基于机器视觉的胶合性能测量技术研究进展

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230397

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

胶黏剂可将小尺寸木质材料单元黏接成人造板、胶合板和胶合木等形式，应用于木结构建筑、承重墙、装饰、地板和桥梁等工程材料中。胶合性能是评价胶黏剂胶黏能力的重要依据，与其相关的指标主要包括胶合强度、施胶分布、渗透性、剪切强度、剥离率、木破率等。近年来，机器视觉技术已被广泛用于辅助评价胶合性能。为更详细、全面了解基于机器视觉的胶合性能测量技术，本研究在收集国内外胶合性能测量技术相关文献的基础上，概述基于机器视觉的图像采集技术、图像预处理技术、图像分割技术和图像识别分类，阐述机器视觉技术在胶黏剂分布、渗透性和木破率3方面的应用，讨论基于机器视觉技术无法准确分割数字图像导致测量精度低的相关问题，总结机器视觉技术胶合性能测量技术优化方法，并提出今后研究展望：1）实现胶接接头上胶黏剂与木质材料的精准识别，特别是浅色胶黏剂与基材的识别，尤其包括刨花板和纤维板等板材的胶点与细小的木质单元；2）深入探究不同测量对象的像素级单位特征与机器视觉的测量机制；3）基于机器视觉技术进行科学、健全和体系的评价机制研究；4）深入探究图像采集的光照条件、采集设备、样品放置等环境因素对采集图像质量的影响机制；5) 建立胶合性能评价数据库，为深度学习或胶合性能深入分析提供数据来源。

关键词: 胶黏剂, 胶合性能, 机器视觉, 测量

Abstract:

Adhesives can make small-sized wood material unit into wood-based panels, plywood, and glued wood forms, which are used in engineering materials such as wood-frame buildings, load-bearing walls, decorative flooring, and bridges. The important basis for evaluating the gluing ability of adhesives is the gluing performance, which mainly includes the distribution of glue application, penetration ability, shear strength test, peeling test, wood breakage percentage measurement, and other indicators. With the popularization of machine vision technology, it has been applied as an important technique to assist in the evaluation of gluing performance. In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the gluing performance measurement technology of machine vision, this paper outlines the image acquisition technology, image pre-processing technology, image segmentation technology, and calculation methods of machine vision technology on the basis of collecting domestic and foreign gluing performance measurement technology research literature. Secondly, it discusses the application of machine vision technology in the three aspects of adhesive sizing, adhesive permeability, and wood breakage percentage of glued surfaces. At the same time, the problem that machine vision technology can not segment digital image accurately, resulting in poor measurement accuracy is discussed. Finally, the optimization method of adhesive property measurement technology based on machine vision technology is summarized, and future research prospects are proposed: 1) to achieve accurate identification of adhesives and wood materials on adhesive joints, especially the identification of light-colored adhesives and substrates, especially the glue points and small wood units of particleboard and fiberboard; 2) Deeply explore the pixel-level unit characteristics of different measurement objects and the measurement mechanism of machine vision; 3) Research on scientific, sound and systematic evaluation mechanism based on machine vision technology; 4) Explore the influence mechanism of environmental factors such as illumination conditions, acquisition equipment and sample placement on image quality; 5) Establish a gluing performance evaluation database to provide data sources for deep learning or in-depth analysis of gluing performance.

Key words: adhesive, glue properties, machine vision, measurement

中图分类号:

TS653

杨滨,郝景新,李贤军,吴新凤,王兴华. 基于机器视觉的胶合性能测量技术研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(12): 177-190.

Bin Yang,Jingxin Hao,Xianjun Li,Xinfeng Wu,Xinghua Wang. Research Progress of Machine Vision-Based Gluing Performance Measurement Technology[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(12): 177-190.

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目测木破率"

编号Number	参考文献References	基材Substrates	胶黏剂Adhesives
No. 1	陈国骏, 2021	云杉（温文杰等, 2022）-松-冷杉 Spruce-pine-fir (SPF) 定向结构刨花板 Construction oriented strand board (COSB)	水性高分子异氰酸酯 Emulsion polymer-isocyanate (EPI) 间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂 Phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) 单组分聚氨酯 One-component polyurethane (PUR)
No.2	陆弘毅等，2021	杨木单板 Poplar Veneer	改性脲醛树脂(以聚乙烯亚胺和聚磷酸铵) Modified urea-formaldehyde resin(Polyethyleneimine(PEI); Ammonium polyphosphate(APP))
No.3	马苏等，2020	杨木木块（岳孔等, 2022） Poplar wood blocks	偏高岭土基地质聚合物木材胶黏剂(氢氧化钠\硅酸钠\苯丙乳液\KH-550 偶联剂) Kaolin base polymer wood adhesive (sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate/benzene emulsion/KH-550 coupling agent)
No.4	张希超, 2016	杨木单板 Poplar veneer	变性淀粉改性低毒脲醛树脂 low toxicity urea-formaldehyde resin modified by modified starch
No.5	岳孔等, 2015	速生杨木I-69 Fast-growing poplar	聚乙烯Polyethylene(PE) 聚丙烯Polypropylene(PP) 塑料合金片材Plastic alloy sheet
No.6	聂亚楠等, 2012	杨木径切单板 Poplar diameter-cut veneer	玉米淀粉胶黏剂Corn starch adhesive
No.7	任一萍等, 2012	枹栎 Quercus serrata	苯酚98%、甲醛含量37%、间苯二酚99%、氢氧化钠Phenol 98%, formaldehyde content 37%, resorcinol 99%, sodium hydroxide
No.8	卢克阳等, 2011	落叶松单板 Larch veneer	30-910环保型胶合板用低毒脲醛胶 30-910 Environmentally friendly low toxicity urea-formaldehyde glue for plywood
No.9	金淘, 2010	杨木单板 Poplar veneer	非木材植物碎料/粉末材料 Non-wood plant chips/powdered materials
No.10	胡飚, 2009	竹丝成型材/杨木单板 Reorganized bamboo/ poplar veneer	PUF共缩聚树脂PUF(phenol-modified urea-formaldehyde resin) co-condensation resin
No.11	叶克林, 1989	水曲柳（王思文等, 2019）、椴木（徐华东等, 2014）、柳桉（丘进清, 2007） Ash, basswood, willow	脲醛树脂Urea-formaldehyde resin(UF)

