美洲黑杨杂交子代生长及材性性状遗传变异分析

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20250614

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 揭示美洲黑杨生长及材性性状变异规律，选育优质高产优良无性系，为美洲黑杨遗传改良及其高效利用提供科学依据。方法: 以北京大兴林场10年生美洲黑杨4个全同胞家系和品种对比试验林为材料，基于树高、胸径等生长性状开展优良无性系选育。筛选27个优良无性系和新品种，测定不同年轮下材性数据，包括年轮宽度、基本密度、微纤丝角、纤维长度和纤维宽度等。采用主成分分析法进行综合评价，筛选综合性能优异的无性系。在此基础上，基于年轮材性数据解析美洲黑杨材性径向变异；结合相关性分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析等多元统计方法，揭示美洲黑杨生长及材性性状变异规律。结果: 对242个杂交子代生长性状的统计分析表明，不同全同胞家系间生长性状差异不显著，但各家系优良子代间差异显著，其中，丹红杨×北杨家系表现出最高的遗传增益，树高和胸径增益分别达15.27%和43.61%。基于生长和材性数据聚类分析将27个无性系划分为3个类群，不同类群在纤维长度、纤维长宽比、基本密度和生长表现上差异显著。主成分分析结果表明，前3个主成分能够解释材性性状大部分表型变异，综合评价筛选出中怀1号、中成4号、中成2号、中菏1号和K25共5个材性优异的无性系。从年轮数据看，不同无性系间的遗传变异更丰富，其中年轮宽度、微纤丝角和胸径变异系数较高，基本密度和纤维宽度变异系数较小。径向变异分析发现，第4~5年为美洲黑杨的快速生长期，进入成熟期后其材性趋于稳定，纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比和基本密度整体呈增加趋势。相关性分析表明，第9年时生长性状与材性性状间相关性较低，而基于年轮数据的相关性模式较为复杂，微纤丝角呈现出显著性别差异。逐步回归分析和通径分析结果显示，基本密度和微纤丝角对生长的解释作用最强，其他性状的影响较小。结论: 美洲黑杨杂交子代性状变异丰富，其中，中怀1号、中成4号、中成2号、中菏1号和K25共5个无性系材性表现较好。微纤丝角表现出显著的性别效应，雌株显著高于雄株。材性性状在不同生长阶段呈动态变化，第4~5年为美洲黑杨的快速生长期。大多数材性性状呈现出从髓心到韧皮部逐渐增加，在成熟期趋于稳定；微纤丝角和纤维宽度在不同年轮间相关性较高，受树龄的影响较小，具有较高的早期预测潜力。本研究初步揭示出美洲黑杨杂交子代材性径向遗传变异规律，为优良无性系的选育和高效遗传改良提供了重要的理论依据和实践参考。

关键词: 美洲黑杨, 材性性状, 径向变异, 全同胞家系, 年轮

Abstract:

