林业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 59-73.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220729
• 前沿与重点: 林业促进共同富裕的理论和实践 • 上一篇 下一篇
廖文梅1,林静1,沈月琴2,孔凡斌2,3,*
收稿日期:
2022-10-27
出版日期:
2023-01-25
发布日期:
2023-02-24
通讯作者:
孔凡斌
基金资助:
Wenmei Liao1,Jing Lin1,Yueqin Shen2,Fanbin Kong2,3,*
Received:
2022-10-27
Online:
2023-01-25
Published:
2023-02-24
Contact:
Fanbin Kong
摘要:
目的: 缩小农户家庭之间的收入差距是实现乡村共同富裕的重要环节。量化分析林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距的影响及其作用机制, 为新时代新征程健全林业社会化服务体系助力实现乡村共同富裕的规划和政策提供决策参考。方法: 基于分工与专业化效应、优化家庭劳动力配置与促进林地流转经营的理论, 构建林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距影响的分析框架, 利用福建、江西、浙江、湖南、四川和广西6个省(区)的2413份农户调查数据, 运用无条件分位数回归模型检验林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距的影响, 并分析不同林业社会化服务采纳程度下的影响差异及其分解效应。结果: 1) 林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入水平具有显著增收效应, 且对低收入农户家庭的增收效应更大, 有利于缩小农户家庭收入差距。2)林业社会化服务对不同收入水平农户家庭收入的边际贡献存在显著差异。其中, 林业社会化服务可使基尼系数显著减小, 总体呈现分位点越低边际贡献越大的变化趋势, 林业社会化服务有助于缩小农村家庭收入差距。3)系数效应主导了农村家庭收入差距的扩大。其中, 户主是否为村干部、林业收入占比、林地细碎化程度、村距县城距离、地形是影响Q10~Q90分位点上系数效应的主要因素。4)林业社会化服务采纳程度均值为0.354, 林业社会化服务对低采纳水平组农户家庭总体具有较好的增收效应, 农户家庭收入差距主要由特征效应主导。结论: 要高度重视和充分发挥林业社会化服务缩小农户家庭收入差距的积极作用, 不断完善面向低收入农户家庭的林业社会化服务供需支持政策, 采取针对性的激励政策, 激发与鼓励农户积极采纳林业社会化服务, 推动形成"以需促供、以供带需"的良性循环格局。
中图分类号:
廖文梅,林静,沈月琴,孔凡斌. 林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(1): 59-73.
Wenmei Liao,Jing Lin,Yueqin Shen,Fanbin Kong. Influence of Socialized Forestry Services on the Income Gap of Rural Households[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(1): 59-73.
表1
变量定义及其描述性统计"
变量类型 Variable type | 变量名称 Variables | 变量解释 Variable description | 均值 Mean | 标准偏差 SD | 最小值 Min | 最大值 Max |
被解释变量 Explained variables | 农户家庭人均年收入 Per capita annual income of rural households | 农户家庭人均年收入(万元) Per capita annual income of rural households (ten thousand yuan) | 2.89 | 4.36 | 0.22 | 5.67 |
林业社会化服务 Forestry socialized services | 林业社会化服务采纳程度 Forestry socialization service adopted level | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.87 | |
林业技术培训服务 Forestry technology training services | 是否接受过林业技术培训服务 Whether received forestry technical training services | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
林业市场信息服务 Forestry market information services | 是否接受过林业市场信息服务 Whether received forestry market information service | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 | |
核心解释变量 Key explanatory variables | 林业投资融资服务 Forestry investment and financing services | 是否接受过林业投资融资服务 Whether received forestry investment and financing services | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 |
林业政策法律咨询服务 Forestry policy legal advisory services | 是否接受过林业政策法律咨询服务 Whether received forestry policy legal advisory services | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0 | 1 | |
病虫害及火灾预防服务 Pest and fire prevention services | 是否接受过病虫害及火灾预防服务 Whether received pest and fire prevention services | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 | |
林业生产外包中介服务 Forestry production outsourcing intermediary services | 是否接受过林业生产外包中介服务 Whether received forestry production outsourcing intermediary services | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0 | 1 | |
户主年龄 Household age | 户主实际年龄(岁) Actual age of head of household (years) | 52.55 | 10.44 | 22 | 88 | |
