[Objective]This paper aims to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the CO₂ flux of moso bamboo forest and to provide technical and theoretical support for carbon cycle simulation of typical subtropical forests.[Method]The CO₂ flux of moso bamboo forest was simulated using random forest model based on eddy covariance flux data collected from 2011 to 2014, and the accuracy of model was evaluated using the mean squared root error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R²) and the lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC). The contribution of each environmental factor to CO₂ flux was analyzed based on importance score calculated using the random forest algorithm.[Result]The random forest model accuracy of testing data (R²=0.845 5, RMSE=0.437 7 mg·m^-2s^-1; LCCC=0.914 1) was lower than that of training data (R²=0.961 5; RMSE=0.005 4 mg·m^-2s^-1; LCCC=0.980 1), because the model was hard to accurately depict this kind of short, intense interference to CO₂ flux during the extreme drought occurred in July and August in 2013. The accuracy was stable for different training data based on 10-fold cross-validation method and the parameters of the model were appropriately set. The error in the model was mainly caused by the input data. The importance score of each environmental factor was decreased in the following order:PAR (63.332) > T_S (29.932) > R_H (25.839) > T_A (25.581) > C_CO2 (25.095) > VPD (24.123) > W_S(23.504) > A_E (19.323) > Q_S(18.502). PAR was the dominant factor for explaining the change of CO₂ flux in moso bamboo forest. Based on the significance test, monthly CO₂ flux was significantly influenced by PAR, T_S, and VPD (P<0.05).[Conclusion]The random forest model can simulate the CO₂ flux of moso bamboo with a high accuracy; PAR, T_S, and VPD remarkably affect the CO₂ flux at the 0.05 significance level, according to their importance score, indicating that PAR, T_S, and VPD play an important role in controlling the CO₂ flux of moso bamboo forest at a monthly time scale.

[Objective] Soil CO₂ flux of different bamboo plantations was studied under conditions of the protected dike-pond ecosystem of Xixi National Wetland Park, Hangzhou. Additionally, we aimed to provide a scientific basis for the estimation of greenhouse gas fluxes and C and N cycling in the dike-pond wetland ecosystem.[Method] In Xixi National Wetland Park, the soil CO₂ flux rates of two bamboo plantations:Phyllostachys edulis plantation and P. violascens plantation, were quantified using the static chamber-gas chromatograph technique every other month. In addition, soil samples were collected every other month to measure the soil water soluble carbon and nitrogen (WSOC and WSON) by using the distilled water dipping method with a TOC analyzer, and the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) by using the chloroform fumigation-K₂SO₄ extraction method. Soil temperature and soil water content were also measured. Thereafter, the relationships between soil CO₂ flux and the measured soil chemical, biological, and physical characteristics were assessed.[Result] Soil CO₂ flux significantly different between the two bamboo plantations. The soil CO₂ flux rates of P. edulis plantation ranged from (127.4±24.1) to (537.2±41.1) mg·m^-2h^-1, with an annual cumulative CO₂ emission 3 366.3 g·m^-2a^-1. Soil CO₂ fluxes of the P. violascens plantation ranged from (2.1±0.6) to (112.0±22.9) mg·m^-2h^-1, with an annual cumulative emission of 558.4 g·m^-2a^-1. Thus, the soil CO₂ flux of the P. edulis plantation was 6.0-fold greater than that of the P. violascens plantation. Soil CO₂ fluxes of the two bamboo plantations significantly correlated with soil temperature (10 cm depth) and soil water contents. The WSOC concentrations of P. edulis and P. violascens plantations were the highest in August,(348.0±25.5) and (146.1±9.9) mg·kg^-1, respectively, and the lowest in October and December (202.5±28.4) and (54.9±13.8) mg·kg^-1, respectively. Specific pattern of the WSON concentrations in the two bamboo plantations were not shown, and the WSON annual fluctuation was greater. In both P. edulis and P. violascens plantations, the highest concentrations of MBC, (279.0±17.6) and (313.9±38.6) mg·kg^-1, respectively, were measured in June, while the lowest concentrations (219.7±13.8 and 198.7±12.8, respectively) were measured from February to April. The annual fluctuation of MBN concentrations in P. edulis plantation ranged from (21.4±3.8) to (43.7±4.2) mg·kg^-1, which was lower than the range of (13.9±1.4) to (57.0±10.8) mg·kg^-1 in the P. violascens plantation. In both plantations, the CO₂ flux significantly correlated with WSOC, but not with WSON, MBC, or MBN.[Conclusion] The soil CO₂ flux of the dike-pond ecosystem in Xixi wetland had a temporal heterogeneity, which was largely controlled by the seasonal variations in temperature and moisture and the amount of WSOC, a respiratory substrate. Therefore, enclosure of the dike-pond ecosystem was favoralle to change the original rough model of land reclamation, and to reduce WSOC content and soil CO₂ emissions.

