[Objective] The aim of this paper was to explore the spatial-temporal changes of wetland area in the Tarim Populus euphratica National Nature Reserve (abbreviated as the Reserve) before and after the ecological water supplement, in order to provide a scientific basis for the ecological water diversion project.[Method] Based on the remote sensing images obtained in 1992, 1999, and 2016 and by means of interpreting remote sensing images to extract the wetland landscape information in the Reserve under the support of RS and GIS, the spatial-temporal changes of wetland area before and after the ecological water supplement were analyzed by using methods such as mathematical statistics, dynamic degree and fractional dimension.[Results] During 1992-2016, the wetland area in the reserve decreased first followed by an increase. During 1992-1999 (i.e., before the ecological water supplement), the wetland area decreased by 16.8%. During 1999-2016 (i.e., after the ecological water supplement), the wetland area recovered by 6.9% slowly. These results indicated that the ecological water supplement project played a positive role in the wetland restoration. During 1992-1999, the change rates of different types of wetlands in the reserve were all relatively high and the disturbance of human activities to the reserve was severe. The area of artificial wetland increased but the areas of other types of wetlands decreased significantly. During 17 years of implementing the ecological water supplement project, the change rate of wetland area became low, and rapid degradation of wetland was effectively restrained. However, the process of wetland restoration was slow, and its restoration effect needed to be enhanced.[Conclusion] The ecological water supplement did increase the wetland area restoratively, but which was mainly implemented along the main stream of the Tarim River, and the artificial disturbance was increasing year by year, thus leading to the coexistence between the conservation and the destruction of wetland. The increase of wetland area was mainly due to temporary wetlands such as permanent rivers. There was no significant increase of real ecological benefits in the swamp wetland, and the restoration of wetland's ecological functions was limited, indicating that the current strategy of ecological water supplement needs to be further improved.

[Objective] This study aims to provide a scientific basis to the construction and management of urban green land, hence, improving the ecological functionality of urban vegetation in Harbin City, through investigating the characteristics of fertility and its spatial distribution in the urban green land.[Method] 257 soil samples were collected from the following sites:roadside forests, institution-affiliated forests, landscape forests, ecological and public welfare forests, farmland. Nine indicators of soil fertility, including soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P, available K, pH, and soil density were measured. Classification of the 9indicatorsfollowed the classification criteria for soil nutrients listed in the 2nd National Soil Survey (6-grade evaluation) and a modified Nemorow formula. Additionally, spatial distribution of the 9parameterswas obtained by employing ArcGIS software.[Result] The results showed that the content of soil organic matter was graded as level 2 (high) with content of organic matters of 30-40 g·kg^-1 for most regions. For total N, available N and available P, they were graded as level 3, based on the contents of them of 1-1.5 g·kg^-1, 90-150 mg·kg^-1 and <20 mg·kg^-1 respectively. Considering the total K and available K, the levels were in the range of 50-100 g·kg^-1 and 150-200 mg·kg^-1, for most regions, which were graded as level 2 or higher. The total P reached the mid-low level(level 4), which showed a value ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 g·kg^-1 for most regions on the spatial map. The pH of the urban soil on the spatial map was 7.5-8.5, and soil density was 1.3-1.4 g·cm³. By reference to the value of, significant (P<0.05) differences were found among different types of green lands for all the studied parameters, with an exception of the available K. Spatial structure of soil indexes reveled that nugget/sill (C₀/C₀+C) of total P, available N, available P, available K and F were in the range of 25%-75%, while the values of both SOM and soil density were above 75%.[Conclusions] The total P content was low, while the content of total K was high the soil of green land in Harbin City. It was found that the total P, total N, soil density and available N were the main restraining factors for the soil fertility. In particular, the spatial variability of the studied parameters depended on various factors, showing that the total P, available N, available P, available K and F were influenced by structural factors and random factors, while the soil organic matter and soil density were influenced by random factors. Therefore, based on the findings in this study, measures such as application of N-P fertilizer, restricting the use of K fertilizer, and/or growing N-fixing plants, are needed to improve the soil fertility of green-land soil in Harbin City.

[Objective] In this study, we investigatedvariations of specific leaf area (SLA) indifferent growth periods and canopy positions of Betula platyphylla at different ages, and analyzed the effects of different resources and environment conditions on SLA and its relationship with other leaf traits,which wouldhelp us to learn more about SLA variations and its influencing factors and provides the basis for better understanding of the impact of resources and environment on the traits.[Methods] B. platyphylla, an early successional tree species of broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest, was selected as the study object. During the growth periods of leaf growth (June), leaf stabilization (July) and leaf senescence (September), the SLA, leaf thickness (LT) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) of adult trees and saplings were measured, and the SLA, LT and LDMC in different canopy positions of adult treeswere also measured. The variation of the three leaf traits and their relationships in different plant ages, growth periods, and canopy positions were analyzed.Further, we tested whether plant age, growth period and canopy position significantly affected these relationships by using Standardized Major Axis (SMA) method.[Result] There were significant variations in SLA, LT and LDMC of adult trees and saplings in different growth periods and canopy positions. The influence degree of LT, LDMC and LT×LDMC on SLA significantly varied with plant ages. There were significant negative correlations between SLA and LT, LDMC in different plant age, growth stage and canopy height and the slopes between SLA-LT and SLA-LDMC differed significantly with plant ages,growth periods and canopy positions.[Conclusion] SLA of B.platyphylla at different plant ages decreased significantly with growth periods, and increased significantly with the decrease of canopy positions,and the relationship between SLA and LT, LDMC wassignificantly influenced by plant age, growthperiod and canopy position.

