天目山针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林的空间结构比较

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20221003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的: 比较分析天目山地区针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林的空间结构，从空间结构角度揭示该地区针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林演替的规律，为常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林可持续经营提供依据。方法: 2015和2016年，分别对浙江天目山国家级自然保护区的常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林各设置1块1 hm²固定样地，调查每株树木的树种、胸径等因子以及三维空间坐标，应用Python语言结合ArcGIS软件，编程计算两类森林的空间结构指数，采用聚集指数、竞争指数和混交度指数，对两类森林的空间结构特征进行比较。结果: 常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林的株数密度分别是2 850、1 842株·hm^?2，前者比后者大54.72%。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林中的树种数分别为89、66种，前者比后者多23种。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林的优势树种数量分别为14和4种，常绿阔叶林中细叶青冈优势地位最高，针阔混交林中杉木优势地位最高且占明显优势。在空间结构方面，常绿阔叶林群落的聚集指数在[0.75, 1]之间，林木分布格局属弱度聚集；针阔混交林的聚集指数处于[1, 1.38]范围，林木分布格局属弱均匀分布。两类森林群落的混交度均在[0.5, 0.75]之间，为中度混交。常绿阔叶林的森林群落竞争指数处于[28, 44]范围，属中度竞争；针阔混交林的森林群落竞争指数处于[12, 28]范围，整体呈低度竞争。结论: 常绿阔叶林的株数密度、树种数和优势树种数均明显高于针阔混交林。常绿阔叶林比针阔混交林的混交度低，分布更聚集，竞争更剧烈。针阔混交林的4个优势树种的分布格局均为聚集分布，常绿阔叶林的14个优势树种中除榧树、蓝果树和金钱松为均匀分布外，其他11个优势树种均为聚集分布。2个森林群落的优势树种均呈中度以上混交，其中常绿阔叶林中的金钱松为强度混交；随优势树种的优势地位降低，优势树种的混交度在常绿阔叶林呈增强趋势，但在针阔混交林差异不显著。同一优势树种的竞争强度在常绿阔叶林中大于在针阔混交林中。在常绿阔叶林森林经营中，有必要加强对有聚集繁殖特性的优势树种的抚育，增加群落混交度，降低群落竞争强度和聚集程度，以提高群落稳定性；针阔混交林则可采取抚育结合促进更新的措施，增加群落密度和树种多样性，提高群落混交度和林木空间分布均匀度，以促进群落向常绿阔叶林演替。

关键词: 常绿阔叶林, 针阔混交林, 空间分布格局, 混交度, 竞争指数

Abstract:

Objective: The spatial structure of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest in Tianmu Mountains was compared and analyzed, and the succession pattern from coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest to evergreen broad-leaved forest was revealed from the viewpoint of spatial structure, so as to provide a basis for sustainable management of evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Method: A 1 hm² fixed plot was set up for evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Tianmu Mountains National Nature Reserve of Zhejiang Province in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The tree species, DBH and three-dimensional spatial coordinates of each tree were investigated. Python language and ArcGIS software were used to calculate the spatial structure index of the two forest types. Result: The plant density of evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was 2850 and 1842 plants·hm^?2, respectively, and the former was 54.72% larger than the latter. The number of tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was 89 and 66, respectively, and the former was 23 more than the latter. The number of dominant tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was 14 and 4, respectively. Cyclobalanopsis glauca had the highest dominant position in evergreen broad-leaved forest, and Cunninghamia lanceolata had the highest dominant position in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. In terms of spatial structure, the aggregation index of evergreen broad-leaved forest community was between [0.75, 1], and the tree distribution pattern belonged to weak aggregation, while that of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was in the range of [1,1.38], and the tree distribution pattern belonged to weak uniform distribution. The mixing degree of the two kinds of forest communities was between [0.5 and 0.75], which was moderate mixing. The forest community competition index of evergreen broad-leaved forest was in the range of [28, 44], which belonged to moderate competition, while that of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was in the range of [128, 28], showing low competition as a whole. Conclusion: The plant density, tree species and dominant tree species of evergreen broad-leaved forest are significantly higher than those of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Compared with coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest has lower mixing degree, more aggregated distribution and more fierce competition. The distribution patterns of 4 dominant tree species in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest are all aggregated distribution. Among the 14 dominant tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forest, except Torreya grandis, blue fruit tree and Pinus elliottii, the other 11 dominant tree species are all aggregated distribution. The dominant tree species of the two forest communities are more than moderately mixed, in which Pinus elliottii in the evergreen broad-leaved forest is intensively mixed, and the mixing degree of the dominant tree species increases in the evergreen broad-leaved forest with the decrease of the dominant tree species. but there is no significant difference in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The competition intensity of the same dominant tree species in evergreen broad-leaved forest is higher than that in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. In forest management, it is necessary for evergreen broad-leaved forest to strengthen the tending of dominant tree species with aggregate reproduction characteristics, increase community mixing degree, reduce community competition intensity and aggregation degree, and improve community stability. The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest can be suitable to take measures of tending and promoting renewal, increasing community density and tree species diversity, and improving community mixing degree and tree spatial distribution uniformity, so as to promote community succession to evergreen broad-leaved forest.