[Objective] Studying spatial pattern of plants may provide significant insights into processes and mechanisms that maintain species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance. Accordingly, intra- and interspecific spatial association patterns were assessed in a fully mapped 30-ha field plot in a broad-leaved korean pine forest in Jiaohe, Jilin Province.[Method] We applied spatial point pattern analysis and used summary statistics such as the pair-correlation function, Ripley's K-function and the distribution function of nearest neighbor distances. Complete spatial randomness (CSR) was applied as a first null model to test overall intraspecific and interspecific association patterns at scales of 0-50 m. The heterogeneous Poisson (HP) null model was also used to test small-scale intraspecific and interspecific association patterns at scales of 0-30 m (after evaluating larger-scale patterns).[Result] The CSR null model revealed significant clustering of species at most scales. The HP null model revealed significant aggregations mainly within neighborhood distances of less than 10 m. The percentage of aggregated patterns decreased sharply with increasing spatial scale. Conversely, the percentage of species exhibiting a random or regular pattern increased with increasing spatial scale. This result shows that individuals tend to gather in the vicinity of conspecific species, exhibiting intraspecific aggregation. Segregation and partial overlap were prominent in interspecific association types. Few species pairs showed interspecific mixing. The proportion of species showing negative associations (repulsion) was found to be greater than that of positive associations (attraction) at most scales. This is an indication that the individuals of different species tend to be separated in space and that they show negative association with few opportunities for direct interaction between interspecific individuals.[Conclusion] This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the spatial species-association structure in a temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Jiaohe, Jilin Province. Intraspecific aggregation and interspecific segregation were the main patterns of spatial structure in the 30-study area. The spatial segregation between different species weakens interspecific competition which may prevent a competitive exclusion of dominant against disadvantaged species and facilitates species coexistence and biodiversity maintenance.

[Objective] This study aims to investigate the effects from ectotrophic mycorrhiza on the variety and content of the extracts from rhizospheric soil of Pinus massoniana seedlings, and elucidate the effect of soil extracts on seed germination and provides scientific basis and theoretical guidance on mycorrhizal seedlings and natural regeneration.[Method] One-year-old Pinus massoniana seedlings, inoculated ones with ECM fungi and uninoculated ones, were used to collect the rhizopheric soil extracts. Ethanol and methanol extracts were used to extract and inoculate the rhizosphere soils of the seedlings. and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques was used in material identification. The variety and contents of the extracts from rhizospheric soil of different Pinus massoniana seedlings were studied, and allelopathic effects from soil extracts to seeds were also studied with bioassay method.[Result] The rhizospheric soil extracts (extracted with ethanol) of Pinus massoniana seedlings inoculated with ECM fungal strain Sl12 and Sl13 had 22 and 23 more components than those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings, respectively. Acids comprised the most abundance components of soil extracts, and accounted for 51.20%, 48.80%, and 34.17% of all detected components of mycorrhizal seedlings inoculated with Sl12 and Sl13 and non-mycorrhizal seedlings, respectively. Using methanol as the solvent, 34, 32, and 23 components were detected from the rhizospheric soil of Sl12, Sl13 and non-mycorrhizal seedlings, respectively. Acids and esters were the most abundant components of the soil extracts. Acids comprised 39.06%, 34.86%, and 33.96%, and esters comprised 32.01%, 38.91% and 35.95% of the total components of Sl12, Sl13 and non-mycorrhizal seedlings, respectively. Palmitic acid, stearic acid and 2,4-2 tertiary butyl phenol were always detected in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal seedlings, irrelevant to the solvents; only palmitic acid was detected with non-mycorrhizal seedlings. The soil extracts (using ethanol as the solvent) of mycorrhizal seedling rhizosphere had inhibitory effects on seed germination, vigor index, hypocotyl and radical length of P. massoniana.[Conclusion] ECM fungi reconstructed the rhizosphere through altering the profiles of rhizospheric soil extracts, and increased the types and amounts. Three kinds of seedlings of soil extracts from rhizosphere all had inhibitory effect on seed germination.

[Objective] In order to analyze the mechanism of flower organ formation and sex determination in dioecious plants, and provide theoretical support for the artificial regulation of flower organ formation and sex differentiation, the endogenous hormones and polyamines contents during the transition process from vegetative to reproductive growth were studied, and their regulation on flower bud differentiation and gender difference in male and female Salix. viminalis were investigated.[Method]The growth process of annual shoots of S. viminalis was divided into three stages:vegetative growth stage, flower bud physiological differentiation stage and flower bud morphological differentiation stage. In this paper, the 15-20-year-old female and male S. viminalis trees were used, and the contents of ABA, ZT, IAA, GA₃, Put, Spm and Spd in the annual shoot tips were determined using HPLC-MS/MS Q-TRAP at different growth stages, and relationship between changes of the endogenous hormones and polyamines with gender differences were analyzed. [Result] In the process from the vegetative growth stage to the flower bud physiological differentiation stage, the contents of ABA, ZT, Put, Spm and Spd and ABA/GA₃ and ZT/GA₃ ratios in male and female S. viminalis, and the IAA/ZT ratio in the females significantly increased; the IAA/ABA ratio in male and female S. viminalis and the GA₃ content in males significantly decreased. The contents of Put, Spm and Spd in male and female S. viminalis, ZT/GA₃ ratio in males and IAA/ABA ratio in females significantly increased from the flower bud physiological differentiation stage to the flower bud morphological differentiation stage. There were significant gender differences between male and female in IAA, Spd contents and IAA/ABA ratio during S1 stage, in ABA, ZT, IAA, Spd contents and IAA/ABA ratio during S2 stage, and in ABA content and ABA/GA₃, ZT/GA₃, IAA/ABA, IAA/ZT ratios during S3 stage. [Conclusion] High levels of ABA, ZT, IAA, PAs, ABA/ GA₃ and ZT/GA₃ could initiate flower bud physiological differentiation and higher levels of PAs, ZT/GA₃ and IAA/ABA could benefit the flower bud morphological differentiation in male and female S. viminalis. During the process of transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, although the trends of endogenous hormones and polyamines are similar in female and male S. viminalis, their contents of BA, ZT, IAA, Spd and IAA/ABA ratio appear significantly gender different at certain stages of development, which may be related to sex determination.