[Objective] At mospheric CO₂ concentrations would increase from approximately 350 μmol·mol^-1 today to over 700 μmo·mol^-1 by the end of this century. The elevated CO₂ islikely to have profound effects on the precipitation pattern in the future.This change would seriously affect the desert ecosystem,photosynthesis,above-and belowground biomass of desert plants,which could lead to the changes of ecosystem structure and function. Although many studies have examined the effects of precipitation and CO₂,the interaction of changing precipitation pattern and elevated CO₂ concentration on desert plantsis still not clear.[Methods] A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction of elevated CO₂ concentration and changing precipitation pattern on photosynthesis parameters such as photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate and so on, andon growth characteristics such as plant height,biomass and root/shoot ratio(R/S) of Reaumuria soongarica thatis a dominant plant species of desert steppe in the arid region of China, in order to assess the possible effect of global climate change on desert ecosystem. The two-year-old seedlings were subjected to two CO₂ concentrations (350 and 700 μmol·mol^-1) and three precipitation levels[natural precipitationas control(0), precipitation minus 30% (-30%), precipitation plus 30%(+30%)].[Result] Doubled CO₂ concentration increased the photosynthesis rate and decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance (P<0.05).The increase of precipitation by 30% had a significant promoting influence on the photosynthesis rateunder the elevated CO₂,and a certain compensation effect on the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance inhibited by the elevated CO₂.Long-term treatment with increased CO₂ led to the photosynthetic acclimation by reducing the photosynthetic capacity.Elevated CO₂ concentration and increasing precipitation were able to significantly stimulate the increase of plant height,aboveground biomass and total biomass of R.soongarica, and the elevated CO₂ concentration reduced the decrease of the R.soongarica growth caused by the decrease of rainfall.Root biomass were increased under precipitation reduction by elvated CO₂ concentration.

[Objective] The freezing mode,namely intercellular or intracellular freezing, in an evergreen plant Pachysandra terminalis. was investigated with the differential thermal analysis and light microscopy.[Method] This study employed differential thermal analysis and microscopic observations to seek evidence of extracellular freezing in P. terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. duiring cooling and freezing.[Result] High resolution differential scanning calorimetry was used to detect the evidence of extracellular freezing in the P.terminalis leaves.The living leaves of the plants consistently exhibited biphasic freezing exotherms, i.e., an initial small exotherm followed by a slow but much larger exotherm. In contrast, the freeze-killed leaves, as well as the filter paper drenched with extracted tissue solutions from the leaves of the two plants, exhibited just one fast and large exotherm typical for a single phase freezing. The relaxation time of the freezing course was 195 seconds for the living leaves, and 73 seconds for the killed leaves; the supercooling degree was 5.05℃ for the living leaves and 5.45℃ for the freeze killed leaves. Colourless ice crystals were observed in the intercellular spaces in the living leaves, and however coloured ice crystals in killed leaves with a microscope, which was in agreement with the result from the differential thermal analysis.[Conclusion] Although differential thermal analysis has been used in analysing the phase change temperature and the saturation degree of membrane lipids, reports on the use of the technique in analysing the freezing mode of plant tissues has not yet been seen. The experiment provided another new approach to the researches on the mechanisms of freezing injury to plants.

[Objective] The paper was intended to clarify the ploidy of main cultivars of Camellia reticulata, which will be helpful for the breeding in the future.[Method] Leave samples of 63 cultivars of C. reticulata as well as the diploid species C. saluenensis used as control were collected from Kunming Botanical Garden, and then DNA was extracted and contents were detected using fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry (FCM). The ploidy were estimated according to their 2C values. Additionally, the chromosome numbers were counted by electron microscope using stem tips and pollen of three representative cultivars in each ploidy group, so as to verify the result of flow cytometry.[Result] Among the 63 cultivars of C. reticulata, the maximum DNA content was of ‘Hentiangao’ which was peaking at 304.43 with 2C value of 18.32 pg. The minimum DNA content was of ‘Hongxia Yingchun’ which was peaking at 175.03 with 2C value of 10.53 pg. A total of 29 cultivars (46.03% of tested cultivars) which had DNA peaking below 250 with 2C value below 15.00 pg were estimated as hexaploid. 31 cultivars (49.21%), which had DNA peaking range of 250 to 300 and 2C value of 15.00-18.00 pg, were estimated to be octaploid. Three cultivars (4.76%) which had DNA peaking above 300 and 2C value above 18.00 pg were estimated as decaploid. Furthermore, the chromosome numbers of representative cultivars, ‘Wujiao Xiuqiu’ (pollen:n=45), ‘Juban’ (pollen:n=60) and ‘Hentiangao’ (stem tip:2n=150), were coincident to flow cytometry result.[Conclusion] The cultivars of C. reticulata exhibited hexaploidy, octoploidy and decaploidy. The abundant cell ploidy would provide a significant basis for the further studies on inheritance and evolution of polyploidy, as well as parents selection for cross breeding.

