氮、磷、钾和灌水用量对油茶春梢生长的影响

doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20150419

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】油茶产量与春梢的生长状态密切相关,探讨春梢生长与水肥之间的关系可为油茶水肥管理提供科学依据。【方法】在测土配方的基础上针对氮、磷、钾和水4个因子的用量,分别设置5个梯度水平,并采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计试验处理,在江西九江高产无性系油茶成林中开展了水肥试验,通过测定油茶春梢长度、梢直径和叶面积,分析油茶春梢生长的水肥需求规律,筛选出最佳的水肥栽培方案。【结果】在试验用量范围内,适量的氮和水的对油茶春梢伸长生长有明显的促进作用,而磷、钾影响较小。氮、磷、钾、水4个因子对梢直径和叶面积的增加均有显著促进作用,但用量不宜过大。氮与磷、氮与钾、氮与水、磷与水互作对梢长有明显耦合效应; 当氮肥水平较低时,适量增施磷肥促进春梢伸长,增施钾肥影响不明显,当氮肥用量较大时,增施磷肥表现为拮抗效应,适量增施钾肥表现为正向耦合效应; 氮素或水对油茶春梢伸长生长的促进作用均存在阈值,在阈值范围内两者能产生正向协同耦合效应; 水分不足时,磷肥能抵御干旱胁迫的伤害,促进春梢伸长生长,水分充足时,磷肥肥效难以发挥,过量施用造成肥料浪费。一定用量范围内,氮与钾互作对梢直径有明显正向耦合效应,但用量过大则促进效果不明显。【结论】氮、磷、钾、水4个因子均为变量时,以春梢长、梢直径和叶面积接近最大值为目标优化出的水肥方案为: 全年每株油茶增施有效养分N 160 g,P₂O₅ 60 g,K₂O 252 g、灌水25 kg。

关键词: 油茶, 氮, 磷, 钾, 水, 耦合, 春梢

Abstract:

【Objective】 Camellia oleifera Abel is a China's endemic species of woody edible oil, its production is closely related to the growth of the spring shoots. Investigation of the relationship between the growth of spring shoots and fertility and water can provide a scientific basis for the management of water and fertilizer of C. oleifera. 【Method】 In order to study the effects of water and fertilizers on the spring-shoots of C. oleifera, five levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and irrigation were set by using quadratic general rotary unitized design and the length, diameter and leaf area of the spring-shoots were measured in a high yield mature clonal forest of C. oleifera. 【Results】 The result showed that in the range of the tested amounts, the appropriate amounts of nitrogen and irrigation significantly promoted elongation of spring-shoots, but phosphorus and potassium had no obvious effects on the shoot length. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and irrigation were able to significantly improve the shoot diameter and leaf area, but the applied amount should be controlled at a certain range. There were obvious coupling effects of nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, nitrogen and irrigation, phosphorus and irrigation on the shoot length. At low nitrogen levels, increasing Phosphorus promoted the spring shoot to elongate, but further increase in Potassium over a given amount did not have any obvious effect on the growth. At higher nitrogen levels, increasing Phosphorus exerted an antagonistic effect, but more Potassium showed positive coupling effect. There were thresholds for the amount of Nitrogen or water in terms of promotion of spring shoot elongation, and within the threshold, they were able to produce positive and synergistic coupling effect. In water deficit, Phosphorus fertilizing could withstand the injury of drought stress, and promoted the growth of spring shoots elongation. However, when water was sufficient, the Phosphorus was hard to exert its influence, and its excessive application resulted in waste. Within a certain amount of scope, the interactions of nitrogen and potassium had significant positive coupling effects on the diameter growth of spring shoots, but when their amounts were excessive, the effects were not obvious. 【Conclusion】 When the four factors of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and irrigation all were variables, an optimized program of water and fertilizers was made by using the values of shoot length, shoot diameter and leaf area close to the greatest as the goal, that is, effective N 160 g, P₂O₅ 60 g, K₂O 252 g and irrigation 25 kg to each plant annually.

Key words: Camellia oleifera, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, irrigation, coupling effect, spring-shoot

中图分类号:

胡冬南, 涂淑萍, 刘亮英, 张文元, 郭晓敏. 氮、磷、钾和灌水用量对油茶春梢生长的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2015, 51(4): 148-155.

Hu Dongnan, Tu Shuping, Liu Liangying, Zhang Wenyuan, Guo Xiaomin. Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Irrigation on the Growth of Spring-shoots in Mature stands of Camellia oleifera[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(4): 148-155.