[Objective]Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals.With highly water soluble, Cd can be readily absorbed by plants, and eventually threaten the health of plants.With large biomass and fast growth rate,It has been widely reported that Salix variegate has strong bioaccumulation on Cd and is a promising phytoremediation candidate for Cd contaminated area.However, its detoxification mechanisms at cellular scaleare not clear. To understand its detoxification mechanisms at cellular scale, the Cd content indifferent organs and subcellular factions of S. variegate was studied in this research.[Method]A hydroponic experiment with different Cd concentrations were conducted, including 0 mg·L^-1 (CK), 2 mg·L^-1 (T₁), 10 mg·L^-1 (T₂), 20 mg·L^-1(T₃) and 50mg·L^-1(T₄).We determined the Cd content in different organs of S. variegatein 18d of treatment sand in subcellular factions of the leaves in 0d, 6d, 12d and 18d after the treatments began.[Result]1)Under different concentrations of Cd,the Cd contents in roots were much higher than in stems and leaves, which indicated the retention of Cd by roots decreased the transport of Cd to the aerial parts and sodecreased the Cd toxicity to shoots.2)Both the experimental duration and treatment concentration affected the Cd subcellular distribution in S.variegate significantly. The Cd content increased with the increase of Cd concentration and the treatment time. However, the increase of the Cd content in cell wall and cytoplasm supernatant were far more than thatin organelles.The Cd contents in different subcellular fractions were in the order of cell wall > cytoplasm supernatant> cell organelles,indicating that cell wall binding and vacuolar compartmentalization were important detoxification mechanisms in S.variegate leaves, especially for cell wall that played adominant role.3) In the same treatment duration, compared to CK, the Cd content in the cell wall increased significantly under low Cd concentration treatment, while the cell wall of that in the whole cell showed a decreased trend with the increase of Cd stress,and the content and percentage of Cd in cytoplasm supernatant increased significantly.Meanwhile, with prolonged time, the percentage of cytoplasm supernatant Cd in the whole cell increased, while that of cell wall Cd declined gradually.These results indicated that the effect of cell wall binding declined while compartmentalization enhanced significantly under medium and high Cd concentration treatment or experimental duration,which was a kind of tolerance mechanism of S.variegate under high Cd and experimental duration stress. 4) The increasing of Cd content in the subcellular fractions caused by the interaction of treatment time and concentration was greater than the effect caused by either treatment time or concentration. Thus, it could be concluded that the cell wall binding and vacuolar compartmentalization were more significant underthe dual effects of Cd concentration and treatment time.[Conclusion]1) At the organ level, Cd transportation from root to shoot was restricted by accumulation effective of S.variegate roots, which decreased the Cd toxicity in cell organelles of S.variegate shoot and improved Cd tolerance. 2) At the cell level, cell wall binding and vacuolar compartmentalization were very important in the detoxification mechanisms of Cd in S.variegate leaves, while the former was dominant. Thus, the core organelles of S. variegate leaves avoided Cd toxicity.