Objective: This study aims to reveal the variation of growth and wood properties traits in Populus deltoides, and screen high-yielding superior clones, providing a scientific basis for the genetic improvement and efficient utilization of P. deltoides. Method: Four full-sib families and varieties of 10-year-old P. deltoides from a comparison plantation in the Daxing Forest Farm of Beijing were used as experimental materials, and selection of elite clones was conducted based on growth traits such as tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). Twenty-seven elite clones and new varieties were selected, and the wood properties were measured across different annual rings, including ring width (RW), basic density (BD), microfibril angle (MA), fiber length (FL), and fiber width (FW). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed for comprehensive evaluation of 27 elite clones. On this basis, the radial variation patterns of wood properties in P. deltoides were further analyzed using annual ring data. The correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and path analysis were comprehensively used to reveal the variation patterns underlying growth and wood property formation. Result: Statistical analysis of growth traits among 242 hybrid progenies showed that there were no significant differences in growth traits among the four full-sib families, whereas there were significant differences in growth traits among elite progenies within each family. Among them, the family P. deltoides ‘Danhong’ × P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’ exhibited the highest genetic gain, with tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) gain rates reaching 15.27% and 43.61%, respectively. Based on clustering analysis of growth and wood property data, the 27 elite clones were divided into three clusters, which differed markedly in FL, fiber length-to-width ratio (FLR), BD, and growth performance. PCA showed that the first three principal components explained the majority of genetic variation in wood properties. Through PCA-based comprehensive evaluation, five clones with superior wood properties, including P. deltoides ‘Zhonghuai 1’, P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’, P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’, P. deltoides ‘Zhonghe 1’, and P. deltoides ‘K25’, were identified. Analysis of annual ring data indicated abundant genetic variation among clones, with relatively high coefficients of variation for RW, MA, and DBH, and relatively low variation for BD and FW. Radial variation analysis indicated that the 4th to 5th year represented the rapid growth stage of P. deltoides, after which wood properties tended to stabilize in maturity. FL, FW, FLR, and BD generally increased from pith to the bark. Correlation analysis showed that there were weak relationships between growth and wood properties in the 9th year, while annual ring-based correlations were relatively complex, and MA exhibited distinct sex-related differences. Further stepwise regression and path analyses indicated that BD and MA exerted the strongest explanatory power on growth, while other traits contributed less. Conclusion: P. deltoides hybrids have substantial variation in growth and wood property traits. Among them, five clones (P. deltoides ‘Zhonghuai 1’, P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’, P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’, P. deltoides ‘Zhonghe 1’, and P. deltoides ‘K25’) show superior wood quality. In addition, MA displays a significant sex effect, with female trees showing markedly higher values than males. Wood properties traits are dynamically regulated across developmental stages, with the 4th to 5th year identified as the rapid growth phase. Most wood traits display a radial pattern of gradual increase from pith to bark and stabilize at maturity. BD and MA show consistently high correlations among annual rings and are less affected by tree age, indicating strong potential for early prediction. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the radial genetic variation of wood properties in P. deltoides hybrids and offers important theoretical and practical guidance for the selection and genetic improvement of elite clones.

Key words: Populus deltoides, wood property traits, radial variation, full-sib family, growth ring

中图分类号:

S722.5

周星鲁,张磊,李清河,胡建军. 美洲黑杨杂交子代生长及材性性状遗传变异分析[J]. 林业科学, 2026, 62(4): 130-141.

Xinglu Zhou,Lei Zhang,Qinghe Li,Jianjun Hu. Genetic Variation in Growth and Wood Property Traits from Hybrid Progenies of Populus deltoides[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2026, 62(4): 130-141.

图/表 13

表1

美洲黑杨无性系遗传背景信息与生长统计①"

无性系编号 Clone number	性别 Sex	遗传背景Genetic background		H/m	DBH/cm
无性系编号 Clone number	性别 Sex	母本Female parent	父本Male parent	H/m	DBH/cm
546	♂	50号杨P. deltoides ‘55/65’	帝国杨P. deltoides ‘Imperial’	15.67	24.65
540	♂	50号杨P. deltoides ‘55/65’	帝国杨P. deltoides ‘Imperial’	13.96	21.23
2025	♂	I-69杨P. deltoides ‘Lux’	美洲黑杨P. deltoides	14.83	23.86
1-116	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	南杨P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’	14.50	21.85
17-2	♂	南抗杨 P. deltoides ‘Nankang’	帝国杨P. deltoides ‘Imperial’	14.26	23.91
3-54	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	15.85	24.26
3-59	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	15.32	23.28
I37	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成2号P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	15.67	26.88
J14	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成2号P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	14.48	26.72
J16	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成2号P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	15.03	30.75
J27	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成2号P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	14.90	26.95
J30	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成2号P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	14.84	27.05
A2	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	北杨P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	14.45	31.54
A6	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	北杨P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	14.84	30.56
D34	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	北杨P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	17.11	32.76
F38	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	北杨P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	16.56	30.02
J11	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	北杨P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	16.13	29.79
K9	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	15.70	28.63
K16	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	15.85	30.22
K18	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	16.49	28.06
K25	♂	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	14.97	28.10
K34	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	创新杨P. deltoides ‘Chuangxin’	15.82	28.29
A14	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成4号 P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’	13.99	24.37
A15	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成4号 P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’	14.05	23.81
A16	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成4号 P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’	13.74	24.57
A20	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成4号 P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’	14.35	24.49
A25	♀	丹红杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’	中成4号 P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 4’	14.08	25.56

