西南高山亚高山区植被活动增强对区域蒸散的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20230457

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 研究全球气候变化背景下西南高山亚高山区植被活动增强对蒸散的影响，揭示该地区植被水资源需求动态，为优化区域水资源分配、保障水资源安全提供理论依据。方法: 基于2001—2020年MOD16数据蒸散指标（实际蒸散、潜在蒸散以及实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比），利用线性拟合、SEN趋势分析、偏相关分析、多元逐步回归分析等方法，阐明温度、降水、相对湿度、气压、日照时数、风速等气象因子和归一化植被指数等植被因子对西南高山亚高山区蒸散指标的影响及其贡献率。结果: 1）西南高山亚高山区实际蒸散出现年内峰值的时间略滞后于潜在蒸散，二者呈空间分布差异性。研究区域年实际蒸散在246.0~1 191.3 mm之间，峰值出现在7月下旬，其中雅鲁藏布江上游亚高山段、藏南亚高山区实际蒸散较高，怒江北部实际蒸散较低；年潜在蒸散在538.0~2 314.9 mm之间，峰值出现在5月下旬至8月中旬，其中雅砻江上游和金沙江上游亚高山段南部地区潜在蒸散较高。2）西南高山亚高山区实际蒸散多年平均值为627.8 mm，整体呈显著增加趋势（P<0.05），增速约2.93 mm·a^?1，显著增加区域主要分布在嘉陵江上游、岷江上游、大渡河、雅砻江上游、金沙江上游亚高山段、澜沧江上游和怒江部分地区；潜在蒸散多年平均值为1 500.6 mm，整体呈不显著降低趋势，速度约2.57 mm·a^?1，降低区域主要分布在雅砻江上游、金沙江上游亚高山段和藏南亚高山区。实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比多年平均值为0.43，呈显著上升趋势（P<0.05）。3）西南高山亚高山区实际蒸散的主要影响因素及作用大小排序为：气温>降水>归一化植被指数>相对湿度>气压>日照时数>风速，潜在蒸散的主要影响因素及作用大小排序为：气温>日照时数>降水>相对湿度>风速，实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比的主要影响因素及作用大小排序为：气温>相对湿度>归一化植被指数>日照时数>气压。4）实际蒸散增加主要与植被活动增强有关，由归一化植被指数升高主导实际蒸散增加的区域占比近63%；潜在蒸散降低主要与日照时数减少有关；归一化植被指数升高、日照时数减少对实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比的正向作用抵消增温对实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比的负向作用，导致其上升。在Budyko模式下，实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比的变化显示研究区域由水分限制向能量限制的方向发展。结论: 近20年来西南高山亚高山区植被活动增强对区域蒸散产生显著影响，由此引发的流域水量平衡和土壤水分供给的长期可持续问题值得密切关注。

关键词: 实际蒸散, 潜在蒸散, 植被活动, 日照时数, 实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比

Abstract:

Objective: It is of great significance to clarify the influence of enhanced vegetation activity on evapotranspiration in the southwest alpine and subalpine mountains in order to optimize regional water resources allocation and ensure water resources security. Method: Based on the MOD16 evapotranspiration indicators from 2001 to 2020, including actual evapotranspiration (ET), potential evapotranspiration (PET) and the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (ET/PET), the influence and contribution of meteorological factors such as temperature (T), precipitation (P), relative humidity (RH), pressure (PRS), insolation (I), wind speed (WS) and vegetation factor NDVI on evapotranspiration indicators in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China were expounded by linear fitting, SEN trend analysis, partial correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and other methods. Result: 1) The peak of ET within one year lagged behind PET, and they showed spatial inconsistency. The annual ET ranged from 246.0 to 1191.3 mm, with the peak occurring late July. The ET was higher in the subalpine section of upper Yarlung Zangbo River and the subalpine area of southern Xizang, and lower in the northern parts of the Nujiang River. Annual PET ranged from 538.0 to 2314.9 mm, with higher values continuing from late May to mid-August. The PET in the southern parts of upper Yalong River and subalpine section of upper Jinsha River was higher. 2) The regional average ET was 627.8 mm, showing a significant increasing trend (P<0.05) at a rate of 2.93 mm·a^?1, and the significantly increased areas were mainly distributed in the upper Jialing River, the upper Min River, the Dadu River, the upper Yalong River, the subalpine section of upper Jinsha River, the upper Lancang River, and part of the Nujiang River. The regional average PET was 1500.6 mm, showing an insignificant decreasing trend at a rate of 2.57 mm·a^?1, and the decreased areas were mainly distributed in the subalpine section of upper Jinsha River, the upper Yalong River, and the subalpine area of southern Xizang. The regional average ET/PET was 0.43, showing a significant upward trend (P<0.05). 3) The order of the main influencing factors for ET was T > P > NDVI > RH > PRS > I > WS, for PET was T > I > P > RH > WS, and for ET/PET was T > RH > NDVI > I > PRS. 4) The increase of ET was mainly caused by the enhanced vegetation activity, and the area dominated by the increase of NDVI accounted for nearly 63%. The decrease of PET was mainly related to the reduced insolation. The positive effects of increasing NDVI and decreasing insolation offset the negative effects of increasing temperature on ET/PET, resulting in the increase of ET/PET. The changing direction of ET/PET in the Budyko model during the study period indicated a shift from water limit to energy limit. Conclusion: The enhanced vegetation activity in the alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China in the past 20 years have had a significant impact on regional evapotranspiration. Our results demonstrate that the long-term sustainability of water balance and soil water supply in the watersheds deserves more attention.

