川西亚高山森林不同恢复阶段生长季蒸腾特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20200101

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 定量揭示我国川西亚高山地区不同恢复阶段森林的蒸腾耗水特征，为当地森林恢复树种选择、水源涵养功能提升与低效林改造等提供科学参考。方法: 选择川西亚高山地区植被恢复系列中无论是林龄、类型还是面积都具有典型代表性的岷江冷杉老龄原始林、红桦次生林和粗枝云杉人工林作为研究对象，利用热扩散技术监测生长季树木蒸腾量；利用林分边材面积进行尺度上推，估算林分冠层蒸腾耗水量。基于机器学习技术（随机森林回归算法）估算整个生长季（5-10月）的林分冠层蒸腾耗水量。结果: 各森林类型平均日冠层蒸腾量表现为粗枝云杉林>红桦林>岷江冷杉林；在整个生长季观测到的粗枝云杉林、红桦林和岷江冷杉林日最大冠层蒸腾量分别为3.17、2.08和1.69 mm；基于多气象因素，随机森林回归算法可有效估算森林蒸腾耗水量；整个生长季的林分冠层蒸腾总量估算结果表现为粗枝云杉林（314.1 mm）>红桦林（199.3 mm）>岷江冷杉林（125.5 mm）。结论: 处在演替早期的红桦次生林冠层蒸腾耗水量明显高于处于演替晚期的岷江冷杉原始林；人工林蒸腾耗水量明显高于天然林（岷江冷杉原始林和红桦次生林），因此可将森林蒸腾耗水特征作为研究区森林恢复度的评价指标。该区大量营造的粗枝云杉人工林已步入中龄林阶段，高蒸腾特征可能会对流域产水量构成压力，建议进行抚育性结构调整。通过综合分析多项研究结果，本文提出一个"森林水分利用生态演替"假说：伴随着亚高山森林植被自然恢复进程（正向演替），林地蒸腾耗水量趋于减少，地带性演替顶级群落亚高山暗针叶林具有最低蒸腾耗水特征。这个假说可作为川西亚高山区区域水文平衡维持和植被结构调整的参照体系。

关键词: 蒸腾液流, 天然林, 人工林, 演替, 随机森林

Abstract:

Objective: In order to quantitatively reveal the patterns of transpiration and water consumption of different forests in different succession stages,we investigated the water use of representative forest types in subalpine areas of Western Sichuan,China,intending to provide a scientific basis for tree species selection for forest restoration,water holding capacity improvement and poor-efficiency forest revitalization in the subalpine areas of Western Sichuan,China. Method: In the subalpine region of western Sichuan,China,three typical forest types of old primary forest (Abies faxoniana)(PF),secondary forest (Betula albo-sinensis)(SF),and plantation forest (Picea asperata)(PL) in terms of age,forest type and area were selected from forest restoration projects for the study. We used thermal dissipation sap flow sensors to measure stem sap flow of sample trees. With sapwood area as the scaler,water use from individual trees were scaled up to estimate forest canopy transpiration for the three forest types. Next,with the relationship between daily forest transpiration and meteorological factors formulated by the random forest regression algorithm (RF),we interpolated the missing daily canopy transpiration for each forest type. Result: The maximum daily canopy transpiration observed during the growing season (May-Oct.) for PL,SF,and PF were 3.17,2.08,and 1.69 mm·day^-1,respectively. RF performed well in predicting daily canopy transpiration for the three forest types. Total accumulated canopy transpiration for each forest type during the growing season was calculated based on the daily water use estimated by the RF regression algorithm. As a result,PL has the maximum canopy transpiration (314.10 mm),followed by SF (199.28 mm),and PF had the lowest canopy transpiration (125.47 mm). In comparison with previous observation of water use for the broad-leaved Quercus aquifolioides dwarf forest in this region,the canopy transpiration of the three forest types is much smaller than that of the Q. aquifolioides forest. The total canopy transpiration estimated for Q. aquifolioides is 88.77 mm in July. Conclusion: Overall,the canopy transpiration of SF in early stage of succession is higher than that of PF in late stage of succession. The canopy transpiration of plantation forest (PL) is much higher than that of natural forests (primary coniferous forest PF and natural secondary forest SF). This implies the vegetation restoration approach via large-scale spruce plantation may impose pressure on the water resources of catchment basins in the short term. The characteristics of forest transpiration and water consumption can be used as the evaluation indicators of forest restoration in this area. Finally,in combination with previous studies on forest evapotranspiration in the study area,we came up with the ecological succession hypothesis of forest water use:with the forward development of forest succession,forest water use will tend to decrease,and the zonal climax community-subalpine dark coniferous forest-has the lowest water consumption. This hypothesis can be used as a reference system for maintaining regional hydrological balance and adjusting vegetation structure in the study area.

Key words: transpiration, sap flow, natural forest, plantation, succession, random forest

中图分类号:

S718.55+7

张雷, 孙鹏森, 刘世荣. 川西亚高山森林不同恢复阶段生长季蒸腾特征[J]. 林业科学, 2020, 56(1): 1-9.

Lei Zhang, Pengsen Sun, Shirong Liu. Growing-Season Transpiration of Typical Forests in Different Succession Stages in Subalpine Region of Western Sichuan, China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2020, 56(1): 1-9.

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森林类型 Forest type	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Elevation/ m	坡度 Slope/(°)	坡向 Aspect	林龄 Stand age /a	密度Stand density/ hm^-2	平均胸径 Mean DBH/cm	高度 Height / m	叶面积指数 Leaf area index (LAI)
岷江冷杉原始林 Abies faxoniana primary forest	102°58′20″E, 30°51′20.3″N	2 800	45	北 North	150	244	47.1	30	4.17
红桦次生林 Betula albo-sinensis secondary forest	102°41′40.7″E, 31°47′44.8″N	3 354	40	北 North	40	2255	14.0	12	3.41
粗枝云杉人工林 Picea asperata plantation	102°42′2.2″ E, 31°47′56.4″N	3 359	35	西南 Southwest	40	278	17.4	11	4.81

月份 Month	岷江冷杉原始林 Abies faxoniana primary forest	红桦次生林 Betula albo-sinensis secondary forest	粗枝云杉人工林 Picea asperata plantation
5	24.49	32.86	58.96
6	21.58	33.00	50.83
7	19.89	33.09	43.37
8	20.69	39.30	59.65
9	22.74	30.59	54.06
10	16.08	30.44	47.22
合计Total	125.47	199.28	314.10

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