[Objective] A NAC transcription factor gene ClNAC1 was cloned, which was related to formation of the secondary wall of Cunninghamia lanceolata. Based on tissue differential expression detection, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and linkage disequilibrium (LD) test of ClNAC1 were conducted to provide an important foundation for further functional dissection and LD mapping.[Method] The cDNA sequence of ClNAC1 was isolated based on transcriptome sequencing of C. lanceolata mixed samples, and bioinformatics characteristics were analyzed by homologous alignment and phylogenetic tree construction. The expression patterns in different organs and tissues were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR). The SNP variations and the patterns of LD decay among 40 clones of C. lanceolata were analyzed using MEGA 6.0 and DnaSP 5.0.[Result] The isolated ClNAC1 cDNA was 1 286 bp long with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 092 bp, and the encoding protein possessed a NAC domain of 128 amino acids residues at the N-terminus. The corresponding genomic sequence of 2 546 bp length contained three exons and three introns, and the first intron was located in the 5'untranslated region (UTR). Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the ClNAC1 protein was grouped with Arabidopsis thaliana NST1/2/3 and Populus trichocarpa WND2A/B, and belonged to the B-clade associated with secondary growth. The expression levels of ClNAC1 was the highest in male cone, and was lowest in mature leaf from one-year branch. The expression levels in semi-lignified stem was 2.8 times as high as that of non-lignified stem, and the corresponding value in the xylem of two-years branch was about three times higher than that of bark. Through resequencing ClNAC1 locus of 40 individuals from six geographic provenances, 104 common SNPs were identified with an average frequency of 1/24 bp and a diversity level of 0.012 53. There were 32 SNPs in the coding region, of which 25 were synonymous mutations and seven were missense mutations. There was no significant difference in the SNP diversity index (π_tot, π_sil, π_s and π_n) among the six populations, and the diversity of non-synonymous mutation (π_n)in different populations was less than that of synonymous mutation diversity (π_s). LD analysis showed that the length of LD decay sequence varied from 1 025 bp to 2 460 bp in six populations and the LD level within the gene has declined to be insignificant at r² >0.1.[Conclusion] The ClNAC1 might be involved in secondary wall regulation. This gene had abundant SNP mutations in the studied populations, and it was mainly subjected to purifying selection during the course of evolution. The LD declined rapidly within the ClNAC1 with the sequence length increasing in different populations, suggesting that LD mapping based on this gene would be feasible in C. lanceolata.

[Objective] AP2/ERF protein, with AP2 domains, is a transcription factor family associated with plant stress resistance. Soloist gene belongs to the AP2/ERF family, and most plants own only one of it. One Jatropha curcas Soloist gene, named JcSoloist, was selected and cloned, and then the physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-acting elements in promoter, and prokaryotic expression were systematically analyzed. This study is aimed to provide a significant foundation for further studies of the functions of Soloist gene in J. curcas and genetic improvement of the species.[Method] Based on the Hidden Markov Model of conserved AP2 domain and Soloist protein sequence from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, J. curcas protein database was searched by BLASTP, and then the AP2/ERF family genes were obtained through Pfam and CDD verification. Contrast analyses for JcSoloist gene were conducted by various bioinformatics tools. The expression levels of JcSoloist gene in different organs and under chilling treatment were carried out using qPCR(quantitative real-time PCR). A recombinant vector of pET-32a-JcSoloist was constructed and transferred into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After induced expression by IPTG, samples were collected from bacterial suspension at different induction times, and then SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the protein expression level.[Result] The results showed that 119 AP2/ERF family genes were identified depend on J. curcas genome and protein databases. The full-length coding sequence of JcSoloist is 699 bp with 6 exons and 5 introns in gene structure. The CDS encoded 232 amino acids with the molecular weight of 26.3 kDa and the pI value of 9.65. TATA-box, CAAT-box, responsive elements of gibberellin, salicylic acid and drought were identified in the promoter. qPCR analysis revealed that JcSoloist expressed in different organs, with abundant expression in root, but scarcely present in leaves. Meanwhile, JcSoloist gene was remarkably cold-induced expression in leaves and root, which reach the highest expression levels after 3 h (34.38-fold) and 24 h (3.83-fold) chilling treatment, respectively. The prokaryotic expression vector of pET-32a-JcSoloist was constructed and a stable prokaryotic expression system was obtained, SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of fusion protein was 46.0 kDa, which is in consistence with the expected weight.[Conclusion] One Soloist gene was identified in J. curcas AP2/ERF gene family, and containing three anti-paralleled beta sheets and one alpha helix in the coding AP2 domain, which is in consistence with other reported species. The identification of cis-acting elements such as gibberellin and salicylic acid, suggesting that JcSoloist may play a crucial role in J. curcas hormonal signaling transduction. The expression levels of JcSoloist gene were remarkably induced by low temperature, indicating that JcSoloist possibly participates in the pathways of chilling response or chilling signaling transduction, and involved in the formation of cold resistance in J. curcas, this becomes a candidate gene for the breeding of cold-resistance varieties in J. curcas.