[Objective] Cotyledon loss of Quercus variabilis in autumn and the following spring after emergence is a common phenomenon in the nature. This study was designed to simulate the interaction of two loss phenomena, and investigate the additive effects on seed reserves translocation and seedling growth, and reveal the mechanism of animal predation on the regeneration of Q. variabilis seedlings. [Method] In this experiment, the Quercus variabilis seeds were used as experimental material, and two factor split plot design was employed. The cotyledon distal was excised before sowing, to simulate cotyledon loss in three intensities (main factor) in the autumn, without feeding (intact seeds), 1/3 feeding (mild) and 2/3 feeding (severe). After seeds emergence, the cotyledon were removed dynamically, to simulate cotyledon loss time (side factor) in the following spring (acorns removal on 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 days after emergence). At the same time, no acorn was removed served as the control to simulate cotyledon no-feeded by animals in spring. Seed nitrogen and carbohydrate content were measured dynamically to analyze the pattern of seed transfer to seedling. Seedlings survival rate, growth, nutrient accumulation and non-structural carbohydrate of Q. variabilis were measured at the end of growing season. [Results] 1) In 30 days after seedling emergence in speing, the translocation rate of starch was (72.4%-89.36%), soluble sugar (66.61%-72.72%), and nitrogen (30.64%-59.45%). 2) The translocation of nitrogen from intact seeds to seedlings was completed in 25 days after seed emergence, and the time for the nitrogen transfer from cotyledon lost seeds in autumn to seedlings was significantly shortened (8d). 3) The main effects indicated that the loss of 2/3 cotyledon in autumn caused the height and diameter of the seedlings to decrease by 30% and 18%, respectively. The side effects indicated that cotyledon loss before emergence 20 days could depress seedling growth at the following spring. 4) The interaction effects indicated that for the treatment of cotyledon removal in 4 days after emergence and the intact seeds in autumn, the survival rate was only 36.3%, and biomass decreased by 78.2%. the cotyledon removal in 25 days after emergence could depress the nutrient and carbohydrate accumulation. For treatment of cotyledon removal by 1/3 in the autumn, and cotyledon removal in 4 days after emergence in the following spring, the survival rate decreased by 65.2%. And the cotyledon loss in 25 days after emergence had almost no effect on seedling growth and nutrients accumulation. The treatment of cotyledon loss by 2/3 seeds in the autumn significantly inhibited the seedling growth regardless of the cotyledon removal or not. [Conclusion] The effect of cotyledon loss on seedling growth in the following spring was not only determined by the loss time, but also by the loss intensity in autumn. Therefore, the additive effects between cotyledon loss intensity and time should be fully considered, which is of great significance for revealing the regeneration mechanism of Quercus variabilis.

[Objective] To study the biological function of jujube WRKY transcription factor (TF) and interaction mechanisms between jujube and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’, we analyzed the response of jujube WRKY to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’ and salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate treatments.[Method] The putative jujube WRKY TFs were explored and identified from NCBI and transcriptomics database by homologous alignment, and their structure and bioinformation were analyzed using SMART software. Six differentially expressed jujube WRKY were screened from the transcriptomics analyses, and the expression changes of them were verified by real time PCR during the development of jujube witches' broom (JWB) of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Huizao’. The embryo cultured seedling of jujube (Z. jujuba ‘Fengmiguan’) were sprayed with 0.1 mmol·L^-1 salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and relative expression levels of the selected six WRKY genes were analyzed by qPCR.[Result] 69 putative jujube WRKY TFs were confirmed and named ZjWRKY1-69, which could be divided into three groups:GroupⅠ, GroupⅡ, GroupⅢ. GroupⅠ contained 17 members, whereas groupⅡ can be further divided into GroupⅡa, b, c, d, e subgroups, contained 3, 11, 15, 3, and 9 members, respectively. GroupⅢ included 11 members. 43 of 69 putative jujube WRKY genes were mapped to the 11 jujube chromosome, and were unevenly located on different chromosomes such as no WRKY on chromosome 7. Most of the jujube WRKY proteins contained conserved WRKYGQK sequences, while two WRKY proteins (ZjWRKY23 and ZjWRKY46, GroupⅡc) varied to WRKYGKK. The WRKY TFs in GroupⅠ contained 10 conserved motifs, the number of motifs in GroupⅠ was the largest among the three groups. The conserved motif type and number of WRKY protein are similar in the same group. The expression pattern of 28 jujube WRKY genes were detected to be different during the JWB developing in jujube leaves, and differentially expressed ZjWRKY genes were mainly detected from 39 to 52 weeks after infection. The expression levels of ZjWRKY8, ZjWRKY52, ZjWRKY61, and ZjWRKY69 were significantly up-regulated during JWB developing. After SA treatment, the expression levels of ZjWRKY42 and ZjWRKY52 were significantly increased. The expression levels of ZjWRKY42 and ZjWRKY61 were significantly up-regulated in response to MeJA treatment.[Conclusion] 69 jujube WRKY TFs were preliminarily confirmed, which can be divided into three groups. 43 WRKY genes were mapped to 11 chromosomes,no WRKY genes on Chr 7. After the infection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’, the expression of ZjWRKY5, ZjWRKY8, ZjWRKY42, ZjWRKY52, and ZjWRKY61 were induced. The expression of ZjWRKY42 and ZjWRKY52, ZjWRKY42 and ZjWRKY61 were significantly up-regulated by SA and JA treatments, respectively.