Key words: evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, spatial distribution pattern, mingling, competition index

中图分类号:

S718.5

陈睿,汤孟平. 天目山针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林的空间结构比较[J]. 林业科学, 2023, 59(5): 21-31.

Rui Chen,Mengping Tang. Comparison of Spatial Structure between Coniferous and Broad-Leaved Mixed Forest and Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest in Tianmu Mountains[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2023, 59(5): 21-31.

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森林群落 Forest community	株数密度 Number of trees/plant·hm^?2	树种数 Number of tree species	q值 q value	聚集指数 Aggregation index	全混交度 Complete mingling	V_Hegyi竞争指数 V_Hegyi competition index
针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	1 842	66	1.735	1.004	0.641	21.034
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	2 850	89	1.608	0.943	0.580	28.461

森林群落类型 Forest community type	径级 Diameter class/cm	株数密度 Numbe r of trees/(plant·hm^?2)	聚集指数 Aggregation index			平均聚集指数 Mean aggregation index $ \bar{R}$
森林群落类型 Forest community type	径级 Diameter class/cm	株数密度 Numbe r of trees/(plant·hm^?2)	R > 1	R < 1	R = 1	平均聚集指数 Mean aggregation index $ \bar{R}$
针阔混交林 Coniferous andbroad-leaved forest	5~10	705	260	445	0	0.826
	10~15	347	137	210	0	0.858
	15~20	248	83	165	0	0.841
	20~25	187	77	110	0	0.984
	25~30	154	70	84	0	1.023
	30~35	80	40	40	0	1.005
	35~40	50	25	25	0	0.941
	40~45	32	14	18	0	0.960
	45~50	8	7	1	0	1.957
	50~55	4	1	3	0	0.667
	55~60	4	3	1	0	1.507
	60~65	1	0	1	0	0.904
	65~70	2	0	2	0	0.580
	总计Total	1 822	717	1 105	0	1.004
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest	5~10	929	308	621	0	0.772
	10~15	343	112	231	0	0.770
	15~20	187	71	116	0	0.826
	20~25	114	46	68	0	0.877
	25~30	97	39	58	0	0.992
	30~35	53	18	35	0	0.825
	35~40	33	11	22	0	0.998
	40~45	18	10	8	0	1.237
	45~50	9	5	4	0	1.073
	50~55	8	4	4	0	1.057
	55~60	2	1	1	0	0.799
	60~65	0	0	0	0	0
	65~70	0	0	0	0	0
	70~75	1	1	0	0	1.207
	75~80	0	0	0	0	0
	80~85	1	0	1	0	0.826
	总计 Total	1 795	626	1 169	0	0.943

针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved forest			常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest
优势树种 Dominant tree species	胸高断面积 Basal area/m²	优势树种断面积在总断面积中占比 proportion of dominant tree species in the total cross-sectional area（%）	优势树种 Dominant tree species	胸高断面积 Basal area/m²	优势树种断面积在总断面积中占比 proportion of dominant tree species in the total cross-sectional area（%）
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	24.588	49.3	细叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis gracilis	5.407	13.82
枫香 Liquidambar formosana	3.994	8.01	杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	3.434	8.78
榧树 Torreya grandis	3.791	7.6	枫香 Liquidambar formosana	3.007	7.69
短尾柯 Lithocarpus brevicaudatus	3.168	6.35	短尾柯 Lithocarpus brevicaudatus	2.871	7.34
			青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca	2.662	6.81
			白栎 Quercus fabri	2.441	6.24
			榧树 Torreya grandis	2.062	5.27
			黄连木 Pistacia chinensis	1.881	4.81
			小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	1.673	4.28
			蓝果树Nyssa sinensis	1.194	3.05
			豹皮樟 Litsea coreana	1.038	2.65
			天目木姜子 Litsea auriculata	1.014	2.59
			榉树 Zelkova serrata	0.999	2.55
			金钱松 Pseudolarix amabilis	0.789	2.02

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