[Objective] Aiming at the over-fitting problem caused by information redundancy from multi-source remote sensing data and their derived high-dimensional features, this study is to effectively pre-select the optimal feature combination to optimize the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) for regional forest above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation.[Method] This study proposed a fast iterative features selection method for k-NN method (KNN-FIFS). This method iteratively pre-select the optimal features which determined by the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured forest AGB values and the k-NN estimates based on the leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation. Based on KNN-FIFS, multi-source data, including Landsat-8 OLI and its vegetation indices, texture metrics, topographic factors, HV polarization of P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, and forest inventory data (P_HV), were used to estimate forest AGB over Daxing'an Mountain Genhe forest reserve located in Inner Mongolia. Afterwards, the model behaviors between KNN-FIFS and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) method were compared.[Result] For KNN-FIFS method, the best configuration was that one with k of 3, the remotely sensed features using P_HV, second moment of 1^st and 2^nd short-wave infrared bands (S6,S7), homogeneity of 1^st short-wave infrared band (H6), correlation of coastal aerosol (Cr1), correlation of the near infrared (Cr5), dissimilarity of coastal aerosol (D1) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI). This configuration generated the most accurate estimates with R²=0.77 and RMSE=22.74 t·hm^-2,which performed much better than SMLR with R²=0.53 and RMSE=32.37 t·hm^-2.[Conclusion] KNN-FIFS is a more suitable method for forest AGB estimation than SMLR. KNN-FIFS can efficiently select the optimal feature combination to estimate regional forest AGB by use of multi-source remote sensing data with high-dimensional information.

[Objective] In 2014, dieback disease was observed on the 2-3-year-old grafted twigs of Michelia shiluensis in Xuwen County, Guangdong Province. To understand the pathogen causing the dieback, the isolate was collected and identified, the pathogenicity was tested according to the Koch's postulates, and the biological characteristics were determined. This study aims to provide basic theoretical knowledge for diagnosis and control of this disease.[Method] To get the pathogen, the infested tissues were cut from symptomatic twigs of which the barks were removed, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25-30℃ in dark. The isolates were inoculated on the healthy hosts to test the pathogenicity according to the Koch's postulates. The sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, translation elongation factor (TEF) gene, β-tubulin gene and histone (HIS) gene were amplified, sequenced and blasted in GenBank. Based on the multi-locus (ITS, HIS, TEF, TUB) phylogenetic analyses with Neighbor joining (NJ) and Bayesian inference (BI) method, the phylogenetic relationship of the pathogen with Diaporthe spp. was analyzed. The pathogen was identified according to the morphological and molecular characteristics. The effects of culture medium, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen source as well as light treatment on mycelial growth and conidiomata formation were determined.[Result] The isolate from infected tissues caused twigs dieback on healthy hosts, and the morphological characters was the same as Diaporthe sp. The Blast result showed that the ITS sequences of the pathogen were above 99% homology with several species of Diaporthe, and the sequences of HIS, TEF and TUB gene were 100% homology with D. ueckerae. The pathogen was clustered in the same branch with D. ueckerae in a well-supported clade with Bootstrap support values above 99% and Bayesian posterior probability values 1.00. Under the condition of culture medium, temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen source and light treatment, the mycelial growth and conidiomata formation had significant difference. The pH values ranged from 4 to 8 had insignificant effects on mycelial growth and conidiomata formation. Different light treatments had insignificant effect on the mycelial growth, but significant effect on conidiomata formation, thus it was not conducive to form the conidiomata under two light treatments, i.e. alternation of 12 hillumination and 12 h darkness, and alternation of 12 hillumination, 12 h darkness and 10 minultraviolet radiation.[Conclusion] The pathogen causing dieback on M. shiluensis has been identified as D. ueckerae Udayanga et Castlebury 2015, with strong adaptation to various environmental factors. The fungus could not form conidiomata below 15℃ or above 35℃.

[Objective] In this study, the resistant difference between Populus deltoides cl. Beikang(PDB) and Populus alba var. pyramidalis (PAP) against Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) in northwest China was investigated to provide reference for selecting resistant popular varieties plating in Arid and semi-Arid regions of Northwestern China.[Method] Six preferred clones of PDB (16-4, 16-8, 16-17, 16-18, 16-22, 16-27) were provided by Prof. Han Yifan research group of the Forestry Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry in 1999. From 2003 to 2011, 18 poplar varieties, including 6 PDB asexual lines as well as PAP, were selected to screen multi species and pure forest resistance test that was conducted in experimental plots in Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia, and 104 individuals of the clones in an area of 2.72 hm² were observed in a pure forest resistance experimental plots. In 2013, 1 000 PDB trees were planted, with PAP served as the control, to carry out expanded experiments in the epidemic area of the Linhe District, Dengkou County, and Hangjinhou County. The differences of the oviposition, egg hatching, larval feeding and development of ALB in PAP and PDB were dissected to analyze the spawning and emergence of ALB in the epidemic area, and to analyze the difference in the insect's evolution trend in PAP and PDB.[Result] It was showed that PAP bark had strong selective resistance to ALB adult oviposition. The ALB larvae seldom fed the phloem of PAP, and mainly depended on feeding xylem to complete their development. Therefore, PAP bark was damaged slightly, while PAP xylem was seriously affected with the ALB adult emergence rate 25.8%. PDB bark had weaker resistance to ALB adult oviposition selection. ALB larvae fed the cambium and phloem of PDB, resulting in the palm like depression of the bark and the spawning grooves healed to form a larger scar. The damage to the bark appearance was serious; however, the PDB cambium, phloem, and xylem showed a strong resistance to the development of each larval stage and to the emergence and emergence of the adults, and the emergence rate was only 0.25%.[Conclusion] PAP had a strong resistance to ALB attacking, but its developmental resistance was weak; without human intervention, the pest density in pure forest increased progressively; its resistance did not last long; the damages occurred after many years with dense ALB galleries and thus the wood value was reduced significantly. Comparatively PDB's resistance to the damages of ALB was weak, but the developmental resistance was strong; and its resistance to damages of ALB in the pure forest was showed persistently and steadily with few galleries in xylem. Thus the different clones of PDB could be selected according to needs of gender, trunk, and speed nature to improve afforestation resistance. Such as in a quick greening as the goal, 16-27 clones (PDB 1, male) could be selected as the fastest growing; being its good trunk shape and tall, and 16-4 clones (female) could be selected with the highest growth as farmland shelter; 16-8 clones (male) could be selected with good trunk shape and without catkins pollution.

