森林城镇交界域内建筑受林火威胁风险的模型构建和应用举例

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230531

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 开展森林城镇交界域内建筑受林火威胁风险的模型构建与风险等级划分，为合理规划城镇防火设计和灭火资源配置提供科学依据。方法: 以火行为为基础，分析森林火灾产生的热辐射强度和飞火颗粒数量。通过耦合火焰长度模型、火焰倾角模型、火焰辐射模型和飞火颗粒流量模型，提出以热辐射、飞火颗粒和建筑重要度为指标的交界域火灾威胁建筑的风险等级划分方法，采用赋值法将交界域火灾风险分为3个等级，并给出对应的形容词评级。利用局部参数敏感性分析对火焰辐射模型和飞火颗粒流量模型的输入参数进行重要度排序。将间距作为参照，定量划分热辐射和飞火颗粒的等级。以韩国蔚珍郡林火为例，分析社区内建筑的风险等级。结果: 依据归纳总结的文献资料和试验数据，将建筑暴露在热辐射中的等级分为3级，分别为0~9、9~30、≥30 kW·m⁻²；将建筑暴露在飞火颗粒中的等级分3级，分别为0~2、2~3、≥3个；从生命、经济、社会和环境影响力等因素，将建筑重要度分为4级。构建交界域火灾威胁建筑的风险模型，从危险严重程度将建筑所受风险分为高、中、低3级，并给出各等级对应特点。用新建的风险模型评估韩国蔚珍郡林火对面积400 m²单层乙类厂房的破坏等级，在火线强度5 000 kW·m⁻¹、风速2 m·s⁻¹和间距10 m的情况下，该厂房所受火灾风险为中等。结论: 通过局部参数敏感性分析，火焰辐射模型和飞火颗粒流量模型的参数重要度排序从高到低依次是火焰温度、间距、大气透射率、火焰发射率、火线强度和环境风速。交界域内建筑所受最大热流密度和飞火颗粒数量随火线与建筑间距增大而减小，随风速和火线强度增大而增大。

关键词: 森林城镇交界域, 风险分级, 热辐射, 飞火颗粒, 野火

Abstract:

Objective: This paper was aimed to model and grade the risks of forest fires threatening the buildings in the wildland-urban interface, in order to provide scientific evidences for rational planing of urban fire protection and appropriate allocation of firefighting resources in the WUI. Method: Based on fire behavior analysis, the intensity of thermal radiation and the quantity of flying particles generated by fire. By coupling the flame length model, the flame tilt angle model, the thermal radiation model and the fire particle flux model, a method is proposed to grade the risks of fire threatening the WUI buildings using three indicators: thermal radiation, flying fire particles, and the importance of the buildings. The WUI fire risks are divided into three categories using an assignment method, each with corresponding adjective ratings. The importance of the input parameters in the thermal radiation model and the fire particle flux model are ranked by local sensitivity analysis. The level of thermal radiation and fire exposure is graded in terms of the spacing. Finally, a case study of Uljin County of Korea was conducted, the risk level of buildings is analyzed. Result: By literature review on the available experimental data, the thermal radiation exposure of buildings are categorized into three levels: 0?9, 9?30, ≥30 kW·m⁻². The fire particle exposure of building is also divided into three levels: 0?2, 2?3, ≥3 pieces. The importance of buildings is graded into four levels by its effects on human life, economy, society and environment. A risk model is developed for buildings threatened by forest fire. The risk levels are graded into high, moderate, and low levels based on the severity of the danger, and specific characteristics are provided for each risk level. Using the new model, the damage to a 400 m² single-story Class B factory in Uljin County, by a fireline intensity of 5 000 kW·m⁻¹, under the wind speed of 2 m·s⁻¹ and the spacing of 10 m, is graded as moderate. Conclusion: By local sensitivity analysis, the importance of the parameters of the thermal radiation model and the fire particle flux model is ranked from high to low as the flame temperature, spacing between fireline and building, atmospheric transmissivity, flame emissivity, fireline intensity, and wind speed. The maximum radiant thermal flux and the quantity of fire particles, received by buildings in WUI, decrease with the increase of spacing, but increase with the increase of wind speed and fireline intensity.

Key words: wildland-urban interface (WUI), risk grading, thermal radiation, firebrand, wildland fire

中图分类号:

S762

李梦醒,王紫微,周魁斌. 森林城镇交界域内建筑受林火威胁风险的模型构建和应用举例[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(11): 119-127.

Mengxing Li,Ziwei Wang,Kuibin Zhou. Modeling the Threats of Forest Fires to the Buildings in the Wildland-Urban Interface[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(11): 119-127.