户主文化水平 Household cultural level | 户主受教育的年限 Years of education of the head of household | 7.07 | 2.82 | 0 | 16 | |
是否村干部 Whether a village cadre | 户主是村干部(否=0;是=1) Whether the head of the household is village cadre (No = 0; Yes =1) | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0 | 1 | |
劳动力数量占比 Proportion of labor force | 家庭劳动力数量/家庭总人口数 Number of labor force/total household population | 0.71 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 | |
控制变量 Control variables | 林业收入占比 Proportion of forestry income | 林业收入/家庭总收入 Forestry income/total household income | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 |
林地经营面积 Area of forestland managed by farmers | 农户实际经营的林地面积 Area of forestland actually managed by farmers/hm2 | 2.95 | 6.59 | 0 | 134.67 | |
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forestland fragmentation | 林地流转前面积/林地流转前块数 Number of forestland before transfer/area before transfer | 1.00 | 2.85 | 0 | 66.67 | |
林地距离公路距离 Distance from forestland to main road | 以实际距离计算 Calculated by actual distance/km | 1.57 | 1.61 | 0 | 20 | |
村距县城距离 Distance from village committee to county | 以实际距离计算 Calculated by actual distance /km | 32.55 | 25.71 | 0 | 137 | |
地形 Terrain | 农户所在地形是否为山地(否=0;是=1) Whether the terrain is mountainous (No = 0; Yes =1) | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0 | 1 | |
地区虚拟变量(以浙江省为参照) Region dummy variable (Zhejiang Province as reference) | 湖南省=1, 其他=0 Hunan Province =1, others = 0 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 | |
江西省=1, 其他=0 Jiangxi Province =1, others = 0 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 | ||
四川省=1, 其他=0 Sichuan Province =1, others = 0 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0 | 1 | ||
福建省=1, 其他=0 Fujian Province =1, others = 0 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0 | 1 | ||
广西省=1, 其他=0 Guangxi Province =1, others = 0 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0 | 1 |
表2
农户林业社会化服务采纳水平测度结果"
维度Demension | 均值Mean | 标准差SD |
林业技术培训服务 Forestry technology training services | 0.309 | 0.150 |
林业市场信息服务 Forestry market information services | 0.351 | 0.139 |
林业投资融资服务 Forestry investment and financing services | 0.407 | 0.170 |
林业政策法律咨询服务 Forestry policy legal advisory services | 0.419 | 0.146 |
病虫害及火灾预防服务 Pest and fire prevention services | 0.440 | 0.164 |
林业生产外包中介服务 Forestry production outsourcing intermediary services | 0.549 | 0.174 |
总体指标The overall index | 0.354 | 0.184 |
表3
林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距的影响分析结果(n=2 413)①"
变量 Varibles | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
林业社会化服务 Forestry socialized services | -0.080*** | 0.782*** | 0.604*** | 0.591*** | 0.638*** | 0.631*** |
(0.020) | (0.226) | (0.141) | (0.122) | (0.139) | (-0.171) | |
户主年龄 Household age | 0.001*** | -0.011** | -0.009*** | -0.006*** | -0.012*** | -0.012*** |
(0.000) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (-0.003) | |
户主文化水平 Household cultural level | -0.003* | 0.008 | 0.024** | 0.028*** | 0.012 | 0.013 |
(0.001) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (-0.014) | |
是否村干部 Whether a village cadre | -0.009 | 0.088 | 0.057 | 0.071 | 0.056 | 0.010 |
