森林资源培育工程对革命老区县域城乡收入差距的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220730

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 在推进共同富裕的中国式现代化宏伟目标背景下, 探究森林资源培育工程的实施对革命老区县域城乡收入差距的影响及其作用机制, 为新时代新征程中推动革命老区及其他欠发达地区的共同富裕和中国式现代化道路提供支持参考。方法: 基于2008—2019年中国28省650个革命老区的县级面板数据, 运用空间杜宾模型分析革命老区县森林资源培育对城乡收入差距的影响效应, 并从收入效应和就业效应两个角度分析其影响机制。结果: 1) 森林资源培育工程对革命老区本地区、相邻地区及整体地区的城乡收入差距均为扩大作用。具体而言, 表征森林资源培育工程的造林面积每上升1%, 会导致革命老区本地区、相邻地区及整体地区的城乡收入差距分别扩大0.035、0.200和0.236。2)森林资源培育工程主要是通过降低革命老区农村居民收入和提高城镇居民收入, 从而扩大了整体城乡收入差距。3)机制分析结果表明, 由于革命老区生态保护、人力资本、地理区位等方面的限制, 森林资源培育工程的收入效应和就业效应释放不明显, 使革命老区陷入"森林资源丰富而经济增长缓慢"的"森林资源诅咒"困境, 从而增大其城乡收入差距。具体而言, 森林资源培育工程对革命老区旅游收入没有影响, 收入效应不显著; 同时, 森林资源培育工程的实施只能带动革命老区农民就业于劳动边际报酬较低的第一产业, 而未能提高边际报酬较高的第二和第三产业就业, 甚至挤出了第二和第三产业, 就业效应不明显。结论: 应从森林保护和区域产业发展相结合、推动地区间联合进行森林资源培育、加强林业和其他产业的协调发展等方面发力, 将革命老区森林资源的"绿水青山"优势有效地转变为"金山银山"的经济优势, 利用丰富的森林资源降低革命老区城乡收入差距。

关键词: 森林资源培育, 共同富裕, 城乡收入差距, 革命老区

Abstract:

Objective: In the context of promoting common prosperity to achieve the ambitious goal of Chinese-style modernization, we investigate the effect of the implementation of forest resource development project on county's urban-rural income gap in the less-developed regions and the underlying mechanism, thus to provide a basis to support common prosperity and Chinese-style modernization in the less developed regions in the new era. Method: Based on county-level panel data of 650 less-developed regions in 28 provinces in China from 2008 to 2019, we analyze the effect of forest resource development on their urban-rural income gap using the spatial Durbin model, and analyze its impact mechanism from income effect and employment effect. Result: 1) The forest resource development project enlarged the effect on the urban-rural income gap in the less-developed regions, adjacent regions and all regions as a whole, specifically, a 1% increase in afforestation area leading to an expansion of the gap by 0.035, 0.200, and 0.236 in the three types of regions, respectively.2) Forest resource development project widens the overall urban-rural income gap mainly by reducing the income of rural residents and increasing the income of urban residents in the less-developed regions.3) Mechanism analysis shows that due to the constraints of ecological protection, human capital, and geographical location in the less-developed regions, the effects of forest resource development project on income and employment are not significant, which makes the less-developed regions fall into the "forest resource curse" phenomenon characterized by "abundant forest resources but slow economic growth", thus increasing their urban-rural income gap.Specifically, the forest resource development project has no significant effect on tourism income in the less-developed regions; meanwhile, the implementation of the forest resource development project can only promote the employment of farmers in the primary industry, which has a lower marginal labor remuneration, but fails to improve or even squeeze out the labor forces from the secondary and tertiary industries, which have higher marginal labor remunerations, thus the employment effect is not obvious. Conclusion: We should combine forest protection and regional industrial development, promote the joint development of forest resources among regions, and strengthen the coordinated development of forestry and other industries, to effectively transform the "clear waters and green mountains" resource advantage of forest resources in the less-developed regions into the economic advantage of "invaluable assets", aiming to utilize the abundant forest resources in the less-developed regions to reduce the urban-rural income gap.

