	24.9	30.4	41.9	66.4	118.4	35.0	44.5	64.8	107.9	37.3	48.4	71.9	37.3	48.6	118.4	24.9	55.6
最小值 Min.		乔木层 Tree layer	7.8	10.8	12.3	30.4	58.8	13.7	18.9	30	53.5	15.8	21.9	34.7	16	22.1	58.8	7.8	24.8
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	2.2	1.6	1.9
		合计 Total	10.7	14.0	20.3	33.6	61.8	16.7	21.9	32.9	56.3	18.3	24.3	37.1	18.4	24.5	61.8	10.7	27.9
平均值 Mean		乔木层 Tree layer	10.6	14.7	22.1	41.4	80.1	18.7	25.8	40.9	72.9	21.6	29.8	47.2	21.8	30.1	80.1	10.6	34.1
		灌草层 Shrub-herb layer	5.9	5.8	5.7	5.5	5.0	5.3	5.2	5.1	4.7	4.4	4.3	4.1	4.2	4.1	5.9	4.1	5.0
		合计 Total	16.5	20.5	28.9	46.9	85.1	24.0	31.0	45.9	77.6	26.0	34.1	51.4	26.0	34.2	85.1	16.5	39.1

Table 3

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植被层 Vegetation layer	碳密度 Carbon density/（t·hm^?2）	碳密度百分比 Carbon density ratio（%）
乔木层 Tree layer	44.44±27.63a	94.92±10.65a
灌木层 Shrub layer	2.23±2.13b	4.76±3.46b
草本层 Herb layer	0.15±0.15c	0.32±0.25c
合计 Total	46.82±28.13	100

植被层 Vegetation layer	多因子耦合模型 Multi-factor coupling models	R²		NSE
植被层 Vegetation layer	多因子耦合模型 Multi-factor coupling models	拟合 Calibration	验证 Validation	拟合 Calibration	验证 Validation
乔木层 Tree layer	$\begin{gathered} [15.92 + 3.83 \times \exp ( - 0.075 \times {\rm{age}})] \times [0.44 - 0.80 \times \exp ( - 2.53 \times {10^{ - 3} } \times N)] \times \\ ( - 2.92 \times {\rm{MA}}{{\rm{T}}^2} + 34.62 \times {\rm{MAT}} - 48.09) \times [0.30 - 6.48 \times \exp ( - 7.41 \times {10^{ - 3} } \times {\rm{MAP}})] \times \\ [0.20 + 0.042 \times \exp ( - 0.097 \times {\rm{asp}})] \\ \end{gathered}$	0.80	0.77	0.68	0.68
灌草层 Shrub-herb layers	$\begin{gathered} [ - 0.68 + 1.39 \times \exp ( - 0.65 \times {\rm{TBC}})] \times ( - 0.61 \times {\rm{MA}}{{\rm{T}}^2} + 7.82 \times {\rm{MAT}} - 15.61) \times \\ [ - 0.40 + 0.40 \times \exp (3.04 \times {10^{ - 6} } \times {\rm{MAP}})] \times [ - 0.35 + 6.93 \times \exp ( - 4.13 \times {10^{ - 3} } \times {\rm{asp}})] \\ \end{gathered}$	0.70	0.66	0.66	0.64

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Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Environmental Response of Vegetation Carbon Densities of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantations in the Liupan Mountains of Ningxia, China

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