参考文献

丁明来,傅德龙,孙立涛. 2013. 水肥耦合条件与茶树生长关系组成分析, 中国农学通报, 29(31):137-141.
(Ding M L, Fu D L, Sun L. 2013. Relations of growth of tea plants under the condition of water and fertilizer coupling, Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 29(31):137-141.[in Chinese])
高延军,张喜英. 2004. 冬小麦品种间水分利用效率的差异及其影响因子分析, 灌溉排水学报, 23(5): 45-50.
(Gao Y J, Zhang X Y. 2004. Discrepancies of WUE of different winter wheat yarieties and analysis of the interrelated factors. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 23(5): 45-50.[in Chinese])
胡冬南,游美红,袁生贵,等. 2005. 不同配方施肥对幼龄油茶的影响, 西北林学院学报, 20(1): 94-97.
(Hu D N, You M H, Yuan S G, et al. 2005. The effect on young Camellia oleifera of different formula fertilization. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 20(1): 94-97.[in Chinese])
胡芳名,谢碧霞,王晓明. 1992. 枣树经济施肥与氮素营养诊断的研究, 林业科学, 28(1): 12-20.
(Hu F M, Xie B X, Wang X M. 1992. Economical fertilization and nitrogen nutrional diagnosis for common jujube trees, Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 28(1): 12-20.[in Chinese])
胡娟娟. 2012. 水分对油茶生长及生理生化特性的影响.合肥:安徽农业大学硕士学位论文.
(Hu J J. 2012. Effects of Water on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Camellia oleifera. Hefei:MS thesis of Anhui Agricultural University.[in Chinese])
李青,胡冬南,张慧,等. 2012. 不同肥料类型对油茶春梢生长和果形指数及果实产量的影响, 经济林研究, 30(4): 36-40.
(Li Q, Hu D N, Zhang H, et al. 2012. Effects of different ttypes of fertilizers on spring shoot growth, fruit shape index and yield in Camellia oleifera. Nonwood Forest Rsearch, 30(4): 36-40.[in Chinese])
刘庆定,王毅,张平安,等. 2013. 施肥对油茶幼林营养生长的影响, 浙江林业科技, 33(3): 58-60.
(Liu Q D, Wang Y, Zhang P A, et al. 2013. Effect of fertilization on vegetative growth of young Camellia oleifera, Jour of Zhejiang For Sci & Tech, 33(3): 58-60.[in Chinese])
刘晓翠,罗菊,王小利,等. 2013. 不同施肥处理对油茶生长发育的影响, 山地农业生物学报, 32(2): 106-109.
(Liu X C, Luo J, Wang X L, et al. 2013. Effects of different fertilizers on growth and development of oil-tea Camellia Journal of Mountain Agriculture and Biology, 32(2): 106-109.[in Chinese])
申巍,杨水平,姚小华,等. 2008. 施肥对油茶生长和结实特性的影响, 林业科学研究, 21(2): 239-242.
(Shen W, Yang S P, Yao X H, et al. 2008. Studies on the effects of fertilization on growth and fruiting of oil tea Camellia. Forest Research, 21(2):239-242.[in Chinese])
王进鑫,张晓鹏,高保山. 2004, 水肥耦合对矮化富士苹果幼树的促长促花作用研究, 干旱地区农业研, 22(9): 47-50.
(Wang J X, Zhang X P, Gao B S. 2004. Accelerating function of fertilizer and irrigation on shoot growth and flowering of young dwarfing apple tree agricultural. Research in the Arid Areas, 22(9): 47-50.[in Chinese])
王梓,马履一,贾忠奎,等. 2011.1 年生欧美107 杨地上生物量水肥耦合效应, 东北林业大学学报, 39(3): 49-51.
(Wang Z, Ma L Y, Jia Z K, et al. 2011. Coupling effect of water and fertilizer on aboveground biomass of one-year-old Populus × euramericana cv.74/76. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 39(3): 49-51.[in Chinese])
汪瑞清,刘仁根,肖运萍,等. 2009. 水肥耦合对赣南脐橙园脐橙品质的影响, 广东农业科学, (6): 86-88.
(Wang R Q, Liu R G, Xiao Y P, et al. 2009. Effect of water and fertilizer treatment on quality of naval orange in gannan orange park. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, (6): 86-88.[in Chinese])
王玉娟,陈永忠,王湘南,等.2009. 稻草覆盖对油茶幼林林地土壤温度及新梢的影响, 经济林研究, 27(2): 49-52.
(Wang Y J, Chen Y Z, Wang X N, et al. 2009. Effects of straw mulching on soil temperature and fresh tip of Camellia Oleifera Young Forest, Nonwood Forest Rsearch, 27(2): 49-52.[in Chinese])
吴楚,范志强,王政权. 2005. 氮磷供应状态对水曲柳幼苗氮磷吸收与生长的影响, 林业科学, 41(5): 196-200.
(Wu C, Fan Z Q, Wang Z Q.2005. Influences of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on their absorption and growth of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings . Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 41(5): 196-200.[in Chinese])
张丽华,赵洪祥,谭国波,等. 2010. 水肥耦合对大豆光合特性及产量的影响, 大豆科学, 29 (2): 268-271.
(Zhang L H, Zhao H X, Tan G B, et al. 2010. Influence of water and fertilizer coupling on photosynthetic characters and yield of soybean. Soybean Science, 29 (2): 268-271.[in Chinese])
周裕新,胡玉玲,甘青,等. 2012. 施肥与芸苔素内酯对赣无油茶叶片养分和生长的影响, 西南林业大学学报, 32(2): 1-6.
(Zhou Y X, Hu Y L, Gan Q, et al. 2012. Effect of fertilization and brs application on leaf nutrition and plant growth of'Ganwu'clone of Camellia oleifera, Journal of Southwest Forestry University, 32(2): 1-6.[in Chinese])
Cabello M J, Castellanos M T, Romojaro F, et al. 2009. Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates. Agricultural water Management, 96(5): 866-874.
de Groot C C,Marcelis L F M, van den Boogaard R, et al. 2003. Interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition in determining growth. Plant Soil, 248(1): 257-268.
Ejieji C J, Adeniran K A. 2010. Effects of water and fertilizer stress on the yield, fresh and dry matter production of grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus), Australian Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 1(1): 18-24.
Nazareno R B, Oliveira C A S, Sanzonowicz C, et al. 2003. Initial growth of Rubi coffee plant in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and water regimes. Pesquisa Agropecuria Brasileira, 38(8): 903-91.

