竹材振动阻尼性能及其在竹质复合材料中的应用

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20220114

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

经过历史自然演变, 形成了竹子精巧的多级结构和优异的界面设计——刚性的维管束呈梯度均匀分布在柔性的薄壁细胞中, 构成天然"岛链结构", 赋予其高强高韧的同时, 通过薄壁细胞和孔隙结构变形或胞间层裂纹偏转来达到吸收能耗、增加阻尼效果, 从而抵御自然灾害(雨、雪、风)的侵蚀。本研究从多尺度结构特征(宏观-微观)和化学组分(线形纤维素分子链-无定形木质素聚合物)2方面阐述竹材的振动阻尼特性, 分析环境因子(温度、湿度)对其的作用机制, 在此基础上, 总结竹质复合材料的振动阻尼机理。基于目前广泛应用的竹/木、竹/塑及竹纤维/橡胶颗粒3种复合方式, 阐述竹质复合阻尼材料的结构和工艺特征, 总结4种层积结构(基础性阻尼、抗冲击型阻尼、轻量型阻尼和静音型阻尼)对竹质复合材料振动阻尼性能的影响规律。依据"材料-结构-功能"一体化设计原则, 梳理竹质复合阻尼材料在体育、建筑、交通和电子信息等领域的应用前景。最后, 从竹材生物学振动阻尼特征、竹质复合阻尼材料减振调控机制、竹质智能阻尼新材料研发以及制品标准化制定等方面, 提出亟需解决的共性科学问题和关键技术。竹质复合阻尼材料具有吸能降耗和抗振降噪功能, 在建筑、交通和机械等领域的噪音与振动污染防治方面具有重要意义。

关键词: 竹材, 阻尼性能, 层积结构, 竹质复合材料, 应用

Abstract:

After natural evolution of history, subtle multi-level structure and excellent interface design have been formed inside bamboo. Rigid vascular bundles are gardenly and evenly distributed in flexible parenchymal cells, and a natural "island-chain structure" has been built, which not only offers high strength and toughness, but also enhances energy absorption and damping effect to resist natural disasters (rain, snow and wind), through the deformation of parenchymal cells and void structures, as well as crack deflection of intercellular layer. This paper was conducted to describe the vibration damping performance of bamboo and analyze the action mechanisms of environmental factors (temperature and humidity) upon such performances, from the two aspects of multi-scale structural characteristics (macro-micro) and chemical components (linear cellulose molecular chain-amorphous lignin polymers). Further, the vibration damping mechanisms of bamboo-based composites were summarized. The structure and technological characteristics of bamboo-based damping composites were analyzed, and the effects of four kinds of laminated structures (basic damping, impact damping, lightweight damping and quiet damping) on vibration damping properties of bamboo-based composites were also obtained among the three current widely-used assembly patterns of wood/bamboo, bamboo/plastic, and bamboo fiber/rubber particle. The application prospects of bamboo-based damping composites were discussed in the fields of sports, architecture, transportation and electronic information, according to the integrated design principle of "material-structure-function". The general scientific problems and key technologies those need to be solved urgently were raised in the end of the paper, towards biological vibration damping characteristics of bamboo, regulatory mechanisms of bamboo-based damping composites, research and development of novel intelligent bamboo-based damping material, and product standardization. Bamboo-based damping composites possess the function of energy absorption, energy consumption reduction, anti-vibration and noise reduction, which is of great significance for the prevention of noise and vibration pollution in the fields of construction, transportation and machinery.

Key words: bamboo, damping characteristic, laminated structure, bamboo composite material, application

中图分类号:

S781.9

王戈,韩善宇,陈复明,马晓宇,任学勇. 竹材振动阻尼性能及其在竹质复合材料中的应用[J]. 林业科学, 2022, 58(1): 127-137.

Ge Wang,Shanyu Han,Fuming Chen,Xiaoyu Ma,Xueyong Ren. Vibration Damping Performance of Bamboo and Its Application in Bamboo-Based Composite[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2022, 58(1): 127-137.

图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

典型竹质复合阻尼材料的种类与特点"