(0.008) | (0.086) | (0.056) | (0.050) | (0.060) | (-0.086) | |
劳动力数量占比 Proportion of labor force | -0.031** | 0.260 | 0.267** | 0.471*** | 0.490*** | 0.2440* |
(0.015) | (0.168) | (0.106) | (0.091) | (0.104) | (-0.147) | |
林业收入占比 Proportion of forestry income | -0.016 | 0.244 | 0.142 | 0.318*** | 0.486*** | 0.907*** |
(0.013) | (0.150) | (0.099) | (0.088) | (0.111) | (-0.183) | |
林地经营面积 The area of forestland managed by farmers | -0.002** | 0.014** | 0.011* | 0.009* | 0.004 | 0.008 |
(0.001) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (-0.011) | |
林地细碎化程度 Degree of forestland fragmentation | -0.001 | -0.004 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.027** | 0.007 |
(0.001) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (-0.026) | |
林地距离公路距离 Distance from forestland to main road | -0.003 | 0.009 | 0.032** | 0.042*** | 0.037** | 0.043 |
(0.002) | (0.021) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.017) | (-0.030) | |
村距县城距离 Distance from village committee to county | 0.002* | -0.001 | -0.003*** | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0.001 |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (-0.001) | |
地形 Terrain | 0.008 | -0.198** | 0.012 | 0.012 | -0.034 | -0.094 |
(0.007) | (0.083) | (0.054) | (0.048) | (0.056) | (-0.078) | |
地区虚拟变量 Region dummy variable | 0.004 | 0.024 | -0.076*** | -0.090*** | -0.087*** | -0.057*** |
(0.003) | (0.033) | (0.021) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (-0.022) | |
常数项 Constant | 0.215*** | 8.603*** | 9.315*** | 9.494*** | 10.504*** | 11.093*** |
(0.031) | (0.363) | (0.225) | (0.187) | (0.209) | (-0.279) | |
R2 | 0.029 | 0.016 | 0.048 | 0.071 | 0.065 | 0.036 |
表4
林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距的影响分解回归结果(n=2 413)"
项目 Item | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
总差异 The total difference | -0.103** | -0.804*** | -0.498*** | -0.514*** | -0.626*** | -0.562*** |
(0.041) | (-0.080) | (-0.049) | (-0.047) | (-0.060) | (-0.073) | |
特征效应贡献 Characteristic effect contribution | -2.019* | -0.021 | -0.045** | -0.041** | -0.046** | -0.053** |
(1.074) | -(0.030) | (-0.021) | (-0.020) | (-0.020) | (-0.021) | |
系数效应贡献 | 1.917* | -0.542*** | -0.453*** | -0.473*** | -0.580*** | -0.751*** |
Coefficient effect contribution | (1.076) | (-0.084) | (-0.051) | (-0.049) | (-0.062) | (-0.076) |
特征效应Characteristic effect | ||||||
户主年龄 | 0.002 | -0.031* | -0.031*** | -0.019** | -0.031*** | -0.028*** |
Household age | (0.008) | (-0.016) | (-0.011) | (-0.009) | (-0.010) | (-0.010) |
户主受教育年限 | 0.001 | -0.005 | -0.011 | -0.012* | -0.010 | -0.003 |
Household cultural level | (0.003) | (-0.013) | (-0.009) | (-0.008) | (-0.008) | (-0.009) |
是否村干部 | 0.001 | -0.008 | -0.007 | -0.007* | -0.009* | -0.007 |
Whether a village cadre | (0.004) | (-0.007) | (-0.005) | (-0.004) | (-0.005) | (-0.006) |
劳动力占比 | -0.007 | 0.039** | 0.039*** | 0.049*** | 0.046*** | 0.029*** |
Proportion of labor force | (0.012) | (-0.016) | (-0.011) | (-0.010) | (-0.011) | (-0.011) |
林业收入占比 | 0.005 | -0.003 | 0.000 | -0.007 | -0.011* | -0.022** |
Proportion of forestry income | (0.009) | (-0.007) | (-0.004) | (-0.004) | (-0.006) | (-0.009) |
林地经营面积 | -0.791 | -0.025* | -0.017 | -0.012 | 0.004 | 0.013 |