[Objective] Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is an important termite pest in China. Hydroquinone was a valuable phagostimulating pheromone in termites. This study aimed to explore that the synergism of antioxidants combined with hydroquinone on the feeding attraction and the difference in metabolic profiling compared with control for C. formosanus, and provide reference for the development of attractants in C. formosanus.[Method] In this study, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tea polyphenols as antioxidants were selected, and the orientation and feeding behavior of C. formosanus workers were analyzed in different ratios of antioxidants and hydroquinone using the method of filter paper containing the mixtures. The gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) was used to assay the metabolic substances of the C. formosanus workers fed on the cellulosic feedstock treated by hydroquinone and tea polyphenols.[Result] The results showed there was no significant synergistic effect with different BHT to hydroquinone ratios, while the mixture between 10 ng·cm^-2 hydroquinone and tea polyphenol in the mass ratio of 1:5 had significantly higher phagostimulating effect in no-choice and choice experiments. With GC-TOF-MS, untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed that there were significant differences in the metabolic substances compared 10 ng·cm^-2 hydroquinone and tea polyphenol in the mass ratio of 1:5 with control group, and a total of 21 different metabolic compounds were identified under the variables with the VIP (variable importance in the projection) values exceeding 1.0, P-value less than 0.01 (Student's t-test), and similarity values more than 300, in which cycloleucine, beta-Glutamic acid, Gluconic lactone, D-erythronolactone and ergosterol were remarkably down-regulated while others were up-regulated.[Conclusion] It was suggested that tea polyphenols had a more obvious synergistic effect than BHT on hydroquinone to C. formosanus workers, and the metabolic profiling of workers fed on cellulose combined with the hydroquinone showed significant difference compared with the control. Tea polyphenols would be a potential synergistic agent used to develop new type of phagostimulating bait against C. formosanus.

[Objective] Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is an important economic and ecological plant in the arid and semi-arid region of China, and Rhagoletis batava obseuriosa (Diptera:Tephritidae) (RBO) is a serious quarantine insect pest that damaged the plant fruit. In order to find the RBO-resistant clones, a field investigation and indoor test were carried out. The difference of the biochemical substances between the resistant- and sensitive-plants were investigated to provide the theoretical basis for further study of physiological and biochemical resistance mechanisms of sea-buckthorn to RBO.[Method] First, the difference of RBO adult's oviposition biology and fruit damage were compared between RBO-resistant clones and RBO-sensitive clones both in the field and in laboratory. Then, two stages:before the adult emergence and at the peak time of adult oviposition, were chosen to detect biochemical substances and enzyme activities in the fruits and leaves of the resistant- and sensitive-clones using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[Result] 1) Sea-buckthorn clones resisting RBO were obtained by screening the fruit damage in the field and comparing the RBO ovposition rates indoors. 2) At the peak time of adult oviposition, the total phenolics, soluble protein and proline content in RBO-resistant clone were higher than those in RBO-sensitive clones, with increasing of 101.34%, 50.21% and 20.12% in the fruits, and 121.22%, 30.43% and 40.68% in the leaves, respectively. 3) The volatile compounds were significantly different in the fruits of the two clones. The types and contents of the esters in the RBO-resistant clones were significantly lower than those in the RBO-sensitive clones, while the content of alcohols was significantly higher than that in the RBO-sensitive clones. 4) The content of non-volatile kaempferol in RBO-resistant clones was significantly higher than that in the RBO-sensitive clones, with increase of 29.40% and 40.80% in fruits and leaves, respectively. The content of isorhamnetin in fruits of RBO-resistant was 43.20% higher than that in RBO-sensitive clones, while the content in the leaves was 41.34% lower than that in the RBO-sensitive clones. 5) At the peak time of adult oviposition, activity of the peroxidase (POD), chitinase and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) in the fruits were 98.21%, 25.03%, and 20.10% higher, respectively, and the POD and PAL activities in the leaves of RBO resistant clones were 33.40% and 36.30% higher, respectively than those in RBO-sensitive clones.[Conclusion] There were significant differences in the secondary metabolites and enzyme activities in the sea-buckthorn fruits and leaves between the RBO-resistant clones and the RBO-sensitive clones. The results preliminarily revealed the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the RBO-resistance, and provided the basis for further study on the mechanism of the RBO-resistance and the new RBO-resistant clone breeding.