Key words: forest resource development, common prosperity, urban-rural income gap, old revolutionary regions

中图分类号:

S7-9
F307.2

潘丹,罗璐薏,余异,孔凡斌. 森林资源培育工程对革命老区县域城乡收入差距的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(1): 74-89.

Dan Pan,Luyi Luo,Yi Yu,Fanbin Kong. Influence of Forest Resource Development Project on the Urban-Rural Income Gap in Old Revolutionary Regions[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(1): 74-89.

图/表 12

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

图5

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

参考文献 0

	常钦. 2022. 与林为伴守护青山. 人民日报, 2022-08-24.
	Chang Q. 2022. Guard Qingshan with forest. People's Daily, 2022-08-24. [in Chinese]
	车宇星, 李红勋. 产业结构视角下福建省三明市县域林业经济差异研究. 地域研究与开发, 2020, 39 (2): 40- 45. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2020.02.008
	Che Y X , Li H X . Study on economic differences of county forestry in Sanming City, Fujian Province based on the perspective of industrial structure. Areal Research and Development, 2020, 39 (2): 40- 45. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2020.02.008
	陈铭昊, 刘强, 吴伟光, 等. 新型林业经营主体对小农增收的影响路径与效果研究——基于浙江、福建、江西3个省的调查. 林业经济, 2021, 43 (9): 42- 54. doi: 10.13843/j.cnki.lyjj.20211118.001
	Chen M H , Liu Q , Wu W G , et al. Research on the path and effect of promoting income increase of small peasants by new forestry management organizations. Forestry Economics, 2021, 43 (9): 42- 54. doi: 10.13843/j.cnki.lyjj.20211118.001
	陈享光, 汤龙, 唐跃桓. 农村电商政策有助于缩小城乡收入差距吗——基于要素流动和支出结构的视角. 农业技术经济, 2021, 1- 15. doi: 10.13246/j.cnki.jae.20211126.001
	Chen X G , Tang L , Tang Y H . Does the rural e-commerce policy help to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas? From the perspective of factor flow and expenditure structure. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2021, 1- 15. doi: 10.13246/j.cnki.jae.20211126.001
	陈永森, 林雪. 新中国植树造林的艰难探索和精神动力. 福建师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2022, (3): 66- 79.
	Chen Y S , Lin X . The difficult exploration and spiritual power of afforestation in New China. Journal of Fujian Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2022, (3): 66- 79.
	陈元媛, 温作民, 谢煜. 森林碳汇的公允价值计量研究——基于森林资源培育企业的角度. 生态经济, 2018, 34 (4): 45- 49.
	Chen Y Y , Wen Z M , Xie Y . Fair value measurement on forest carbon sink: from the view of forest resources. cultivation enterprises. Ecological Economy, 2018, 34 (4): 45- 49.
	程名望, 张家平. 互联网普及与城乡收入差距: 理论与实证. 中国农村经济, 2019, (2): 19- 41.
	Cheng M W , Zhang J P . Internet popularization and urban-rural income gap: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019, (2): 19- 41.
	董玮, 田淑英, 刘浩. 林业生态经济发展多维度公共政策选择与测度. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017, 27 (11): 149- 158.
	Dong W , Tian S Y , Liu H . Choices of public policies for forestry ecological economy development and the multi-dimensional measurements. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017, 27 (11): 149- 158.
	董秀良, 刘佳宁, 王轶群. 中国农村金融集聚对农民消费影响的空间效应研究. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2022, 39 (2): 64- 83.
	Dong X L , Liu J N , Wang Y Q . The spatial effect of rural financial agglomeration on rural residents' consumption in China. The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2022, 39 (2): 64- 83.
	杜之利, 苏彤, 葛佳敏, 等. 碳中和背景下的森林碳汇及其空间溢出效应. 经济研究, 2021, 56 (12): 187- 202. doi: 10.12229/j.issn.1672-5719.2021.12.125
	Du Z L , Su T , Ge J M , et al. Towards the carbon neutrality: the role of carbon sink and its spatial spillover effects. Economic Research Journal, 2021, 56 (12): 187- 202. doi: 10.12229/j.issn.1672-5719.2021.12.125
	段伟, 马奔, 孙博, 等. 林业生态工程对山区减贫影响实证分析: 一个结构方程模型(Sem). 干旱区资源与环境, 2017, 31 (12): 8- 12.
	Duan W , Ma B , Sun B , et al. Effect of forestry ecological projects on poverty alleviation in Wuling mountainous areas: a structural equation model analysis. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2017, 31 (12): 8- 12.
	冯梦黎, 王军. 城镇化对城乡收入差距的影响. 城市问题, 2018, (1): 26- 33.
	Feng M L , Wang J . Influences of urbanization on the urban and rural income gap. Urban Problems, 2018, (1): 26- 33.
	付晓涵, 文彩云, 吴柏海, 等. 林改背景下辽宁省农户林业收入增长的影响因素分析. 林业经济, 2018, 40 (8): 36- 41.
