[Objective] Based on massive data of two dominant species of Cyclobalanopsis in the same habitat, habitat heterogeneity anddensity-dependent effectsin subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest were analyzed to reveal interspecific differences andunderlining mechanism by comparing the distribution patterns of the two species, which laid the foundation to further reveal the role of community composition in maintenance mechanism of community species diversity.[Methods] Cyclobalanopsis multinervis (CYMU) and Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia (CYMY) were selected due totheir enormous abundances, extensive distributions, morphological similarity and of same genus in Mulinzi National Nature Reserve with 15 hm² large dynamic forest plot. After removing highly concentrated tillering plants, the twospecies were divided into three developmental phases:small trees (1 cm ≤ DBH< 10 cm), mediumtrees (10 cm ≤ DBH< 20 cm), andlarge trees (DBH ≥ 20 cm). The effects of habitat heterogeneity at 0-150 m anddensity-dependent effectsat 0-30 m on tree spatial pattern were analyzed using pairwise correlation functions g(r) and four models in point pattern analysis (completely spatial randomness, heterogeneous Poisson, antecedent condition and random labeling).[Results] The CYMU and CYMY were significantly aggregated on the scale of r>20 m because of habitat heterogeneity, nevertheless, CYMY were insensitive to habitat heterogeneity on the scale of 112-150 m. And the correlation of spatial pattern of CYMU and CYMY in the same developmental phase was g₁₂(r)≈1 on the scale of 1-150 m, which could be characterized as no correlation or negative correlation. While, two species tended to gather mutually at the small tree and mediumtree phases within 1 m and could not coexist at big tree phase. The thinning of density-dependent effects was not detected on the 0-30 m scale but had a slight effect on CYMU at its small tree phase, however, they all showed obvious density-limiting sparse effects at 0-10 m scale at the phase of small trees to medium-trees of CYMU and CYMY. Comparing CYMU and CYMY, the distribution pattern of small trees or mediumtrees showed no association to congeneric big trees on 0-30 m scales and big trees all showed Nurse Effect to congeneric small trees and medium-trees within 1 m, Moreover, the growing of big trees led to the sparsity of the congeneric small trees within 1-10 m.[Conclusions] In the populations of CYMU and CYMY, the mechanisms of thinning density dependent, self-thinning density dependent and distance dependent were basically the same. The difference was that small trees of CYMU tended to stay away from big trees, while small trees of CYMY gathered slightly around big trees on a small scale. CYMU and CYMY could coexist wellon a small scale, and habitat heterogeneity was the important basis for widespread coexistence for the two species on medium and large scale. Our researchresults could provide guidance for community restoration, diversity protection andforest management insubtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaved mixed forest of Mulinzi Nature Reserve.

[Objective] Three different types of freshwater wetland forests (broad-leaved forests, coniferous-broad-leaved mixed forests, and coniferous forests)were selected as research objects to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of deuterium isotope values in forest soil profiles after different magnitude precipitation,and quantitatively explain the contribution of precipitation to the soil water in each layer in Tangpu Reservoir Area of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. The result of this study provide a scientific basis for revealing the distribution of precipitation in the water cycle of forest ecosystems in the wetlands of the area.[Method] In this study, we examined the dynamic variation of deuterium values (δD) in Soil Waterby using stable isotope technique under three different rainfall conditions inthree different types of freshwater wetland forests, analyzed the relationship of δD values between soil water and the potential water sources (rainfall and shallow underground water, etc.), and further determined the source of litter water and soil water and the distribution of one-timerainfall in the three wetland forests. The contribution rate of rainfall in litter and each layer of the soil profile was calculated according tobinary linear mixed model after the occurrence of different rainfall events.[Result] The δD values of soil water were between those δD values of rainfall and shallow groundwater after three different magnitudes ofrainfall in the freshwater wetland forests in the Tangpu Reservoir Area of Shaoxing, indicating that the soil water and litter water mainly came from precipitation and shallow groundwater.After small rainfall (7.5 mm), the soil water δD values in 0-60 cm increased slightly and were higher than the values before rain, however, there was almost no change and relatively stable in the δD values of 60-100 cm deep soil water, indicating that 7.5 mm precipitation could be infiltrated and recharged into the 60 cm soil layer in the three wetland forests. The first day after moderate rain (14.5 mm), the soil water δD average values of the soil layer of 0-100 cm decreased by 9.5‰±4.0‰, 9.3‰±4.1‰, and 7.0‰±2.6‰ in the broad-leaved,mixed broadleaf-conifer, and coniferous forests, respectively. In 9 days after the moderate rainfall, the soil water δD value of the three forests kept changing with increasing number of days after rainfall and approached to control before rain, indicating that the effect of precipitation δD on soil δD gradually decreased.The first day after the heavy rain (35.0 mm),δD value of the litter water and surface soil layer of 0-20 cm in the three forests was close to rainfall δD value. The contribution rate of rainfall to the litter layer in the three forests was the highest, and the contribution rate to soil water was the second at soil layer of 0-20 cm.With the increase of sampling days, the contribution of precipitation to the soil water in each layer was presented with a decreasing trend.Precipitation events (precipitation of different magnitudes)were the main factors affecting the soil water δD and the contribution of precipitation to soil water after rain.[Conclusion] The response of δD values of litter layer to precipitation was the most significant, soil water δD (0-20 cm) to rainfall δD was second significant in the wetland forests of Tangpu Reservoir Area in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province.The greater magnitude of one-time rainfall, the more obvious the effect on soil water (0-100 cm), and the greater the rainfall contribution to the soil water,heavy rain (precipitation>20 mm) affected soil water in each layer for more than 9 days. The result suggest that freshwater wetland forest played an important role in regulating the process of small rainfall (precipitation ≤ 10 mm) and moderate rainfall(10 mm