[Objective] Revealing the forest farmer's cognition and its influence factors of commercial forest redemption in key ecological location is very important. It will provide scientific basis for improving the redemption of commodity forest and promoting the implementation of national ecological compensation.[Method] Based on 139 household survey data from Fujian Province, the forest farmers' cognition of commercial forest redemption are analyzed. On this basis, the main factors influencing forest farmer's cognition and their marginal effects were investigated using the multinomial logistic model.[Result] Firstly, 61.87% of forest farmers have the cognition of the commercial forest redemption in key ecological locations, but only 25.18% of the farmers know it well. Secondly,in the view of the impact factors on the forest farmer's cognition of commercial forest redemption in key ecological location, for the individual characteristics, the influences of education degree and age are significant, whereas,those of gender and village cadres experience are not significant. In the family characteristics, the influence of farmers' type is significant, whereas,those per capita income and the number of forestry labor in family are not significant. For the woodland characteristics, the influences of woodland area, woodland management type is timber or bamboo forest or not, and the woodland management mode are significant.For the external factors, the influence of whether to participate in the cooperation organization or not, the frequency of forestry policy discussion and the attitude of village cadres on forestry policy propaganda are significant. The influence of distance between the village and the city center is not significant. In the further study of the marginal effect, it is found that the marginal effect coefficient of "comparative understanding" in cognition is greater than "complete understanding" [Conclusion] Firstly, the overall level of forest farmers' cognition of the commodity forest redemption is low; Secondly, among the influencing factors, age, education degree, the farmers' type, woodland area, woodland management type is timber or bamboo forest or not, woodland management mode, whether to participate in the cooperation organization or not, the frequency of forestry policy discussion, the attitude of village cadres on forestry policy propaganda and area are the main factors. Thirdly, the cognition in Yong'an is better than that in Shunchang. Finally, farmers' cognitive degree tends to be "better understood" reflecting that their understanding of policy is not deep enough. Therefore, the government can increase the depth of the accurate propaganda, expand publicity channels (especially paying attention to play the role of the modern media)and improve the policy enforcement to promote the depth and breadth of the forest farmer's cognition of the policy.

[Objective] Planning and design is an important issue in nature reserve studies. It is a new trend that takes mathematical models as a tool to study the reserve design. Traditional mathematical models, such as the set covering species problem (SCSP) and the maximal covering species problem (MCSP), only consider to plan and design the reserve at the lowest cost. They do not consider spatial characteristics of the reserve, leading to over fragmentation of the selected areas for nature reserve. In addition, these methods only consider the price of land which cannot fully reflect the ecological value of the protected areas. This study uses the ecological value as indicators and associated with the spatial characteristics of continuity and compactness to construct an effective and reasonable model for nature reserve design. The proposed model was aimed to establish the nature reserve and provided a scientific basis for nature reserve establishment.[Method] Taking Daiyun Mountain national nature reserve of Fujian Province as an example, we divided the reserve into 567 regular blocks. The area of each block was 2 km×2 km and each had several sub-compartments. Firstly, according to the scoring standards for ecological values and the weighting algorithm, the ecological value of sub-compartments and its associated blocks was calculated successively. Secondly, based on the special spatial characteristics and ecological values, the space-ecology set covering problem (SSCP) based on the tail length algorithm was constructed, and the effects of various combinations between the compactness with different weights and the percentage of protected species on overall performance of protected areas were discussed. Finally, the traditional SCSP model, the system protection planning tool Marxan model and the Zoning model were used as the control group to verify the validity of the SSCP model.[Results] From the perspective of spatial distribution, the design results of the protected area solved by SCSP model, Marxan model and Zonation model were as follows:the distribution of the blocks was discrete and the degree of fragmentation was high. In contrast, the design of the SSCP model showed better continuity and compactness than previous methods. The number of selected blocks of the SSCP model was positively correlated with the proportion of species protection and the weight of compactness, indicating an increase of the proportion of species protection or an increase of the weight of density, would come up with an increase of the number of selected blocks.[Conclusion] The mathematical programming model for new type of protected area, i.e. the SSCP model, was studied. The rationality of the algorithm was verified by a case study of the Daiyunshan Nature Reserve. Following proposal was provided:The Daiyunshan Nature Reserve should be extended towards northwest and southeast, with an extension of 6 km towards the northwest and an horizontal extension of 18 km; an extension of 9 km towards the southeast and a horizontal extension of 8 km. The proposed method presents a new idea for the theory and practice of planning and design of protected areas in China.