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图像分割 Image segmentation	学习方式 Learning styles	分割依据 Basis for segmentation	分类模型 Partition model	模型特点 Model features	参考文献 Reference
阈值分割 Threshold segmentation		阈值 Threshold	大津算法Otsu	自适应阈值Adaptive thresholds	杨滨等，2023b
			迭代法Iterative method	迭代法阈值Iteration threshold	Abrah?o et al., 2003
			贝叶斯算法Bayesian	直方图双峰法Histogram bimodal method	Abrah?o et al., 2003
边缘检测 Edge detection		边缘 Edge	Roberts	局部差分算子local difference operator (LDO)	胡峻峰，2008
			Prewitt	一阶微分算子（平均波数） First-order differential operator (average wavenumber)
			Sobel	一阶微分算子（加权平均波数）First-order differential operator (weighted average wavenumber)
			Laplacian	像素值差分法Pixel value difference method
			Canny	多级检测算法Multi-level detection algorithms
			LoG	二阶导数算子Second-order derivative operator (math.)
			Laplace	二阶微分线性算子 Second-order differential linear operator
聚类算法 Clustering algorithms	无监督学习 Unsupervised learning	聚类 Clustering	K-means	像素点之间的距离、相似性 Distance between pixel points, similarity	Lin et al., 2015

图像分割 Image segmentation	学习方式 Learning styles	模型 Model	扩大感受野的形式 Expanded forms of receptive field	全卷积语义分割模型 Fully convolutional semantic segmentation model
深度学习 Machine learning	监督学习 Supervised learning	UNet FCN SegNet	最大池化（提取纹理信息） Maximum pooling （extract texture information）	基于全卷积的对称网络语义分割模型 Full convolution-based semantic segmentation model for symmetric networks
		PSPNet	平均池化（保留背景信息） Average pooling (background information preserved)	基于全卷积的残差网络语义分割模型 Full convolution-based semantic segmentation model for residual networks
		DeepLabRefineNet	空洞卷积（捕获多尺度上下文信息） Dilated convolution (capturing background information at multiple scales)	基于全卷积的扩张卷积语义分割模型 Full convolution-based semantic segmentation model for dilation convolution

国家Country	标准Standard	参考标准Reference standards
中国China	LY/T 2720—2016	GB/T 18259—2018; GB/T 50329—2012; GBJ 5—88; GB/T 26899—2011
美国America	ASTM D5266.2003	ASTM D905.2021; ASTM D906.2003; ASTM D2559.2003; ASTM D4688.2003; ASTM D5572.2003; ASTM D5751.2003; ANSIHPVA HP-1-2009.2003; ANSI A190.1-2012.2003
欧洲Europe	BS EN 386.2001	BS EN 301.1992; BS EN 385.2001; BS EN 391.2001; BS EN 392.1995; prEN 14081-1:2000.2003; prEN14081-2:2000.2003; prEN14081-3:2000.2003

参考文献 reference	胶黏剂 Adhesives	被黏接物 Bonded material	染色剂 Staining reagents	染色效果展示 Dyeing effect show
Künniger et al., 2007	PUR热熔胶 Polyurethane reactive	云杉 Picea asperata	碘化钾/硫代硫酸钠 Potassium iodide/ Sodium thiosulfate
Santos et al., 2019	单组份聚氨酯 One-component polyurethane	海松、澳大利亚黑木 Pinus koraiensis, Acacia melanoxylon	间苯三酚无水溶液盐酸溶液 Benzenethiol anhydrous solution hydrochloric acid solution
Künniger et al., 2008	三聚氰胺-尿素甲醛/三聚氰胺-甲醛Melamine-urea formaldehyde/melamine formaldehyde	云杉 Picea asperata	通用染色剂 Universal stain
Künniger et al., 2007	RPF (Resorcinol-phenol- formaldehyde resin)	落叶松 Larix gmelinii	孔雀石绿 Malachite green
Mihulja et al., 2008	聚氨酯 Polyurethane	山毛榉 Fagus longipetiolata	红花红色素 Carthamin
杨思瑞等，2018.	酚醛树脂 Phenol-formaldehyde resin	意大利杨 Populus euramevicana cv. ‘I-214’	甲苯胺蓝 Toluidine blue
关明杰等，2012	酚醛树脂 Phenol-formaldehyde resin	竹片 Bamboo slice	甲苯胺蓝 Toluidine blue
杨滨, 2023	异氰酸酯 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate	落叶松、竹片 Larix gmelinii, bamboo slice	FC法采色素 Pigment

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