	Fu X H , Wen C Y , Wu B H , et al. Analysis on factors affecting farm householders' forestry income increasing in Liaoning Province under the background of forest tenure system reform. Forestry Economics, 2018, 40 (8): 36- 41.
	龚斌磊, 张启正, 袁菱苒, 等. 革命老区振兴发展的政策创新与效果评估. 管理世界, 2022, 38 (8): 26- 43.
	Gong B L , Zhang Q Z , Yuan L R , et al. The policy innovation and effect evaluation of the revitalization and development in old revolutionary base areas. Journal of Management World, 2022, 38 (8): 26- 43.
	国家统计局. 中国统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021.
	National Bureau of Statistics . China statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Publishing House, 2021.
	国家统计局农村社会经济调查司. 中国农村统计年鉴. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2021.
	Department of Rural Socio-Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics . China rural statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Publishing House, 2021.
	郭艳芹, 孔祥智. 集体林产权制度改革与林业加工业的发展. 企业经济, 2008, (5): 125- 127.
	Guo Y Q , Kong X Z . Reform of collective forest property right system and development of forestry processing industry. Enterprise Economy, 2008, (5): 125- 127.
	侯孟阳, 邓元杰, 姚顺波, 等. 考虑空间溢出效应的森林质量与经济增长关系EKC检验. 林业科学, 2020, 56 (12): 145- 156.
	Hou M Y , Deng Y J , Yao S B , et al. EKC test of the relationship between forest quality and economic growth considering spatial spillover effects. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56 (12): 145- 156.
	侯一蕾, 温亚利, 金旻. 林业生态建设对山区减贫的影响研究——以湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州为例. 湖南大学学报(社会科学版), 2014, 28 (4): 43- 50.
	Hou Y L , Wen Y L , Jin M . Research on the impact of forestry ecological construction on mountain's poverty reduction: a case study in Xiangxi autonomous prefecture of Hunan Province. Journal of Hunan University (Social Sciences), 2014, 28 (4): 43- 50.
	江艇. 因果推断经验研究中的中介效应与调节效应. 中国工业经济, 2022, (5): 100- 120.
	Jiang T . Mediating effects and moderating effects in causal inference. China Industrial Economics, 2022, (5): 100- 120.
	李成茂. 2010. 森林资源培育与林业产业结构及区域布局的关系研究. 北京: 北京林业大学.
	Li C M. 2010. The study on relationships between forest resources cultivation and forestry industrial structure and regional distribution of forestry industry. Beijign: Beijing Forestry University. [in Chinese]
	李凯, 陈珂, 陈同峰. 城市森林对经济发展影响的实证检验——基于281个城市的面板数据. 统计与决策, 2020, 36 (1): 91- 95.
	Li K , Chen K , Chen T F . Empirical test of impact of urban forests on economic development: analysis on panel data of 281 cities. Statistics & Decision, 2020, 36 (1): 91- 95.
	李兰冰, 姚彦青, 张志强. 农村劳动力跨部门流动能否缩小中国地区收入差距?. 南开经济研究, 2020, (4): 127- 143.
	Li L B , Yao Y Q , Zhang Z Q . Can cross-sector flow of rural labor reduce regional income gap in China?. Nankai Economic Studies, 2020, (4): 127- 143.
	李实, 陈基平, 滕阳川. 共同富裕路上的乡村振兴: 问题、挑战与建议. 兰州大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 49 (3): 37- 46.
	Li S , Chen J P , Teng Y C . Rural revitalization on the path of common prosperity: problems, challenges and suggestions. Journal of Lanzhou University (Social Sciences), 2021, 49 (3): 37- 46.
	李晓龙, 冉光和. 农村产业融合发展如何影响城乡收入差距——基于农村经济增长与城镇化的双重视角. 农业技术经济, 2019, (8): 17- 28.
	Li X L , Ran G H . How does the rural industrial convergence development affect the urban-rural income gap? Based on the dual perspective of rural economic growth and urbanization. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019, (8): 17- 28.
	刘炳亮, 苏金豹, 马建章. 旅游开发对景观边缘植物溢出效应的影响. 生态学报, 2018, 38 (10): 3653- 3660.
	Liu B L , Su J B , Ma J Z . Effects of tourism development on plant spillover effects at the edge of a landscape. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38 (10): 3653- 3660.
	刘浩. 林业重点工程对农民持久收入的影响研究. 林业经济, 2013, 37 (12): 75- 82.
	Liu H . The impact of priority forest programs on households' permanent income. Forestry Economics, 2013, 37 (12): 75- 82.
	刘珉, 胡鞍钢. 中国创造森林绿色奇迹(1949-2060年). 新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2022, 43 (3): 69- 80.
	Liu M , Hu A G . Forest green miracle in China (1949-2060). Journal of Xinjiang Normal University (Edition of Philosophy and Social Sciences), 2022, 43 (3): 69- 80.
	刘宗飞, 姚顺波, 刘越. 基于空间面板模型的森林"资源诅咒"研究. 资源科学, 2015, 37 (2): 379- 390.