[Objective] Acacia mangium is widely cultivated in southern China for paper production. Cellulose synthase (CesA) plays a vital role in the synthesis of cellulose, which is an important factor in controlling the quality and yield of wood fiber. In this study, we cloned a cellulose synthase gene of A.mangium, and studied its response to hormones to help the understanding of the synthesis of cellulose and the high fiber yield of A.mangium.[Method] A CesA was obtained from A.mangium seedlings by RT-PCR and RACE, named AmCesA1 (AY643519). The gene was analyzed by bioinformatics software. The copy form of the gene was determined through using Southern analysis.The expression level of the gene in different tissues and the expression of gibberellin,6-BA and methyl jasmonate were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.[Result] The molecular size of AmCesA1 is 3 793 bp, and its ORF is 3 249 bp,suggesting that this gene encodes 1 082 amino acids.Protein molecular formula is C₅₄₉₅H₈₄₉₁N₁₄₅₇O₁₅₇₉S₅₀. The number of positive charge amino acid residues (Arg + Lys) is 121, and the number of negative charge amino acid residues (Asp + Glu) is 125. The isoelectric point is 6.51, which means that it is acidic protein. Its instability coefficient is 40.82, belonging to the unstable protein. The amino acid primary structure analysis of AmCesA1 showed that it had the conserved D, D, D and QxxRW functional domains of cellulose synthase, and had a unique P-CR region and the HVR region and N-terminal zinc finger structure. There were six transmembrane regions at the C-terminus, but the two transmembrane regions at the N-terminus were not significant. Secondary structure analysis showed that it had more α-helix, random coil, but fewer β-turn, while β-sheet number varies greatly due to the different algorithms. Cluster analysis showed that AmCesA1 had similarity with Glycine max GmCesA1 and Arachis duranensis AdCesA1.But it did not appear to be close to the results of woody plants. Further comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana cellulose gene family amino acid sequence indicated a fact that AmCesA1 was similar to AtCesA1 and AtCesA10 in A.thaliana, and its similarity was 86% and 80%, suggesting that it had the same function as A.thaliana AtCesA1 and AtCesA10.Southern analysis showed that AmCesA1 was present in multiple copies of the Acacia tree genome. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that AmCesA1 was widely expressed in roots, stems and leaves, and the differences among them were not significant. AmCesA1 had a response to GA₃, 6-BA and MeJA treatments, in which the response to GA₃ was relatively strong.[Conclusion] AmCesA1 cloned in this study is a member of the plant CesA family, presumably involved in the formation of primary cell walls. The gene was responsive to gibberellin, 6-BA and methyl jasmonate, and the expression level of the gene was up-regulated in different hormone treatments,which indicates that the gene was involved in the positive regulation of the hormone response.

[Objective] A feature selection method is proposed for improving the accuracy of land cover classification, which considers the combination of separable distance of sample probability and band correlation coefficient.[Method] The several derived vegetation indices and texture characteristics used were extracted from Landsat-8 OLI data in Jiangle county of Fujian Province. Then the optimal features were identified by traditional feature selection method and improved method, respectively. By comparing the separable values of vegetation types based on the best features, the accuracy of feature selection based on two methods was determined. The different scenarios based on primary spectral data, selected vegetation indices and textural images were classified by support vector machine classification algorithm to explore selected features on improving the land cover classes.[Result] The improved separability method can more accurately select the features with higher discrimination while avoiding the selection of redundant bands. For vegetation index and texture features, a single feature cannot maximize the separability of vegetation classes while two feature combinations can significantly improve vegetation separability. Compared with the other texture features in the same window sizes, the ratio vegetation index and the texture features based on contrast, variance and the second moment with small window sizes had a better performance in improving the vegetation classification accuracy. The combinations of optimal vegetation indices as extra bands into OLI multi-spectral bands did not significantly improve overall classification performance (OCA). The combination of textural images and primary spectral bands improved the OCA, which was especially valuable for improving vegetation classification accuracy. The combination of both vegetation indices and textural images with multi-spectral bands provided the best classification performance. The overall classification accuracy and overall Kappa coefficient (OKA) were increased by 7.41% and 8.5%, respectively.[Conclusion] The feature selection method based on improved transformation divergence can balance the separability among all classes, better to avoid redundant features. So, the selected features by the improved method can increase accuracy of specified classes in the study area.

