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林业科学 ›› 2015, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (10): 110-116.doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20151014

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

木本植物雌雄株生物学差异研究进展

翟飞飞, 孙振元   

  1. 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所 国家林业局林木培育重点实验室 北京 100091
  • 收稿日期:2014-09-28 修回日期:2015-09-06 出版日期:2015-10-25 发布日期:2015-11-10
  • 通讯作者: 孙振元
  • 基金资助:
    林业公益性行业科研专项(201304115)。

Progress in Study on Sexual Differences of Woody Dioecious Plants

Zhai Feifei, Sun Zhenyuan   

  1. Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration Research Institute of Forestry, CAF Beijing 100091
  • Received:2014-09-28 Revised:2015-09-06 Online:2015-10-25 Published:2015-11-10

摘要: 雌雄异株的性系统在木本植物中普遍存在,关于雌雄差异已有很多研究,且一直是研究热点,因此本文对木本植物雌雄株在形态解剖学、生理学、分子生物学及化学防御方面的差异进行综述,以期为雌株、雄株在生产实践中的选择性运用及理论研究提供参考。在形态解剖学方面,多年生植物雄株株型高、叶片和生物量大,逆境条件下细胞器受损较轻,适应不良环境的结构特征明显,其生长优势; 而结一次果或生命较短、结多次果的植物则是雌株占生长优势,如叶生物量比及叶面积比大、叶片旱生结构特征明显、生态可塑性大等。在生理学方面,虽然正常条件下一些植物的雌雄株无显著差异,但是逆境条件下差异显著。大多数植物雄株的光合作用、渗透调节作用、保护酶活性等高于雌株,且逆境条件下受伤害程度小于雌株。雌雄株脱落酸、赤霉素等内源激素含量存在显著差异,且该差异与发育时期密切相关; 逆境条件下雌株脱落酸含量显著高于雄株,雌株对逆境条件反应敏感。在分子生物学方面,雄株可通过基因表达水平的上调和一些关键蛋白的高表达,应对不良环境; 雄株中,大部分基因与激素生物合成、光合作用、活性氧清除酶系统等有关,且与电子传递、光系统稳定、氧化还原平衡以及应激反应有关的蛋白丰度较高。在一些物种中已找到与性别基因位点相连锁的标记,可用于雌雄异株植物的性别鉴定。在化学防御方面,雌株的酚类等物质含量高、叶片韧性值大,对病虫害的防御能力强。有关雌雄差异的研究中,来源于天然种群的雌雄株个体间遗传差异较大,而同一家系的雌雄株仍存在一定程度的遗传变异,因此最好选择固定父母本的杂交子代。目前大多数雌雄差异研究主要集中在生长发育的某一阶段,而雌雄差异与植物的发育时期密切相关,为了更全面地了解雌雄差异,有必要对不同发育时期的差异进行研究。另外,加强雌雄株在生理、分子等水平的差异研究,可为雌雄异株植物的性别鉴定提供理论依据。

关键词: 木本植物, 雌雄异株, 雌雄差异

Abstract: Dioecious sexual system is widespread in woody plants. There are many researches about male and female differences, which has been a hot research topic. In order to provide a reference for the selection of male and female plants in production practice and theoretical study, this article reviewed differences of woody male and female plants in morphology and anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, and chemical defense. In morphology and anatomy, some perennial male plants show taller plant type, bigger leaf and biomass, less damaged organelle under the condition of stresses, and more obvious architectural feature for adapting adverse environment, all of which endow them a growth advantage; However, some female plants possess bigger aboveground biomass, and more obvious xeromorphic leaf, which are important characters in growth. In physiology, most of plants do not behave significant sexual differences in physiological performance under normal condition, but the differences can be significant under adversity condition. Most of male plants show higher photosynthesis, regulating function, protective enzyme activities than female plants under stresses. Endogenous hormones (such as abscisic acid and gibberellin) contents are significantly different in two sexes, and the difference is closely related to growth stage; abscisic acid content is higher in female plants under adversity condition and female plants are sensitive to adversity. In molecular biology, male plants could up-regulate genes expression levels and high expression of some key proteins in response to adverse environment; And most of the genes are related to hormone biosynthesis, photosynthesis, enzyme system of active oxygen removal, and the proteins, involving in electron transfer, photosystem stability, redox equilibrium, and stress response, have higher abundances. Molecular markers of sex-linked genes have been found in some species, and they can be used to sex determination of dioecism. In chemical defense, it has been recognized that defensive substances such as phenols generally are higher and the leaves are tougher in female plants, therefore they have stronger resistance to herbivores. In the sexual difference research, in natural populations the male and female plants have greater genetic differences, and there exist to some degree genetic variation within a family, thus the best materials are the hybrids with fixed parents. Currently, majority of researches on sexual differences principally focus on a certain growth and development stage, and it has been proved that sexual differences are strongly linked to developmental stage. Thus it is necessary to conduct study on different developmental stages to understand the differences more comprehensively. Moreover, sexual differences in physiological and molecular levels should be enhanced, so as to supply theoretical basis for sex determination of dioecious plants.

Key words: woody plant, dioecism, sexual difference

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