	Liu Z F , Yao S B , Liu Y . Forest 'resource curse' based on spatial panel modeling. Resources Science, 2015, 37 (2): 379- 390.
	刘宗飞, 赵伟峰. 森林资源异质性对收入不平等的影响——基于1986—2012年省际面板数据. 农林经济管理学报, 2018, 17 (4): 445- 454.
	Liu Z F , Zhao W F . Influence of forest resource heterogeneity on income inequality: based on provincial panel data from 1986 to 2012. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 2018, 17 (4): 445- 454.
	吕洁华, 史永姣, 王惠, 等. 效率分解、中介传递与中国林业经济增长的空间溢出. 世界林业研究, 2022, 35 (2): 70- 75.
	Lü J H , Shi Y J , Wang H , et al. Efficiency decomposition, mediation transmission and spatial spillover of forestry economic growth in China. World Forestry Research, 2022, 35 (2): 70- 75.
	潘丹, 陆雨, 孔凡斌. 退耕程度高低和时间早晚对农户收入的影响——基于多项内生转换模型的实证分析. 农业技术经济, 2022, (6): 19- 32.
	Pan D , Lu Y , Kong F B . The impact of participation degree and time of returning farmland to forest on farmer's household income: empirical analysis based on a multiple endogenous regression model. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2022, (6): 19- 32.
	彭红军, 徐笑, 俞小平. 林业碳汇产品价值实现路径综述. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 46 (6): 177- 186.
	Peng H J , Xu X , Yu X P . A review of the value realization path of forestry carbon sink products. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2022, 46 (6): 177- 186.
	舒斌, 沈月琴, 贺永波, 等. 林业补贴对浙江省农户林业投入影响的实证分析. 浙江农林大学学报, 2017, 34 (3): 534- 542.
	Shu B , Shen Y Q , He Y B , et al. An empirical analysis of forestry subsidies' impact on farmer households' forestry investment in Zhejiang Province. Journal of Zhejiang A & F University, 2017, 34 (3): 534- 542.
	宋建, 王静. 人口迁移、户籍城市化与城乡收入差距的动态收敛性分析——来自262个地级市的证据. 人口学刊, 2018, 40 (5): 86- 99.
	Song J , Wang J . Population migration, urbanization and dynamic convergence analysis of urban rural income gap: evidence from 262 cities. Population Journal, 2018, 40 (5): 86- 99.
	田国双, 邹玉友, 任月, 等. 林业补贴政策实施结构特征与微观效果评价——基于黑龙江省的跟踪调查. 资源开发与市场, 2017, 33 (9): 1090- 1094.
	Tian G S , Zou Y Y , Ren Y , et al. Forestry subsidy policy implement structural characteristics and effect evaluation: based on follow-up survey of Heilongjiang Province. Resource Development & Market, 2017, 33 (9): 1090- 1094.
	王雨露, 谢煜. 中国省际森林资源诅咒效应的时空分异及传导机制分析. 南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2020, 20 (3): 103- 113.
	Wang Y L , Xie Y . Spatiotemporal differentiation and transmission mechanism of interprovincial forest resource curse in China. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2020, 20 (3): 103- 113.
	魏浩, 赵春明. 对外贸易对我国城乡收入差距影响的实证分析. 财贸经济, 2012, (1): 78- 86.
	Wei H , Zhao C M . Effects of international trade on urban-rural income gap in China. Finance & Trade Economics, 2012, (1): 78- 86.
	魏秀华, 杨建州. 森林资源开发减贫效应研究. 统计与决策, 2020, 36 (2): 76- 80.
	Wei X H , Yang J Z . Study on poverty reduction effect of forest resources development. Statistics & Decision, 2020, 36 (2): 76- 80.
	温映雪, 刘伟平. 资产专用性与交易频率对农户林业生产环节外包决策的影响. 东南学术, 2021, (6): 196- 205.
	Wen Y X , Liu W P . The influence of asset specificity and transaction frequency on farmers' outsourcing decision in forestry production. Southeast Academic Research, 2021, (6): 196- 205.
	邬紫荆, 曾辉. 基于Meta分析的中国森林生态系统服务价值评估. 生态学报, 2021, 41 (14): 5533- 5545.
	Wu Z J , Zeng H . Evaluation of forest ecosystem services value in China based on meta-analysis. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021, 41 (14): 5533- 5545.
	习近平. 三江新语. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社, 2021.
	Xi J P . Anew version for development. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Peoples Publishing House, 2021.
	习近平. 用好红色资源, 传承好红色基因把红色江山世世代代传下去. 求知, 2021, (6): 4- 10.
	Xi J P . Make good use of red resources, inherit the red gene to pass down the red mountains from generation to generation. Seeking Knowledge, 2021, (6): 4- 10.
	徐晋涛, 易媛媛. "双碳"目标与基于自然的解决方案: 森林碳汇的潜力和政策需求. 农业经济问题, 2022, (9): 11- 23.
	Xu J T , Yi Y Y . Nature-based solutions in meeting China's dual-carbon goal: the potential of forest and policy needs. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2022, (9): 11- 23.
	杨龙, 汪三贵. 贫困地区农户脆弱性及其影响因素分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2015, 25 (10): 150- 156.