[Objective] Study the influence of different sampling method on the prediction accuracy of the individual volume equation, and provide the basic data sampling technical basis for the compilation of different tree species volume tables and the establishment of the individual tree volume equation.[Method] Taking the Larix gmelinii volume equation as an example, four different sampling methods are designed for uniform, normal, right and left skewed distribution. According to different distributions, simple random sampling (SRS) of proc surveyselect module in SAS software is combined with conditional statements for sampling at different diameter class. Shapiro-Wilk method is used for normality test. Allometric models are fitted using GNLS in S-PLUS. Variance functions (including exponential function, power function and constant plus power function) were incorporated into generalized allometric models to reduce heteroscedasticity. Coefficient determination (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute bias (MAB), and mean percentage of bias (MPB) were employed to evaluate the precision of different individual volume models.[Result] 1) Exponential function, power function and constant power function could reduce heteroscedasticity and power function with weighting factor V^ is the best. 2) Compared with the uniform model, these RMSE of the normal model, right model, and left model decreased by 31.6%, 23.1%, and 33.7% respectively. 3) Diameter class tests of different volume models showed that MAB and MPB of left model were less than those of the uniform model, normal model, and right models at 12-28 cm, 36-40 cm and 44-48 cm diameter classes, i.e. MAB and MPB of 6 groups out of 11 group diameter classes were the smallest; MAB and MPB of right model were less than those of the uniform model and normal model at 12-32 cm and 44-48 cm diameter classes, i.e. MAB and MPB of 6 groups out of 11 group diameter classes were the smallest; MAB and MPB of normal model were less than that of the uniform model at 12-32 cm and 40-44 cm diameter classes, i.e. MAB and MPB of 6 groups out of 11 group diameter classes were the smallest.[Conclusion] The prediction accuracy of the left model is higher than those of uniform model, normal model, and right model, the prediction accuracy of the right model is higher than those of uniform model and normal model, the prediction accuracy of the normal model is better than that of the uniform model. The order of the overall model prediction accuracy is:left model > right model > normal model > uniform model.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the phytoremediation effect of Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) with a hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola in heavy metal contaminated soil and to explore the influence of different planting patterns on soil microbial communities. The result could provide scientific support for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.[Method] Single cropping of moso bamboo (SM), intercropping of moso bamboo×S. plumbizincicola (IMS) and the control (uncultivated) (CK) were established in the soil with long-term heavy metal (Cu, Zn and Cd) pollution.The changes of soil chemical properties and heavy metal contents were determined. And soil microbial community structure was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq high throughput sequencing technique.[Result] In four years after establishing the systems, the available and total heavy metals contents in the soil were both in the following order:CK > SM > IMS. The contents of total Cu, Zn and Cd in IMS were 47.8%, 21.6%, 23.7% lower than those in CK, and in SM were 39.0%, 12.5%, 23.0% lower than those in CK, respectively. The contents of available Cu, Zn and Cd in IMS were 65.0%, 28.7%, 48.4% lower than those in CK, and in MM were 52.8%, 24.8%, 45.5% lower than those in CK, respectively. There were ten phyla of microorganisms with the abundance >1% in the three type soils, including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospira, Chloroflexi and WS3. Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacteria, accounting for more than 30% in each sample. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Nitrospira, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi among the two planting patterns (SM and IMS) and the control soil.The analysis of the correlation among microorganisms and soil heavy metals showed that the total and the available values of heavy metals were significantly negatively correlated with Nitrospira and Acidobacteria (except for available Zn) (P<0.01), and significantly positively correlated with Bacteroidetes (P<0.01). Although there were no significant differences in α-diversity analysis, there were significant differences of microorganisms among three types of soils (ANOSIM, P<0.05) according to the β-diversity analysis.[Conclusion] The IMS and SM patterns can effectively reduce the contents of soil heavy metals, showing a preferable soil remediation effect.Meanwhile, the different planting patterns have a significant effect on the composition of the soil microbes. The soil microbial community structure and the community diversity have undergone significant changes. The SM and IMS planting patterns are both beneficial to the increase of soil bacterial diversity, and the SM is relatively more abundant. Soil microbiota plays an important role in the ecological restoration of heavy metal contaminated soil, and indication of the tolerance and sensitivity of heavy metals.

[Objective] Odontotermes formosanus is a fungus-growing termite, on whose fungus garden the foragers have the habit of feeding.In this paper, we investigated the induction feeding activity of ten kinds of materials to O. formosanus foragers.The materials included the top layer of fungus garden in main chamber (TFM), the middle layer of fungus garden in main chamber (MFM), the bottom layer of fungus garden in main chamber (BFM), the fungus garden in satellite chamber (FSC), extraction of fungus garden, the pine wood powder infected by Gloeophyllum trabeum (PWG) and trunk's outer epidermis of Liriodendron chinense×L. tulipifera(TEL). The purpose was to provide basis for the research and development of food attractant.[Method] Induction feeding activities of different diets were evaluated according to the amount of foraging workers, the appearing time of mud sheet, the mud sheet area, the mud sheet covering rate, and the consumption rate of diet.[Result] The induction feeding activities from FSC, MFM and BFM were stronger than those from TFM, PWG and TEL (P<0.01). In terms of the amount of foraging workers and the consumption rate of diet, the induction feeding activity of FSC was superior to that of BFM (P<0.01). In terms of the amount of foraging workers and the appearing time of mud sheet, the induction of feeding activity of TFM was superior to that of PWG (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the consumption rate of diet between TFM and PWG. Among all tested diets, the induction feeding activity of TEL was the lowest (P<0.01). In another diet selection test, the n-hexane extraction of fungus garden, PWG and TEL were used as inducing materials. The induction of feeding activity of the diet dipped with FSC extraction (TEL+FSC extraction) or that of TEL+BFM extraction were all superior to that of TEL, TEL+TFM extraction,TEL+MFM extraction and PWG (P<0.01). The induction of feeding activity of TEL+MFM extraction was similar to that of PWG(P>0.05), but it was superior to that of TEL+TFM extraction or TEL(P<0.01). Moreover, the induction of feeding activity of TEL+TFM extraction was stronger than that of TEL (P<0.01) and TEL+FSC extraction got better performance than TEL+BFM extraction in the number of foraging workers and the consumption rate of diet.[Conclusion] The induction of feeding activity of fungus garden or that of the n-hexane extraction of fungus garden (except TEL+TFM extraction) were superior to that of PWG. The induction of feeding activity of fungus garden was superior to those of the n-hexane extraction of fungus garden. The induction of feeding activity of FSC and its extraction were highest in different experiment. The induction of feeding activity of PWG was superior to that of TEL. The intensity of induction of feeding activity of fungus garden and that of its n-hexane extraction were related to the location of fungus garden material or the type of fungus garden.