[Objective] The objectives of this study were to find out the water use strategies of native shrubsatthe southern foot of Taihang Mountain, and to providea theoretical guidance for species selection and community succession management for vegetation restoration.[Method] The stable carbon isotope technique, thermal dissipation probe (TDP) and soil humidity sensors were used to measure the leaf δ¹³C value,sap flow density and soil water contentin order to obtain the differences and seasonal variations of water use strategies among three native shrubs Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa and Grewia biloba.[Result] Seasonal droughts occurred during spring (115 days) and autumn (2 months) of the year 2013 in the study area. The water consumption of V. negundo, Z. jujuba var. spinosa and G. biloba in the growing season were 42.32, 13.23 and 96.17 mm, respectively. The three shrubs all consumed more water in summer, and less water in May and September. G. biloba consumed more water than V. negundo and Z. jujuba var. spinosa did duringthe whole growingperiod. The leaf δ¹³C value of the three shrubs was the highest in spring, the nextin autumn, and the least in middle and later summer. The G. biloba had lower leaf δ¹³C value than V. negundo and Z. jujuba var. spinosa did, which suggests that G. biloba had a lower water use efficiency, as higher leaf δ¹³C value indicates higher water use efficiency. The leaf δ¹³C value of V. negundo and Z. jujuba var. spinosa increased one week earlier than that of G. biloba during autumn drought event. The result indicates that the firsttwo shrubs were more sensitive to drought and can increase water use efficiency promptly when drought occurs. During seasonal drought period, the leaf δ¹³C value and water use efficiency in V. negundo were higher than in Z. jujuba var. spinosa, whereas Z. jujuba var. spinosa can maintain higher water content in both leaves and twigs, indicating a strong water retention capacity. The twig water content of G. biloba increased immediately with a great amount after rainfall event.[Conclusion] The water consumption and water use efficiency showed similar seasonal variation in the three shrubs. However, they had different water use strategies. The Z. jujuba var. spinosa and V. negundo consumed less water, with a higher water use efficiency, and water use from deep water source. Thus, the two species can be used as pioneer materials in afforestation. The G. biloba had water use strategies with a higher water consumption, lower water use efficiency and shallow water source. It is suitable for medium term restoration.

[Objective] The growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the native Morus alba and the introduced plant Betula nigra planted in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were compared, and the adaptability of the two woody plants to the periodic flooded habitats of the Three Gorges reservoir zone was investigated to provide a scientific basis for the selection of suitable tree species for the vegetation restoration.[Method] In this study, two-year-old M. alba and B. nigra seedlings were planted on the tableland in typical draw-down zone at altitudes of 170 m and 175 m in Wanzhou, Chongqing. Then the seedlings grew naturally, and their survival rate was investigated in early April each year. After the preliminary experiment of testingsurvival rate, more two-year-old M. alba and B. nigra seedlings were planted on the side of the tableland. After two years, the growth (plant height, ground diameter, crown width) and photosynthetic characteristics (chlorophyll, fluorescence dynamic parameters, gas exchange parameters) were measured in Spring Exposure Period (SEP) of early April, Summer Drought Period (SDP) of mid-July and Pre-Autumn Flooding Period (PFP) at the end of September.[Result] The survival rate of M. alba and B. nigra at altitude 170 m was significantly lower than that at altitude 175 m. The survival rate of B. nigra was higher than M. alba at both altitudes, and the difference between the two species was significant at altitude 170 m. B. nigra grew faster than that of M. alba at altitude 170 m, and the height was significantly different. The chlorophyll content of M. alba at altitude 170 m was higher than that at altitude 175 m in SEP. There was no significant difference in P_n, G_s, Tr, C_i and WUE between the two altitudes. In SDP, the chlorophyll content and P_n, G_s, Tr, C_i of M. alba and B. nigra at altitude 170 m were higher than those at altitude 175 m. The differences in C_i and Tr of M. alba were significant, and the difference in Tr of B. nigra was significant between the two altitudes. In PFP, the chlorophyll content of B. nigra at altitude 170 m was significantly higher than that of M. alba, and there were no significant differences in P_n and WUE between the two species at altitude 175 m. In SEP, the q_P, ETR and Φ_PSⅡ of M. alba at 170 m altitude were higher than those at 175 m altitude. In PFP, the Φ_PSⅡ, ETR and q_P of B. nigra at both altitudes were basically similar with those in SDP, however q_N of B. nigra at altitude 170 m was higher than that at altitude 175 m.[Conclusion] The native plant M. alba can rapidly recover the ability of the PSⅡ reaction systemof leaves, increase the transfer rate of photoelectron, increase the chlorophyll content and accumulate more organic compound to restore growth after Spring Exposure Period to adapt to the stress of flooding in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in winter. The introduced plant B. nigra can prolong photosynthesis time, maintain a high efficiency of light energy conversion after M. alba entering dormancy. Thus it can accumulate more organic compound to cope with excessive consumption in winter. Within the range of this experiment, M. alba and B. nigra can adapt to the special habitat of the Three Gorges Reservoir to a certain extent. Compared with the native tree species, the introduced plant had stronger adaptability to the habitat of the Three Gorges Reservoir. It can be used for vegetation restoration in the draw-down zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. However, whether or not the introduced plant B. nigra has ecological invasion and whether it can be used as the restoration tree species in the Three Gorges Reservoir area has yet to be studied.