种类 Species	复合方式 Composite way	特点 Characteristics	振动阻尼作用机理 Damping mechanism
竹木复合材料 Bamboo wood composite	将不同形式的竹单板与木质单板进行黏结(田昭鹏等，2017)Different forms of bamboo veneer are bonded with wood veneer 将竹纤维与木纤维通过胶黏剂混合(Xu et al., 2018)Different forms of bamboo veneer are bonded with wood veneer	保留了生物质材料的天然纹理、质量轻、力学性能优异、应用范围广泛、吸水膨胀率低、不易变形Bamboo fiber, bamboo powder or bamboo chips are used as reinforcement or filler and molded by melt blending with thermoplastic	复合材料经热压密实化处理，内部气孔密闭，当声波到达材料表面时，很难进入材料内部，使得复合材料振动阻尼性能增强(杨家富，2013)After hot pressing and densification treatment, the internal pores of the composite are closed. When the sound wave reaches the material surface, it is difficult to enter the interior of the composite, which enhances the vibration damping performance of the composite
竹质橡胶复合材料 Bamboo rubber composite	天然橡胶通过喷涂黏附于竹纤维表面Natural rubber is adhered to the surface of bamboo fiber by spraying竹纤维作为增强材料直接填充于天然橡胶中，通过施加胶黏剂增加热压制得Bamboo fiber is directly filled in natural rubber as reinforcement, which is obtained by applying adhesive to increase thermal pressing	具有较宽的功能区(-33~60 ℃)和较大的振动阻尼比(0.93)，阻尼性能优越It has a wide functional area (- 33-60 ℃) and a large vibration damping ratio (0.93), and has excellent damping performance	天然橡胶通过喷涂黏附于竹纤维表面，组成了一个弹性体，复合材料可以看作由数千万个复合弹性体串并联所构成，各弹性体形变摩擦产生的热量较高，内耗较多，振动阻尼性能增强(周超，2018)Natural rubber is adhered to the surface of bamboo fiber by spraying to form an elastomer. The composite material can be regarded as composed of tens of millions of composite elastomers in series and parallel. The shape of each elastomer changes, the heat generated by friction is higher, the internal friction is more, and the vibration damping performance is enhanced
竹塑复合材料 Bamboo plastic composite	竹纤维、竹粉或竹屑作为增强体或填料，与热塑性塑料经熔融共混模压成型(Muhammad et al., 2019；张少辉等，2002)Bamboo fiber, bamboo powder or bamboo chips are used as reinforcement or filler and molded by melt blending with thermoplastic	材料表面光洁，质地密实、吸水性小The material has smooth surface, dense texture, and low water absorption	竹材的加入破坏了树脂基体的连续性和均匀性，在界面处形成大量空隙。当声波入射至材料时，空气与材料的摩擦加剧，复合材料整体的吸声性能得到增强The addition of bamboo destroys the continuity and uniformity of the resin matrix and forms a large number of voids at the interface. When the sound wave is incident on the material, the friction between air and material intensifies, and the overall sound absorption performance of the composite is enhanced

表2

表3

4种典型竹质复合阻尼材料结构类型"

复合结构 Damping structure	组坯方式 Group embryo mode	结构特点 Structural characteristics	结构模型 Structural model
类型1：基础性阻尼结构 Type1:basic damping structure	竹束单元作为表层，木单板作为次表层，橡胶板作为芯层组坯而成 The bamboo bundle unit is used as the surface layer, the wooden single layer is used as the sub surface layer, and the rubber plate is used as the core layer	弥补竹束单元横向连接强度不足 Make up for the insufficient transverse connection strength of bamboo bundle unit 增加复合板材的胶合强度和力学强度 Increase the bonding strength and mechanical strength of composite plates
类型2：抗冲击型阻尼结构 Type2: impact resistant damping structure	竹束单元层之间加入木单板，竹束单元与木单板呈平行排列 A wooden veneer is added between the bamboo bundle unit layers, and the bamboo bundle unit and the wooden veneer are arranged in parallel	提高材料横向拉伸强度和剪切强度 Improve the transverse tensile strength and shear strength of the material 具有分层吸能机制 It has a layered energy absorption mechanism 可抑制竹单板层纵向裂纹扩展 It can inhibit the longitudinal crack propagation of bamboo veneer
类型3：轻量型阻尼结构 Type 3: lightweight damping structure	使用轻质软木单板代替橡胶板压制而成 It is made of light cork veneer instead of rubber plate	复合材料的密度降低 The density of composites decreases 具有较好的弹性和内聚性 It has good elasticity and cohesion
类型4：静音型阻尼结构 Type 4: silent damping structure	将多孔性吸声材料覆贴于复合材料表面 The porous sound-absorbing material is coated on the surface of the composite material	复合材料表面孔隙率增大 The surface porosity of composites increases 吸声系数提高，振动阻尼性能增强 The sound absorption coefficient is increased and the vibration damping performance is enhanced

表3

图4

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影响因子 Impact factor	作用机理 Mechanism of action	影响规律 Influence law
温度 Temperature	玻璃化转变点(160 ℃)以下Below glass transition point (160 ℃)	竹材中的大分子链处于静止状态，相应的能量内耗较少The macromolecular chain in bamboo is at rest, and the corresponding internal energy consumption is less	竹材的储能模量呈现出随温度升高而降低的趋势，而损耗模量与损耗因子均随温度升高而增大The storage modulus of bamboo decreases with the increase of temperature, while the loss modulus and loss factor increase with the increase of temperature
温度 Temperature	玻璃化转变温度以上Above glass transition temperature	链段开始运动，内摩擦阻力变大，损耗因子大幅提高(Putra et al., 2015)When the chain segment starts to move, the internal friction resistance increases and the loss factor increases greatly
湿度 Humidity	纤维饱和点以下 Below fiber saturation point	水分子与细胞壁纤维素链段中的羟基极易形成氢键结合，形成单分子水膜，起到一定润滑作用，表现为损耗模量和损耗因子降低Water molecules and hydroxyl groups in cellulose chain segments of cell wall are easy to form hydrogen bonds to form a single molecule water film, which plays a certain lubricating role, showing the decrease of loss modulus and loss factor	随着含水率增高，竹材振动阻尼性能总体呈上升趋势With the increase of moisture content, the vibration damping performance of bamboo shows an upward trend
湿度 Humidity	纤维饱和点以上 Above fiber saturation point	细胞腔中存在液态水，提高其塑性，使振动阻尼性能随之增大(黄艳文等，2015) There is liquid water in the cell cavity, which improves its plasticity and increases the vibration damping performance

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