[Objective]This study aimed to understand the genetic resistance of jujube trees to jujube witches'-broom by investigating the resources of jujube trees in Beijing, which would provide basic data for the development and utilization of Jujube Witches' disease varieties.[Method]In this study, scions were collected from the healthy individual ancient jujube trees, and grafted onto the diseased jujube trees in a diseased jujube orchards to test the resistances to the jujube witches'-broom disease and screen the resistant varieties by the grafting inoculation method. [Result]As a result, 45 resistant scions with a certain resistance to the disease were screened out from 147 tested scions in Huairou district by tracking investigation since 2012, data statistical analysis, and PCR detection, and those resistant grafted scions displayed no or light symptoms, the spreading and propagation of phytoplasmas were slow, and the average disease index was low. A rescreening test was conducted in Changping district in 2013, a batch of strains with stable ability to resist jujube disease were determined from the above 45 scions according to the data of the monthly disease index survey. Combined with the survey results in 2014, 7 varieties derived from different scions were selected. Those varieties displayed normal growth and bearing fruits, and had good horticultural characteristics and potential utilization value. [Conclusion]This study has preliminarily clarified that the ancient jujube trees in Beijing have certain ability to resist Jujube Witches'-broom, and some disease-resistant cultivars have been screened, which lays a solid foundation for development and utilization of these resistant jujube varieties as well as for prevention and control of the disease.

[Objective] This paper aims to test the theoretical validity of CVM about evaluation of recreation value in forest scenic areas.[Method] The three regression models were established to study theoretical validity of CVM based on improvements in the effectiveness of experiment, which taking National Forest Park of Fuzhou as a case study.[Result] 1) The annual recreation mean value per person is 37.930 yuan and the total recreational value is 1.8 billion yuan in the National Forest Park of Fuzhou, which indicates that it is lower than large scenic spots in the recreational value, because of the structure of the scenic forest recreation value is relatively single. 2) The theoretical validity of CVM in the evaluation of forest scenic area is good. The result is consistent with the economic theory and it can give a reasonable explanation in real life. Whether eliminating sample selection bias of willingness to pay or for the full sample, the amounts of willing to pay are subjected to the constraints of the income level. Amounts of willingness of payment are easier constraints than the willingness to pay by the feature of tourists and evaluation object due to flattery deviation. Urban residents have better quality recreational alternatives for the higher life style, which results in a lower willingness to pay or amounts of payment. Marginal willingness and amounts of pay are the most strong among occupations which states clearly the most true willingness to pay probably about the persons in public sector. The marginal willingness and amounts of payment are negative compared with others; farther from the visitors from the forest park for retirees due to restrictions by the income. Tourists' willingness and amounts of pay decreases as the distance increasing from National Forest Park of Fuzhou.[Conclusion] The CVM can be introduced into the evaluation of recreation value about forest scenic spot based on the improvement of effectiveness in terms of theoretical validity, but the other criteria of validity for CVM should also be fully considered.

[Objective] With countries exploring the new village construction continuously, village human habitat forest has attracted increasing attention. The article aims to acquire the characteristics of village human habitat forest, analyze the dynamic change of tree canopy cover, and calculate the number of ecological services to provide the reference for the urban planning and rural development.[Method] In this study, we adopted sampling method to get the characteristics of village human habitat forest in Niulanshan-Mapo town in 2015. Considering this, we primarily investigated the different varieties of growth index, the statistic of families, genus, and species, the analysis of advantage families, genus, and species. The interpretation of the pattern of tree canopy cover with the remote-sensing image in the year of 2001 and 2015, respectively. We adopted the i-Tree model to calculate the ecological benefits based on tree information from the field investigation.[Result] 1) The field survey showed that there were a total of 25 families, 37 genera, and 68 species in Niulanshan-Mapo town. From the numeric aspect, Leguminosae, Sophora, and Sophora japonica were the most. Comparatively, the Ebenaceae, Diospyros, and Populus tomentosa were less. 2) The area of village human habitat forest increased significantly by 842.64 hm². Among all the increases, the expansion of the nursery forest was high while the farmland forest and economic fruit forest reduced. The patch number of village human habitat forest increased from 10 853 in 2001 to 13 048 in 2015, and the average patch area increased from 0.04 hm² to 0.1 hm². Other than the roadway forest, the area of the other human forests showed the increases at different levels. 3) The annual quantity of carbon storage, carbon sequestration, oxygen production, runoff-control and pollution removal by the village human habitat forest in Niulanshan-Mapo town was 36 973.77 t,1 325.70 t, 3 418.07 t,121 401.56 m³ and 52.36 t, respectively.[Conclusion] 1)Most of human habitat forest in Beijing fringe area is native tree species, including 25 families, 37 genera and 68 species. 2) With the development of urbanization, the village human habitat forests didn't decrease in Niulanshan-Mapo town during the studied 14 years. By contrast, it showed an increasing trend, which was mainly because of the increase in nursery stock. 3) Human habitat forest has provided a lot of ecological benefits for Niulanshan-Mapo town, including carbon sequestration and oxygen release, rainstorm runoff reduction and pollutant removal. In order to improve the ecological benefits, average patch area and gross area of human habitat forest should be increased.