Area of forestland managed by farmers | (0.750) | (-0.014) | (-0.011) | (-0.009) | (-0.011) | (-0.010) |
林地细碎化程度 | 1.135* | 0.005 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.014* | -0.024** |
Degree of forestland fragmentation | (0.660) | (-0.009) | (-0.005) | (-0.005) | (-0.007) | (-0.012) |
林地距离公路距离 | -0.001 | -0.001 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.004 | -0.002 |
Distance from forestland to main road | (0.003) | (-0.003) | (-0.003) | (-0.004) | (-0.004) | (-0.003) |
村距县城距离 | -0.565* | -0.001 | -0.004 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 0.000 |
Distance from village committee to county | (0.243) | (-0.002) | (-0.004) | (-0.003) | (-0.003) | (-0.001) |
地形 | -0.033 | 0.008 | 0.001 | -0.004 | -0.003 | 0.002 |
Terrain | (0.025) | (-0.006) | (-0.003) | (-0.003) | (-0.003) | (-0.003) |
地区虚拟变量 | -1.767** | 0.001 | -0.009* | -0.015* | -0.012* | -0.010 |
Region dummy variable | (0.848) | (-0.004) | (-0.005) | (-0.008) | (-0.007) | (-0.006) |
系数效应Coefficient effect | ||||||
户主年龄 | 0.130 | 0.254 | -0.328 | -0.077 | -0.061 | 0.086 |
Household age | (0.249) | (-0.451) | (-0.273) | (-0.265) | (-0.319) | (-0.403) |
户主受教育年限 | -0.014 | -0.039 | -0.075 | 0.056 | -0.037 | 0.019 |
Household cultural level | (0.105) | (-0.233) | (-0.144) | (-0.139) | (-0.176) | (-0.223) |
是否村干部 | -0.006 | 0.030 | 0.087*** | 0.045 | 0.08* | 0.045 |
Whether a village cadre | (0.021) | (-0.054) | (-0.034) | (-0.032) | (-0.041) | (-0.053) |
劳动力占比 | -0.210 | 0.229 | 0.027 | -0.106 | -0.264 | -0.089 |
Proportion of labor force | (0.128) | (-0.231) | (-0.138) | (-0.139) | (-0.193) | (-0.244) |
林业收入占比 | 0.006 | 0.029 | -0.061** | -0.034 | -0.047 | -0.012 |
Proportion of forestry income | (0.023) | (-0.052) | (-0.029) | (-0.029) | (-0.039) | (-0.054) |
林地经营面积 | 0.858 | 0.113 | 0.041 | -0.002 | -0.028 | -0.073 |
Area of forestland managed by farmers | (0.806) | (-0.078) | (-0.044) | (-0.040) | (-0.052) | (-0.070) |
林地细碎化程度 | -1.185* | -0.070 | -0.013 | 0.012 | 0.021 | 0.101** |
Degree of forestland fragmentation | (0.687) | (-0.046) | (-0.026) | (-0.024) | (-0.030) | (-0.040) |
林地距离公路距离 | -0.070 | -0.041 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.066 | 0.011 |
Distance from forestland to main road | (0.117) | (-0.063) | (-0.042) | (-0.042) | (-0.058) | (-0.088) |
村距县城距离 | 1.768** | -0.034 | -0.094 | -0.084 | -0.110 | -0.115 |
Distance from village committee to county | (0.746) | (-0.091) | (-0.064) | (-0.059) | (-0.074) | (-0.096) |
地形 | 0.166* | -0.146 | 0.089 | 0.165** | 0.133 | 0.012 |
Terrain | (0.089) | (-0.107) | (-0.067) | (-0.066) | (-0.085) | (-0.106) |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | -2.562* | -0.799 | 0.043 | -0.275 | -0.155 | -0.77 |
Constant | 1.317 | -0.639 | -0.407 | -0.391 | -0.475 | -0.615 |
表5
倾向得分匹配法的稳健性检验结果(n=2 413)"
匹配方法 Matching method | 统计值 Value of statistics | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
最近邻匹配 Nearest neighbor matching | 平均处理效应 Average treatment effect | -0.178*** | 0.254*** | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.032** | 0.101** |
标准误 Standard error | (0.044) | (0.096) | (0.022) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.050) | |