Key words: evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, vegetation activity, insolation, the ratio of evapotranspiration to potential evapotranspiration.

中图分类号:

S715.4

李翠侠,孙鹏森,余振,孙美荣,张雷,刘世荣. 西南高山亚高山区植被活动增强对区域蒸散的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2024, 60(11): 1-12.

Cuixia Li,Pengsen Sun,Zhen Yu,Meirong Sun,Lei Zhang,Shirong Liu. Impacts of Enhanced Vegetation Activity on Regional Evapotranspiration in the Alpine and Subalpine Area of Southwestern China[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2024, 60(11): 1-12.

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子流域序号 Index of sub-basins	ET				PET				ET/PET
子流域序号 Index of sub-basins	最小值 Min./ mm	最大值 Max./ mm	平均值 Mean/ mm	变化趋势 Change rates/ (mm·a^?1)	最小值 Min./ mm	最大值 Max./ mm	平均值 Mean/ mm	变化趋势 Change rates/ (mm·a^?1)	平均值 Mean	变化趋势 Change trends
Ⅰ	558.9	675.7	631.5	4.85^**	1 333.1	1 504.6	1 421.0	1.01	0.45	0.003^**
Ⅱ	650.0	719.6	685.9	2.58^**	1 357.1	1 637.0	1 526.0	3.91	0.45	0.001
Ⅲ	566.3	665.0	615.3	3.37^**	1 437.3	1 643.6	1 577.7	0.38	0.40	0.002^*
Ⅳ	548.4	639.5	590.2	3.11^**	1 441.0	1 567.6	1 503.5	–4.07^**	0.40	0.003^**
Ⅴ	556.6	649.5	596.6	3.38^**	1 450.8	1 588.4	1 519.4	–4.50^**	0.41	0.003^**
Ⅵ	524.5	652.4	594.3	3.37^**	1 353.6	1 502.6	1 433.2	–3.95^*	0.42	0.003^**
Ⅶ	550.7	648.3	608.4	2.03	1 363.8	1 586.7	1 483.4	–2.74	0.42	0.002
Ⅷ	678.9	763.8	721.7	2.80^**	1 302.6	1 661.0	1 519.3	0.28	0.48	0.002
Ⅸ	787.8	834.2	804.3	1.10^*	1 442.4	1 611.5	1 509.2	–4.16^*	0.54	0.002^**

ET变化趋势 Trend of ET	PET变化趋势 Trend of PET	NDVI变化趋势 Trend of NDVI	ET变化主导因素 Main influencing factors for ET change	占比 Account（%）
增加Increase	增加Increase	增加Increase	气象&植被Meteorology and vegetation	11.13
增加Increase	增加Increase	降低Decrease	气象Meteorology	0.91
增加Increase	降低Decrease	增加Increase	植被Vegetation	62.99
增加Increase	降低Decrease	降低Decrease	其他因素Others	15.53
降低Decrease	降低Decrease	降低Decrease	气象&植被Meteorology and vegetation	2.52
降低Decrease	降低Decrease	增加Increase	气象Meteorology	4.17
降低Decrease	增加Increase	降低Decrease	植被Vegetation	1.17
降低Decrease	增加Increase	增加Increase	其他因素Others	4.10

	T	P	RH	PRS	I	WS	NDVI	调整后R² Adjusted R²
ET	0.501	0.222	0.151	–0.132	0.097	0.049	0.196	0.907
PET	0.865	0.284	–0.184		0.325	0.143		0.928
ET/PET	–0.712	/	0.611	–0.140	–0.339	/	0.366	0.538

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[2]	韩新生, 王彦辉, 李振华, 王艳兵, 于澎涛, 熊伟. 六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松人工林林下日蒸散特征及其影响因子[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(9): 11-21.