	Yang L , Wang S G . Households' vulnerability and determinants analysis in poor areas. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2015, 25 (10): 150- 156.
	杨冕, 谢泽宇, 杨福霞. 省界毗邻地区绿色发展路径探索: 来自革命老区振兴的启示. 世界经济, 2022, 45 (8): 157- 179.
	Yang M , Xie Z Y , Yang F X . Green development path for adjacent regions of provincial boundaries: insights from the revitalisation of old revolutionary base areas. The Journal of World Economy, 2022, 45 (8): 157- 179.
	余泳泽, 潘妍. 高铁开通缩小了城乡收入差距吗?——基于异质性劳动力转移视角的解释. 中国农村经济, 2019, (1): 79- 95.
	Yu Y Z , Pan Y . Does high-speed rail reduce the rural-urban income disparity? An interpretation based on the perspective of heterogeneous labor mobility. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019, (1): 79- 95.
	余智涵, 宁卓, 杨红强. 随机价格下杉木人工林的碳汇收益及最优轮伐期确定. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37 (3): 753- 768.
	Yu Z H , Ning Z , Yang H Q . Carbon sequestration benefit and optimal rotation period determination of lanceolata plantation under stochastic price. Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37 (3): 753- 768.
	张明林, 李华旭. 国家优先支持政策促进绿色全要素生产率的效应评估——来自革命老区的经验证据. 财经研究, 2021, 47 (10): 65- 79.
	Zhang M L , Li H X . Effect evaluation of state priority support policies on promoting green TFP: empirical evidence from old revolutionary areas. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2021, 47 (10): 65- 79.
	张启正, 袁菱苒, 胡沛楠, 等. 革命老区振兴规划对农业增长的影响及其作用机理. 中国农村经济, 2022, (7): 38- 58.
	Zhang Q Z , Yuan L R , Hu P N , et al. The impact of national revitalization plan for old revolutionary base areas on regional agricultural development. Chinese Rural Economy, 2022, (7): 38- 58.
	张义博, 刘文忻. 人口流动、财政支出结构与城乡收入差距. 中国农村经济, 2012, (1): 16- 30.
	Zhang Y B , Liu W X . Population mobility, fiscal expenditure structure and urban-rural income gap. Chinese Rural Economy, 2012, (1): 16- 30.
	郑满生, 张静. 我国森林旅游生态环境发展水平综合评价与分析. 林业经济, 2020, 42 (5): 30- 39.
	Zheng M S , Zhang J . Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the development level of China's forest tourism eco-environment. Forestry Economics, 2020, 42 (5): 30- 39.
	国家林业和草原局. 中国林业和草原统计年鉴. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 2019.
	National Forestry and Grassland Administration . China forestry and grassland statistical yearbook. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 2019.
	周立. 中国农村金融体系的政治经济逻辑(1949~2019年). 中国农村经济, 2020, (4): 78- 100.
	Zhou L . The political economy of China's rural finance (1949-2019). Chinese Rural Economy, 2020, (4): 78- 100.
	朱金兆, 周心澄, 胡建忠. 对"三北"防护林体系工程的思考与展望. 水土保持研究, 2004, (1): 189- 192.
	Zhu J Z , Zhou X C , Hu J Z . Thoughts and views of the "Three North" shelterbelt program. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, (1): 189- 192.
	Hao Y , Chen H , Zhang Q . Will income inequality affect environmental quality? Analysis based on China's provincial panel data. Ecological Indicators, 2016, 67, 533- 542.
	Huang J , Yang G . Understanding recent challenges and New Food Policy in China. Global Food Security, 2017, 12, 119- 126.
	Lesage J , Pace R K . Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2009.
	Li Q , Wu X , Zhang Y , et al. The effect of agricultural environmental total factor productivity on urban-rural income gap: integrated view from China. Sustainability, 2020, 12 (8): 3327.
	Qi J , Zheng X , Guo H . The formation of Taobao villages in China. China Economic Review, 2019, 53, 106- 127.
	Qing Y , Chen M , Sheng Y , et al. Mechanization services, farm productivity and institutional innovation in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2019, 11 (3): 536- 554.
	Xue Y , Pan X . The impact of agricultural mechanization on urban-rural income gap in China: an empirical analysis based on comprehensive FGLS estimation. Scientific and Social Research, 2021, 3 (5): 7- 11.
	Zhang M , Zhang G , Liu H . Analysis of the impact of tourism development on the urban-rural income gap: evidence from 248 prefecture-level cities in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2021, 26 (6): 614- 625.
	Zhou Q , Li Z . The impact of industrial structure upgrades on the urban-rural income gap: an empirical study based on China's provincial panel data. Growth and Change, 2021, 52 (3): 1761- 1782.