半径匹配 Radius matching | 平均处理效应 Average treatment effect | -0.188*** | 0.195** | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.026* | 0.109** |
标准误 Standard error | (0.040) | (0.078) | (0.020) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.047) | |
核匹配 Nuclear matching | 平均处理效应 Average treatment effect | -0.187*** | 0.203** | 0.001 | 0.020 | 0.027* | 0.108** |
标准误 Standard error | (0.040) | (0.083) | (0.020) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.048) |
表6
平衡性检验结果(n=2 413)"
变量Variables | 样本状态 State of the sample | 平均处理效应 Average processing effect | 标准偏差 Standard deviation | 标准偏差绝对值降低(%) Absolute standard deviation decreases(%) | T值 T value | |
处理组 Treated group | 对照组 Control group | |||||
户主年龄 | 匹配前Before matching | 52.557 | 52.721 | -3.700 | 29.200 | -0.900 |
Household age | 匹配后After matching | 52.562 | 52.834 | -2.600 | -0.570 | |
户主受教育年限 | 匹配前Before matching | 7.188 | 6.987 | 7.100 | 83.500 | 1.730* |
Household cultural level | 匹配后After matching | 7.128 | 7.096 | 1.200 | 0.250 | |
是否村干部 | 匹配前Before matching | 0.288 | 0.240 | 11.000 | 78.700 | 2.700*** |
Whether a village cadre | 匹配后After matching | 0.254 | 0.265 | -2.300 | -0.520 | |
劳动力占比 | 匹配前Before matching | 0.710 | 0.701 | 3.900 | 38.500 | 0.950 |
Proportion of labor force | 匹配后After matching | 0.706 | 0.712 | -2.400 | -0.530 | |
林业收入占比 | 匹配前Before matching | 0.139 | 0.132 | 3.500 | 25.800 | 0.860 |
Proportion of forestry income | 匹配后After matching | 0.140 | 0.133 | -2.600 | 0.560 | |
林地经营面积 | 匹配前Before matching | 3.169 | 2.787 | 5.700 | 55.900 | 1.410 |
Area of forestland managed by farmers | 匹配后After matching | 2.614 | 2.783 | -2.500 | -0.670 | |
林地细碎化程度 | 匹配前Before matching | 1.191 | 0.858 | 11.300 | 79.000 | 2.850*** |
Degree of forestland fragmentation | 匹配后After matching | 0.860 | 0.930 | -2.400 | -0.770 | |
林地距离公路距离 | 匹配前Before matching | 1.539 | 1.586 | -2.900 | 4.400 | -0.720 |
Distance from forestland to main road | 匹配后After matching | 1.571 | 1.525 | 2.800 | 0.630 | |
村距县城距离 | 匹配前Before matching | 31.864 | 33.073 | -4.700 | 98.000 | -1.140 |
Distance from village to county | 匹配后After matching | 32.456 | 32.480 | -0.100 | -0.020 | |
地形 | 匹配前Before matching | 0.536 | 0.642 | -21.700 | 86.400 | -5.30*** |
Terrain | 匹配后After matching | 0.570 | 0.555 | 3.000 | 0.640 |
表7
替换核心解释变量的稳健性检验结果(n=2 413)"
变量 Variables | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
林业社会化服务种类数 | -0.082*** | 0.204*** | 0.065 | 0.139*** | 0.131** | 0.190** |
Number of types of forestry socialized services | (-0.030) | (0.061) | (-0.063) | (-0.053) | (-0.059) | (-0.078) |
户主年龄 | 0.001*** | -0.010*** | -0.009*** | -0.007*** | -0.013*** | -0.012*** |
Household age | (0.000) | (0.002) | (-0.003) | (-0.002) | (-0.002) | (-0.003) |
户主受教育年限 | -0.002* | 0.018** | 0.022** | 0.026*** | 0.010 | 0.011 |
Household cultural level | (-0.001) | (-0.007) | (-0.010) | (-0.008) | -0.010) | (-0.014) |
是否村干部 | -0.011 | 0.048 | 0.078 | 0.088* | 0.076 | 0.026 |
Whether a village cadre | (-0.008) | (-0.045) | (-0.056) | (-0.051) | (-0.060) | (-0.086) |
劳动力占比 | -0.027* | 0.336*** | 0.240** | 0.445*** | 0.461*** | 0.217 |
Proportion of labor force | (-0.015) | (-0.081) | (-0.106) | (-0.091) | (-0.104) | (-0.147) |