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全同胞家系 Full-sib families	树高Tree height/m			胸径Diameter at breast height/cm
全同胞家系 Full-sib families	杂交组合 Hybrid combination	优良子代 Superior progeny	遗传增益 Genetic gain (%)	杂交组合 Hybrid combination	优良子代 Superior progeny	遗传增益 Genetic gain (%)
丹红杨×中成2号P. deltoides ‘Danhong’× P. deltoides ‘Zhongcheng 2’	14.38 ± 1.14^a	14.98 ± 0.43^b	4.19	23.20 ± 3.75^a	27.66 ± 1.41^b	19.26
丹红杨×北杨P. deltoides ‘Danhong’× P. deltoides ‘Beiyang’	13.72 ± 1.30^a	15.82 ± 1.13^a	15.27	21.54 ± 3.86^a	30.93 ± 1.00^a	43.61
丹红杨×创新杨P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Chuangxin’	14.19 ± 1.26^a	15.76 ± 0.54^a	11.11	23.15± 3.89^a	28.65 ± 0.74^b	23.79
丹红杨×中成4号P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Zhongcheng 4’	13.29 ± 1.49^a	14.04 ± 0.22^c	5.65	22.12 ± 3.54^a	24.56 ± 0.52^c	11.04

分组 Group	H/m	DBH/cm	RW/mm	BD/(g·cm^?3)	MA/(°)	FL/μm	FW/μm	FLR
丹红杨×北杨 P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Beiyang’	15.82±1.13^a	30.93±1.22^a	15.97±2.08^a	0.38±0.01^a	15.19±1.47^ab	1087.66±104.36^a	24.23±0.74^a	44.93±4.41^a
丹红杨×创新杨 P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Chuangxin’	15.76±0.54^a	28.66±0.90^ab	13.39±1.26^ab	0.39±0.01^a	15.60±1.98^ab	1060.34±115.97^a	22.37±1.10^a	47.30±3.34^a
丹红杨×中成2号 P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Zhongcheng 2’	14.98±0.43^ab	27.67±1.72^b	15.00±1.53^ab	0.39±0.03^a	14.33±0.84^ab	1067.16±24.69^a	23.40±1.15^a	45.73±3.12^a
丹红杨×中成4号 P. deltoides‘Danhong’× P. deltoides‘Zhongcheng 4’	14.04±0.22^b	24.56±0.63^c	12.39±0.89^bc	0.40±0.01^a	16.90±1.45^a	1095.60±35.75^a	22.56±0.92^a	48.67±3.31^a
新品种 New varieties	14.91±0.72^ab	23.29±1.28^c	10.79±1.32^c	0.39±0.02^a	13.86±1.82^b	1169.83±92.26^a	23.25±1.73^a	50.58±4.94^a
群体平均值 Population mean	15.09±0.90	26.75±3.10	13.31±2.36	0.39±0.02	15.08±1.82	1101.58±88.61	23.17±1.31	47.67±4.27

性状Trait	PC1 (0.361)	PC2 (0.230)	PC3 (0.190)
年轮宽度 Ring width	?0.367	0.148	?0.575
基本密度 Basic density	0.091	0.342	0.736
微纤丝角 Microfibril angle	?0.318	?0.436	0.102
纤维长度 Fiber length	0.567	0.279	?0.276
纤维宽度 Fiber width	?0.196	0.743	?0.108
纤维长宽比 Fiber length-to-width ratio	0.630	?0.203	?0.174

性状Trait	H	DBH	RW	BD	MA	FL	FW	FLR
H	1
DBH	0.581^**	1
RW	0.542^**	0.846^**	1
BD	?0.076	?0.321	?0.241	1
MA	?0.178	0.173	0.131	?0.085	1
FL	0.175	?0.361	?0.189	0.063	?0.355	1
FW	0.125	0.16	0.243	0.142	?0.138	0.162	1
FLR	0.058	?0.439^*	?0.333	?0.028	?0.224	0.802^**	?0.457^*	1

性状 Trait	简单相关系数 Coefficient of simple correlation	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficients			决定系数 Coefficient of determination
性状 Trait	简单相关系数 Coefficient of simple correlation	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	BD → RW	MA → RW	FLR → RW	决定系数 Coefficient of determination
BD	?0.251^***	?0.228	0	?0.043	0.002	0.055
MA	0.196^**	0.17	?0.045	0	?0.002	0.031
FLR	?0.145^*	?0.008	0.033	?0.025	0	0