变量名称	变量解释	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
Variables	Variable description	Mean	SD	Min	Max
被解释变量 Explained variables
城乡收入差距 Urban-rural income gap	城镇居民人均可支配收入/农村居民人均可支配收入 Urban per capita disposable income/rural per capita disposable income	2.662	1.095	0.400	9.930
核心解释变量Key explanatory variables
森林资源培育工程 Forest Resources Cultivation Project	造林面积的对数值 Logarithm of afforestation area	7.448	1.113	0.000	12.265
控制变量Control variables
农业机械化水平 Agricultural mechanization level	农业机械总动力的对数值 Logarithm of the total power of agricultural mechanization	3.109	0.857	0.000	5.869
农业发展水平 Agricultural development level	第一产业增加值与GDP的比值 The value added of the primary sector as a share of GDP	0.231	0.096	0.000	0.613
工业发展水平 Industry level	第二产业增加值与GDP的比值 The value added of the secondary sector as a share of GDP	0.410	0.141	0.038	0.904
县城规模 County size	人口数量的对数值 Logarithm of the total population in a county	3.612	0.784	0.916	5.434

被解释变量 Explained variables	统计量 Statiscal quantity	LM检验 LM test		LR检验 LR test		Wald检验 Wald test
被解释变量 Explained variables	统计量 Statiscal quantity	LM value	P-value	LR value	P-value	Wald value	P-value
城乡收入差距 Urban-rural income gap	空间滞后估计 Spatial lag estimation	12.235^***	0.000	49.770^***	0.000	48.700^***	0.000
城乡收入差距 Urban-rural income gap	空间误差估计 Spatial error estimation	361.279^***	0.000	194.600^***	0.000	82.650^***	0.000