林业收入占比 | -0.015 | 0.363*** | 0.139 | 0.319*** | 0.486*** | 0.910*** |
Proportion of forestry income | (-0.013) | (-0.078) | (-0.100) | (-0.089) | (-0.111) | (-0.183) |
林地经营面积 | -0.002*** | 0.007 | 0.013** | 0.012** | 0.007 | 0.011 |
Area of forestland managed by farmers | (-0.001) | (-0.004) | (-0.006) | (-0.005) | (-0.007) | (-0.011) |
林地细碎化程度 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.026** | 0.006 |
Degree of forestland fragmentation | (-0.001) | (-0.010) | (-0.012) | (-0.010) | (-0.012) | (-0.026) |
林地距离公路距离 | -0.003 | 0.036*** | 0.030** | 0.040*** | 0.035** | 0.041 |
Distance from forestland to main road | (-0.002) | (-0.012) | (-0.013) | (-0.013) | (-0.017) | (-0.030) |
村距县城距离 | 0.002** | -0.001* | -0.003*** | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0.001 |
Distance from village committee to county | (0.001) | (-0.001) | (-0.001) | (-0.001) | (-0.001) | (-0.001) |
地形 | 0.006 | -0.196** | 0.014 | 0.013 | -0.033 | -0.095 |
Terrain | (-0.007) | (-0.083) | (-0.055) | (-0.048) | (-0.056) | (-0.078) |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | 0.248*** | 9.783*** | 9.573*** | 9.674*** | 10.716*** | 11.244*** |
Constant | -0.041 | -0.165 | -0.218 | -0.183 | -0.205 | -0.279 |
R2 | 0.028 | 0.079 | 0.041 | 0.064 | 0.058 | 0.034 |
表8
工具变量的回归结果(n=2 413)①"
变量 Variables | 模型1:2SLS法第一阶段 Model 1:2SLS model step 1 | 模型2:2SLS法第二阶段 Model 1:2SLS model step 2 |
林业社会化服务 | 0.837*** | |
Forestry socialized services | (0.115) | |
林业社会化服务种类数 | 0.158*** | |
Number of types of forestry socialized services | (0.001) | |
户主年龄 | -0.001 | -0.010*** |
Household age | (0.000) | (0.002) |
户主受教育年限 | 0.001 | 0.018** |
Household cultural level | (0.001) | (0.007) |
是否村干部 | 0.013*** | 0.042*** |
Whether a village cadre | (0.003) | (0.045) |
劳动力占比 | -0.019*** | 0.343*** |
Proportion of labor force | (0.005) | (0.081) |
林业收入占比 | -0.008 | 0.365*** |
Proportion of forestry income | (0.005) | (0.078) |
林地经营面积 | 0.001 | 0.007 |
Area of forestland managed by farmers | (0.001) | (0.004) |
林地细碎化程度 | 0.001 | 0.016 |
Degree of forestland fragmentation | (0.001) | (0.010) |
林地距离公路距离 | -0.001 | 0.037* |
Distance from forestland to main road | (0.001) | (0.012) |
村距县城距离 | -0.001*** | -0.001 |
Distance from village committee to county | (0.001) | (0.001) |
地形 | 0.018*** | -0.031*** |
Terrain | (0.003) | (0.042) |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | 0.042*** | 9.712*** |
Constant | 0.011 | 0.166 |
F | 1 521.33 | |
R2 | 0.884 | 0.079 |
表9
林业社会化服务种类数对农户家庭收入差距的影响分析结果(n=2 413)"
变量 Variables | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
林业社会化服务种类数 Number of types of forestry socialized services | -0.015*** | 0.152*** | 0.119*** | 0.101*** | 0.117*** | 0.136*** |
(0.003) | (-0.038) | (-0.024) | (-0.021) | (-0.023) | (-0.030) | |
控制变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Control variables | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | 0.221*** | 8.550*** | 9.268*** | 9.498*** | 10.482*** | 11.009*** |
Constant | (0.031) | (-0.361) | (-0.224) | (-0.186) | (-0.208) | (-0.280) |
R2 | 0.031 | 0.018 | 0.051 | 0.071 | 0.066 | 0.039 |
表10
林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距影响的分组回归结果"