[Objective] Quercus fabri is a deciduous tree species of the genus Quercus in China, with high economic and ecological value. At present, most studies focus on the exploitation and utilization of Q. fabri resources, however, there is little research on the geographical distribution pattern of Q. fabri. In this study, we used the optimized Maxent model to predict the suitable areas of Q. fabri and understand the effect of climatic factors on the distribution of Q. fabri. As the same time, we discuss the cultivation zoning and introduction zoning of Q. fabri in combination with the PHZM, and provide some theoretical basis for the introduction and cultivation of Q. fabri.[Method] We used AICc index to screen feature and beta multipliers,and then establish the optimal model. Based on the 484 distribution records and 10 environmental variables, we simulatedthe potential distribution areas of Q. fabri during the Last Glacial Maximum, Mid-Holocene, Present and the year 2070 and investigated the environmental factors affecting the distribution of suitable habitat of Q. fabri by means of percent contribution, permutation importance, and Jackknife test, Limiting Factors.[Result] 1) The parameters of the optimal model were set as follows:feature is LQP and the β multiplier is 1.5. 2) Jackknife test showed that Annual mean temperature, Precipitation of the driest month, Temperature annual range were the key factors; the top three environmental variables of percentoge contribution rate were Mean diurnal range, Temperature annual range, and Annual mean temperature; the top three of permutation importance were Annual mean temperature, Temperature annual range, and isothermaling.Mean diurnal range the environmental limiting factors affecting the potential distribution in the present were Annual precipitation, and precipitation of the driest month; Precipitation of the driest month, and max temperature of the warmest monthwere the environmental limiting factors of potential distribution of future. 3) The highly suitable region for the present distribution covered Chongqing, part of Guizhou, Hunan, southern Hubei, Jiangxi, southern Anhui, northern Fujian, and the Yangtze River Delta region. In the Last Glacial Maximum, the highlysuitable areas of Q. fabri were scattered in Hunan and Jiangxi, which is less than the present distribution areas by 28.28%. In the middle reached Holocene, the highly suitableregion was similar to the present one, but it'sareas increased by 6.44% and the are to the maximum of the four periods. In the prediction of future suitable distribution areas, Liaoning did not have a suitable area in the present but there is a small part of the low suitable areas in the future. Temperature may rise in 2070, the suitable distribution area would expand to the north and the highly of the suitable areas of Q. fabri decreased by 6.44%.[Conclusion] Annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, temperature annual range, and precipitation of the driest monthare important environmental factors that restrict the distribution pattern of Q. fabri. The environmental limiting factors affecting the distribution in the present and future prediction are annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest month and max temperature of the warmest month. The highly suitable areas of Q. fabri in the last glacial maximum are concentrated in central China, and then gradually moved to the north with the warming of the climate. The whole suitable areas reachto the maximum in the Mid-Holocene. The future temperature would rise, and the suitable areas of Q. fabri may be the trend of northward expansion, and Q.fabri in high altitude in is more susceptible to climate. According to the distribution pattern of Q. fabri and the PHZM in China, Xinjiang, Beijing and Tianjin may be suitable for the introduction and cultivation of Q. fabri.

[Objective] The paper studies some problems in supply-market system of under forestry economy, designs trading mode with contract theory and sets up under forestry products supply chain, which will provide reference for the development of under forestry economy.[Method] A two-level supply chain model with single vendor and many producers is established, and market demand function, the mean profit of producers and vendor are calculated. The function model can also be used to compare and analyze producer's profit, vendor's profit and system efficiency under different trading decision model.[Result] 1) Under the disperse policy decision and non-contract model, producer and vendor always make their decision on the basis of their profit expect, which may lead to much system losses, low consumer welfare and low efficient system. 2) Under centralized decision-making and non-contract model, we can improve obviously the system efficiency,and provide more products to the market with ensuring customer welfare. But the supply chain is not very stable, and the producers like to break a contract. 3) Under revenue share contract model, the profits of both sides will be protected. But the bad effect is that vendor does not like to sign the contract, because profit of vendor cannot be protected by many unpredictable factors. 4) Under constraint and revenue contract model, profits of both sides will be protected through adding constraint condition, which can help to realize the original goal to manage the supply chain of under forestry economy products.[Conclusion] 1) The new-designed model will change producing pattern with supply chain management under sharing contract, which can improve risk resistance capability, deduce decentralized operation of under forestry economy products supplying and marketing system. 2) It is an effective measure for producer and vendor to sign sharing contract, which can protect both sides profits and help them get more profits. 3) It is also beneficial for the supply chain of under forestry economy products to perfect the rule of sharing contract. The paper has given some advice basing on the result:1) All participants and government need to improve cognition for the under forestry economy products supply chain management. And then all of these suggestions can be built and managed in coordination situation. 2) By designing and optimizing supply chain under sharing contract, the supply chain will work effectively. 3) With supporting measures by government, it will ensure smooth development for under forestry economy products supply chain. 4) Precautions against should be taken by developing marketing mechanism.