变量 Variables	空间固定效应模型 Spatial fixed effects model	时间固定效应模型 Time fixed effect model	时空固定效应模型 Space-time fixed effect mode
森林资源培育工程Forest resources cultivation project	-0.005(0.005)	0.055^***(0.007)	0.012^***(0.005)
农业机械化水平Agricultural mechanization level	-0.295^***(0.016)	-0.156^***(0.012)	-0.230^***(0.017)
农业发展水平Agricultural development level	-2.073^***(0.115)	-0.008(0.114)	-0.547^***(0.155)
工业发展水平Industry level	0.656^***(0.071)	-0.862^***(0.080)	0.170^*(0.091)
县城规模County size	-0.041(0.037)	-0.012(0.013)	-0.108^***(0.039)
森林资源培育工程的空间交互效应 Spatial interaction effect of forest resources cultivation project	0.037^***(0.007)	0.035^***(0.005)	0.053^***(0.008)
城乡收入差距的空间交互效应 Spatial interaction effect of urban-rural income gap	0.780(0.005)	0.641^***(0.008)	0.730^***(0.007)
R²	0.236	0.277	0.446

变量 Variables	直接效应 Direct effects	间接效应 Indirect effects	总效应 Total effects
森林资源培育工程Forest resources cultivation project	0.035^***(0.005)	0.200^***(0.021)	0.236^***(0.024)
农业机械化水平Agricultural mechanization level	-0.294^***(0.018)	-0.540^***(0.033)	-0.834^***(0.051)
农业发展水平Agricultural development level	-0.710^***(0.210)	-1.303^***(0.383)	-2.014^***(0.592)
工业发展水平Industry level	0.229^*(0.122)	0.419^*(0.222)	0.648^*(0.343)
县城规模County size	-0.148^**(0.055)	-0.271^**(0.107)	-0.418^**(0.165)

变量 Variables	农村居民收入 Rural residents’ income	城镇居民收入 Urban household income
总效应Total effects	-0.021^***(0.037)	0.043^***(0.008)
直接效应Direct effects	-0.008^***(0.002)	0.002(0.002)
间接效应Indirect effects	-0.013^***(0.003)	0.041^***(0.007)
控制变量Control variables	是Yes	是Yes
R²	0.160	0.232