[Objective] In this study the contents and components of volatile substances in the developing seeds of Plukenetia volubilis were analyzed to understand the dynamic characteristics of volatile substances, which would provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth development and utilization of the aroma components of Plukenetia volubilis seed oil.[Method] The volatile components of 18, 36, 54, 72 and 90 DAF seeds from Plukenetia volubilis mature plants were extracted by the headspace solid phase microextraction method and analyzed by HS-SPME & GC-MS, and the dynamic changes of relative content of each component were determined by the area normalization method.[Result] The results showed that 230 volatile compounds were isolated and identified during the whole development process of the seeds, including 35 esters (42.70%), 37 alcohols (24.02%), 18 alkenes (15.32%), 17 aldehydes (2.72%), 60 alkane compounds (4.50%), 28 benzene compounds (4.15%), 8 ketones (0.17%) and 27 other compounds (6.42%). With maturity increasing, the contents of diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid decreased gradually, and however, 1,8-cineole, limonene, β-myrcene and phellandrene increased gradually.[Conclusion] During the seed development process, it could be inferred that ester compounds and alkene compounds generated from fat-soluble compounds gradually, and the main volatile components changed from ester compounds to alkene compounds gradually. In addition, the oil extracted from Plukenetia volubilis mature seeds is edible as salad oil and nutrition capsule on account of its delicate aromatic odor of flowers and nuts.

[Objective] Efficient extraction of soil microbiome is a crucial step for investigating the physiology and ecology of microbial communities as well as interactions between plant and its associated microbiota. In this work, we compared the microbial diversity and metabolic activity of soil microbiome in poplar plantation through four extraction techniques. The aim is to provide the efficient and reliable means that enables extracted samples to represent for the natural soils. This technique can be further applied in tree rhizosphere microbiome engineering.[Method] The bulk soils in poplar plantation were collected. The soil samples were pretreated with two physical dispersing methods of blending and sonication and two kinds of chemical dispersants of sodium pyrophosphate and MES monohydrate, and then the microbial pellets were obtained through two-step centrifugation. Microbial community structure and diversity, viable counts and the community level physiological profiling in the extracted microbial cell samples were evaluated and compared through the integration of 16S rRNA and ITS high-throughput pyrosequencing, BIOLOG analysis (ECO and FF plates) as well as the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay of culturable fungi and bacteria.[Result] Results showed that, compared to the natural soil microbiome, all treatments had slight negative influence on the species diversity (OTUs and diversity index). When soils were treated with sodium pyrophosphate and blending, the diversity and community structure of the extracted samples were relatively closer to natural bulk soils. In addition, the CFU counts and metabolic activity (carbon utilization capacity) were relatively higher than other treatments. On the contrary, with the sonication treatment the diversity of bacterial species was the lowest, and the number of cultivated fungi was significantly lower than that of two treatments with sodium pyrophosphate and blending ( P <0.05). Moreover, the microbial pellet also showed a lower metabolic activity evidenced by the BIOLOG analysis. The community structure of pellet samples extracted with MES monohydrate differed greatly compared to the natural soils, and the number of culturable bacteria was significantly less than other treatments (P <0.05).[Conclusion] The four extraction methods have different effects on the structure, composition and metabolic activity of soil microbial community, in which the sonication and MES monohydrate treatments maintain a relatively low level of microbial diversity and metabolic activity compared to the natural soils. Therefore, we suggest that the sodium pyrophosphate and physical blending, either alone or in combination, will be good alternatives for extracting the soil microbiome efficiently.

[Objective] Aiming at the existing problems such as intensive vibration and big impact of the modified Salix psammophila chipper, the vibration measurement has been carried out to provide technical references for investigating the vibration effects on the chipping qualities and utilizing the Salix psammophila chipper efficiently and reasonably in the future.[Method] The multi-point vibration measurement systems for its main working parts such as the cutting and feeding mechanism under the unloaded and working conditions have been constructed.[Result] As shown from the measured dada analysis in the time and frequency domain, the vibration accelerations of the cutting and feeding mechanism decrease at first and then increase when the rotation speed of the knife roll increases. Their auto-power spectrums of the vibration accelerations keep stationary for the whole low-frequency band. Secondly, the accelerations in the up-and-down direction of the cutting mechanism increase remarkably when the rotation speed of the feeding roll increases. The accelerations in other two directions of the cutting mechanism and the accelerations in the up-and-down and left-and-right directions of the feeding mechanism increase at first and then decrease. Especially, when the rotation speed of the feeding roll comes up to 80 r·min^-1, the main working parts such as the cutting and feeding mechanism vibrated dramatically. Thirdly, the feeding quantities have great influences on the vibration accelerations in the up-and-down direction of the cutting mechanism and the vibration accelerations in the up-and-down and left-and-right directions of the feeding mechanism. When the feeding quantity increases, the maximum vibration accelerations of the main working parts also increase. Especially at the frequency of 157 Hz, the auto-power spectrum in the up-and-down direction of the feeding mechanism increases at first and then decreases. Furthermore,when the moisture content of the Salix psammophila increases, the maximum vibration acceleration at each direction of the cutting and feeding mechanism decreases, and their auto-power spectrums at the whole low-frequency band of the main working parts still decrease. Finally, the vibration acceleration at each direction of the cutting and feeding mechanism increases with the increasing of the root diameter of the Salix psammophila.[Conclusion] The vibration accelerations of the cutting and feeding mechanism under the working condition are obviously higher than those under the unloaded condition and more affected by the rotation speed of the knife and feeding roll, feeding quantity, moisture content and the root diameter of the Salix psammophila.