低水平组项目 Item of the low level group | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
林业社会化服务 | -0.137** | 2.237*** | 0.909** | 0.386 | 0.839** | 2.074*** |
Forestry socialized services | (-0.054) | (-0.587) | (-0.376) | (-0.297) | (-0.336) | (-0.481) |
控制变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Control variables | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | 0.212*** | 8.201*** | 9.274*** | 9.565*** | 9.857*** | 10.189*** |
Constant | (-0.046) | (-0.513) | (-0.321) | (-0.249) | (-0.280) | (-0.420) |
R2 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 0.042 | 0.053 | 0.051 | 0.045 |
高水平组项目 Item of the high level group | 模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 |
林业社会化服务 | -0.030 | 1.796*** | 0.159 | 0.212 | 1.015*** | 0.258 |
Forestry socialized services | (-0.042) | (-0.535) | (-0.302) | (-0.295) | (-0.310) | (-0.415) |
控制变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Control variables | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | 0.183*** | 9.075*** | 9.854*** | 10.214*** | 11.776*** | 12.756*** |
Constant | (-0.047) | (-0.603) | (-0.339) | (-0.314) | (-0.324) | (-0.424) |
R2 | 0.031 | 0.015 | 0.051 | 0.058 | 0.086 | 0.073 |
表11
林业社会化服务对农户家庭收入差距影响分解的分组回归结果"
项目 Item | 低水平组 Low level group(n=1 268) | |||||
模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 | |
总差异 | -0.089*** | -0.376*** | -0.217*** | -0.054 | -0.036 | -0.219 |
Total difference | (-0.033) | (-0.087) | (-0.069) | (-0.060) | (-0.069) | (-0.137) |
系数效应贡献 | 0.002 | -0.003 | -0.024 | -0.017 | -0.035 | -0.035 |
Coefficient effect contribution | (-0.010) | (-0.032) | (-0.027) | (-0.023) | (-0.027) | (-0.030) |
特征效应贡献 | -0.091*** | -0.373*** | -0.193*** | -0.038 | -0.001 | -0.184 |
Characteristic effect contribution | (-0.034) | (-0.091) | (-0.071) | (-0.062) | (-0.071) | (-0.140) |
控制变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Control variables | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | -0.139 | -1.746* | 0.765 | 0.848 | 1.006 | 0.660 |
Constant | (-0.281) | (-0.826) | (-0.625) | (-0.502) | (-0.560) | (-1.034) |
项目 Item | 高水平组 High level group(n=1 145) | |||||
模型1:Qgini Model 1: Qgini | 模型2:Q10 Model 2: Q10 | 模型3:Q25 Model 3: Q25 | 模型4:Q50 Model 4: Q50 | 模型5:Q75 Model 5: Q75 | 模型6:Q90 Model 6: Q90 | |
总差异 | -0.079*** | -0.162 | -0.274*** | -0.194*** | -0.145* | -0.106 |
Total difference | (-0.028) | (-0.118) | (-0.072) | (-0.073) | (-0.076) | (-0.099) |
系数效应贡献 | -0.004 | -0.046 | -0.108*** | -0.112*** | -0.099*** | -0.047 |
Coefficient effect contribution | (-0.010) | (-0.039) | (-0.032) | (-0.033) | (-0.034) | (-0.037) |
特征效应贡献 | -0.075*** | -0.116 | -0.166** | -0.082 | -0.045 | -0.059 |
Characteristic effect contribution | (-0.028) | (-0.119) | (-0.071) | (-0.074) | (-0.082) | (-0.106) |
控制变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Control variables | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
地区虚拟变量 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 | 已控制 |
Region dummy variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
常数项 | -0.187 | 1.464 | 1.002 | 0.278 | 0.244 | -0.299 |
Constant | (-0.191) | (-0.926) | (-0.560) | (-0.551) | (-0.557) | (-0.754) |
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