北京城区居住区树冠覆盖变化特征

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20191202

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 分析北京城区居住区树冠覆盖水平与时空变化特征，揭示北京城区居住区森林建设成效，并从多方面探讨居住区树冠覆盖的影响因素，以期为北京及其他城市居住区城市森林建设提供有益借鉴。方法: 以北京城区2013年7—9月份World View 2遥感影像为基础，利用eCognition 9.0软件解译的林木树冠覆盖栅格与矢量图层为数据源，根据分层抽样和生态梯度取样法，按照空间均衡原则，选取居住区样地，在Arcgis平台下提取研究单元区域的林木树冠覆盖的空间信息，结合实地样地调查，探讨北京城区居住区树冠覆盖时空变化特征。结果: 北京城区居住区林木树冠覆盖率为29.67%，且单位附属居住区（33.96%）>商品房（30.06%）>安置房（20.77%）；在不同时间阶段上居住区树冠覆盖率从1980年前的29.21%增长到了2010年后的30.7%；居住区树冠覆盖率在空间分布上表现为北京西北部地区最高（40.22%）、东部地区最低（24.96%），环路分区呈现出从二环内的21.99%到五—六环外1 km升高至31.04%，行政分区表现为远郊区居住区的现实树冠覆盖率高于北京中心区；植被潜在树冠覆盖率为0.22%，只有城郊区存在极小的潜在树冠覆盖区域；从树冠覆盖变化的影响因素来看，居住区的类别、建成时间、分布位置以及房地产发展、城市绿化发展过程和水平均影响着居住区树冠覆盖水平，同时居住区的容积率、房屋价格以及城市森林结构等指标也对其树冠覆盖率有着不同程度的影响。结论: 北京城区居住区树冠覆盖水平与北京市整体水平（39.53%）相比还有一定差距，由于其潜在树冠覆盖也很低，故树冠覆盖增长空间较小；在空间上居住区树冠覆盖率随着环路的扩张梯度化增大，城市化水平越高的区域其树冠覆盖率越低；在时间上居住区树冠覆盖率随时间阶段推近逐渐升高，体现出北京市绿化建设成效。

关键词: 北京城区, 居住区绿地, 树冠覆盖, 变化特征, 影响因素

Abstract:

Objectve: The paper was aimed to reveal the effect of urban forest in urban areas of Beijing through an analysis of current level of tree canopy in urban areas of Beijing and its variation at different spatial and temporal scales, aiming to discuss the influencing factors of urban tree canopy in residential areas from various aspects, and provide some useful references for urban forest development in residential areas in Beijing and other cities. Method: Based on the 2013 World View 2 satellite imagery of Beijing urban areas from July to September, 2013, and the raster and vector data of urban tree canopy in Beijing 2013 by eCognition 9.0 software was used as data sources. The residential area was selected according to the method of stratified sampling and ecological gradient sampling, and the principle of spatial equilibrium. With the spatial information of urban tree canopy in the sample plots was obtained from ArcGIS platform. In line with field investigation, we discuss temporal and spatial variation of urban tree canopy in urban residential areas of Beijing. Result: The coverage rate of the urban tree canopy of urban residential areas in Beijing was 29.67% of which in different types of residential areas presents as follows:affiliated residential areas(33.96%) > commodity residential areas(30.06%) > resettlement residential areas(20.77%). In different time periods, urban tree canopy of residential areas increased from 29.21% prior to 1980 to 30.7% after 2010. In spatial distribution, the urban tree canopy of residential areas showed that the highest was the northwest of Beijing(40.22%), while the lowest was the eastern part(24.96%). On the loop segment, the urban tree canopy rises in gradient from 21.99% in the second ring to 31.04% in the 1 km outside the 5-6 ring. In the administrative division, it presents that the canopy coverage rate in suburban periphery is higher than that in downtown. The potential urban tree canopy coverage rate was 0.22%, with a small patch of greening land existing in the suburbs. Various factors have an impact on the urban tree canopy in the residential areas, such as the category, completion time, distribution location of residential areas. And it's related to the development of real estate market and urban greening process. Meanwhile, indicators such as plot ratio, housing price, number of households and urban forest structure also have different impacts on urban tree canopy. Conclusion: A certain disparity remains in urban tree canopy coverage was a little lower compared to that of Beijing city as a whole(39.53%). Due to the low potential urban tree canopy coverage, it devitalizes the greening development. In spatial, the tree canopy coverage of urban residential area increases with the expansion of the ring roads while the canopy coverage rate decreases as urbanization increases. In time, remarkable outcomes have achieved in greening process with accelerating urban tree canopy coverage.

Key words: Beijing urban area, vegetation land in residence, tree canopy coverage in urban area, spatial and temporal variation, influence factors

中图分类号:

刘秀萍,贾宝全. 北京城区居住区树冠覆盖变化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(12): 12-20.

Xiuping Liu,Baoquan Jia. Characterization of Tree Canopy in Urban Residential Areas of Beijing[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(12): 12-20.

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年份 Year	现实树冠覆盖率 Existing UTC	潜在树冠覆盖率 Possible UTC
1980年前Before 1980	29.21	0
1981—1990	29.78	0.01
1991—2000	30.61	0.02
2001—2010	28.7	0.39
2010年后After 2010	30.7	0.25

行政区 Administrative region	现实树冠覆盖率 Existing UTC	潜在树冠覆盖率 Possible UTC
东城区Dongcheng District	24.1	0
西城区Xicheng District	21.87	0
海淀区Haidian District	37.8	0.02
朝阳区Chaoyang District	27.06	0.42
丰台区Fengtai District	28.49	0
石景山区Shijingshan District	30.21	0.35
通州区Tongzhou District	29.43	0.03
顺义区Shunyi District	35.03	0
房山区Fangshan District	33.64	1.05
大兴区Daxing District	35.88	0.04
昌平区Changping District	27.23	0

环路 Ring roads	现实树冠覆盖率 Existing UTC	潜在树冠覆盖率 Possible UTC
二环内Within the 2^nd ring road	21.99	0
二—三环2^nd-3^rd ring roads	25.86	0
三—四环3^rd-4^th ring roads	27.58	0.01
四—五环4^th-5^th ring roads	31.23	0.34
五—六环外1 km 1 km out from the 5^th-6^th ring roads	31.04	0.28

项目Item	现实树冠覆盖率Existing UTC	潜在树冠覆盖率Possible UTC
居住区总面积Total area of residential area	0.298^**	0.320^**
容积率Plot ratio	-0.341^**	-0.06
房屋价格House price	-0.20	-0.217^*
Shannon-Wiener指数Shannon-Wiener index	0.10	0.00
Simpson指数Simpson index	0.08	0.02
Pielou指数Pielou index	0.01	-0.01
丰富度指数Richness index	0.12	-0.01
每公顷胸高断面积Basal area per hectare	0.18	-0.14
每公顷株数Tree number per hectare	0.06	0.20

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