[1]	贾荛祯, 王明, 王传华. 川金丝猴食源地衣长松萝生长、存活与生理学特征对模拟氮沉降的响应[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 17-26.
[2]	刘效东, 刘佩伶, 戴雨航, 莫其锋, 林浩娟, 李吉跃, 张倩媚, 陈修治. 森林与径流关系研究进展[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 155-162.
[3]	丁令智, 满秀玲, 肖瑞晗, 蔡体久. 寒温带森林根际土壤微生物量碳氮含量生长季内动态变化[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 178-186.
[4]	满子源, 孙龙, 胡海清, 张运林. 南方8种森林地表死可燃物在平地无风时的燃烧蔓延速率与预测模型[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(7): 197-204.
[5]	李一凡, 王玉杰, 王彬, 李通. 西南酸雨区重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林土壤氮矿化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 1-12.
[6]	李杨, 许飞云. 不同含水率云南松声发射信号特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 96-102.
[7]	朱嘉磊, 薄慧娟, 李璇, 文春燕, 王江, 聂立水, 田菊, 宋莲君. 不同毛白杨无性系林分蓄积量的长期水氮耦合效应[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 27-35.
[8]	陈丽, 代松, 马青江, 邓先静, 朱铭玮, 李淑娴. 合欢种皮结构及其与吸水的关系[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 46-54.
[9]	肖遥, 易飞, 韩东花, 卢楠, 杨桂娟, 赵鲲, 王军辉, 麻文俊. 楸树种间和种内杂种生长与光合系统氮素利用及分配的差异分析[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 55-64.
[10]	李河, 李司政, 王悦辰, 刘君昂, 徐建平, 周国英. 油茶苗圃炭疽病原菌鉴定及抗药性[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 85-94.
[11]	李丹, 张俊杰, 赵梦溪. 基于FCM和分水岭算法的无人机影像中林分因子提取[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(5): 180-187.
[12]	郭燕, 程瑞梅, 肖文发, 沈雅飞, 杨邵, 王娜, 刘泽彬, 王晓荣. 三峡库区消落带土壤化学性质年际变化特征[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 22-30.
[13]	申静霞, 袁秀锦, 李迈和, 于飞海, 王雪, 刘录, 贺云龙, 雷静品. 土壤温度和水分变化对川西云杉幼苗氮和磷含量的影响[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 31-41.
[14]	王怡霖, 王卫锋, 张芸香, 常淑君, 郭晋平. 碧玉杨叶形态结构与生理特性对干旱的响应[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 42-50.
[15]	官纪元, 樊卫国. 不同磷水平下刺梨实生苗生长及根系形态特征与内源激素含量的关系[J]. 林业科学, 2019, 55(4): 51-61.