图/表 18

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建筑重要度分级①"

一级Level 1	二级Level 2	三级Level 3	四级Level 4
乙级或丙级体育建筑；农业建筑；物流建筑Sports buildings of class B or C; agricultural buildings; logistics buildings	商业建筑；文化建筑；汽车站；一层民用机场航站楼；甲级体育建筑；Ⅱ类汽车库，Ⅱ类修车库；电动汽车充电站；二类高层住宅建筑；单层、低层住宅建筑；不大于300 m²的单层甲、乙类厂房仓库；丙、丁类厂房仓库Commercial buildings; cultural buildings; bus station; one-story airport terminals; sports buildings of class A; type II garages and repair garages; electric vehicle charging station; class II high-rise residential buildings;single-storey, low-rise residential buildings; single-storey class A and B workshop and warehouse with the area less than 300 m²; class C and D workshop and warehouse	非行政办公单位办公室建筑；铁路车站；特级体育建筑；地铁工程；除省级外广播电影电视建筑；2层及多层式民用机场航站楼；I类汽车库、修车库、高层汽车库；面积大于300 m²的单层甲、乙类厂房仓库、高层多层厂房仓库；一类高层住宅建筑、超高层住宅建筑Building of non-administrative office; railway station; class S sports buildings; subway engineering construction; radio film and television buildings except provincial ones; two-story and multi-story civilian airport terminal; type I garage and repair garage, high-rise car garages; single-story class A and B workshop and warehouse with an area over 300 m², high-rise and multi-storey workshop and warehouse; class I high-rise residential buildings, super high-rise residential buildings	老年人照料设施；医疗建筑；科研建筑；教学建筑；省级广播电影电视建筑；消防站；灾时避难建筑；省级及以上防灾指挥调度建筑；行政办公建筑；省级电力建筑Retirement home; medical buildings; research buildings; teaching buildings; provincial radio, film and television buildings; fire station; shelters; disaster command and dispatch buildings of province and nation; administrative office buildings; provincial-level electric power buildings

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I_B/(kW·m^?1)	U_∞/(m·s^?1)	d/m	T_f/K	τ	ε	σ/(W·m^?2K^?4)
3 000	1	10	1 200	1	1	5.67×10^?8

材料 Materials	$ {\dot q''_{{\text{cr}}}} $/（kW·m^?2）
PMMA板（1.29 cm）PMMA board（1.29 cm）	9
毛毯（丙烯酸）Carpet (propenoic acid)	10
薄钢（部分绝缘处理）Thin steel (partially insulated)	11.7
木材 Wood	12.6
纤维保温板 Fiber insulation board	14
沥青瓦 Asphalt shingle	15
胶合板（1.27 cm）Douglas fire particle board （1.27 cm）	16
弹性泡沫（2.54 cm）Foam flexible（2.54 cm）	16
玻璃钢（2.24 mm）Glass reinforced plastic (2.24 mm)	16
硬制板（光泽涂料）Hardboard (gloss paint)	17
碎料板（1.27 cm）Particle board (1.27 cm)	18
地毯（尼龙、羊毛纺）Carpet (nylon, wool blend)	18
石膏墙板 Gypsum board	18
玻璃纤维板 Fiberglass shingle	21
PIR板（5.08 cm）Polyisocyanurate （5.08 cm）	21
薄钢（绝缘处理）Thin steel (insulation treatment)	25
聚碳酸酯板（1.52 mm）Polycarbonate （1.52 mm）	30

热辐射分级Classification of heat flux	$\dot q''$/(kW·m^?2)	特点Specific characteristics
一级 Level 1	0≤ $\dot q''$<9	热流密度较小，火线与建筑间距较大或火焰较小 Low heat flux, the space between fireline and the building is far or the flame is small
二级 Level 2	9≤ $\dot q''$<30	可能导致建筑燃烧，火线与建筑存在一定间距，火焰与建筑有一定距离 Building may be ignited, there is a certain space between the fireline and the building
三级 Level 3	$\dot q''$ ≥30	热流密度较大，火线与建筑间距较小，甚至有接触到火焰的危险 High heat flux, the space between the fireline and the building is close, even a contact with the flame

单个飞火颗粒质量 Mass of firebrands/g	材料类型 Material type
单个飞火颗粒质量 Mass of firebrands/g	松木板 Wooden slab	热塑板 Thermoplastic slab
0.08	39±2	47±3
0.06	38±1	46±6
0.26	3	3
0.31	3	3
0.50	1	3
1.03	1	3
0.72	1	2
1.46	1	1

飞火颗粒分级 Classification of firebrand	飞火颗粒数量 Number of firebrands	特点 Specific characteristics
一级Level 1	0≤ N <2	飞火颗粒极小概率引燃建筑材料 Firebrands have low probability of igniting material
二级 Level 2	2≤ N <3	飞火颗粒大概率引燃建筑材料 Firebrands have high probability of igniting material
三级 Level 3	N ≥3	飞火颗粒能引燃建筑材料 Firebrands can ignite material