[Objective] In this research, we have studied the diameter structure, tree height structure, spatial distribution and soil physicochemical characteristics of young plantation of Picea asperata with different densities and investigated the optimum stand retention density of plantation in Southern Gansu, the purpose of these efforts were to provide scientific basis for the construction and sustainable management of Picea asperata plantation.[Method] In this study, 28 plots within 7 levels of tree densities (850, 1 060, 1 350, 1 550, 1 750, 2 300, 3 000 individual·hm^-2) in young plantation of Picea asperata were studied by method of sample plot investigation, uniform angle index and stratified sampling analysis, determined the diameter class structure, tree height structure, uniform angle index, soil density, saturated moisture, field capacity, capillary capacity, total prosity, capillary prosity, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium etc.,calculated the average value of each index, standard deviation, and the differences between the various indices.[Result] The growth of the average DBH and average crown width all decreased along with the increase of density, the average height increased at first then decreased with the increased of density. The diameter and height structure with different densities were unimodal curves belong to normal distribution, the peak diameter gradually decreases with the increase of density, the frequency of tree medium diameter (DBH:12-24 cm) were much more than diameter (DBH>24 cm) and (DBH<12 cm). Using spatial structure parameters of the uniform angle index to study the spatial structure characteristics of forest, the uniform angle index gradually decreases with the increase of density, the stand structure was random distribution when the stand density was less than 1 550 individual·hm^-2 and when the stand density was greater than 1 550 individual·hm^-2, it was uniform distribution. The stand density was the key factor affecting the soil physical and chemical properties (especially soil organic matter and total porosity) in young plantation of Picea asperata; In the plantations with moderate stand density(1 550 individual·hm^-2), soil nutrient contents were higher, but soil density was the lowest, the saturated moisture, capillary capacity, field capacity, and the total porosity were relatively higher in the soil depth of 0-20 cm, the soil physical and chemical properties were better than over crowded or over sparse forest.[Conclusion] Tree density was closely related to the stand structure, soil physical and chemical properties. An appropriate density(1 550 individual·hm^-2) could be helpful for maintaining good forest structure characteristics and soil physical and chemical properties, and was the best density of young plantation of Picea asperata in southern Gansu.

[Objective] [Objective] The water use strategy of apple trees indifferent planting years in the loess hilly region wasdiscussed in this study, in order to provide a useful reference for water management and sustainable development of apple orchards.[Method] In this study, 10-, 15-and 22-year-old apple trees were selected as the object and the natural and artificial deuterium isotope tracer techniques and MixSIR model were used to analyze the contribution ratio of different moisture sources to apple trees growth to investigate the seasonal variation of its moisture source.[Result] The results indicated that the source of moisture utilization varied greatly among the three apple trees of different ages.The main source of moisture of the 10-year-old apple trees changed from the middle and deep layers of flowering and fruit-bearing stage(88.9%)to the shallow layeratthe coloring and ripening stage (57.9%). The main source of moisture for the 15-year-old apple trees came from the middle layer during the blossoming and bearing fruits period and fruit expanding stage; but in the coloring and ripening period, the apple tree mainly absorbed the shallow layer soil moisture.During the whole growth period, the 22-year-old apple trees mainly used shallow and middle soil moisture (74.34%, 86.07% and 87.77% respectively),and the ratio of deep soil moisture utilization was decreased gradually.The significant increase in deuterium isotopes in xylem samples of apple trees showed that apple trees could alleviate water stress by absorbing deeper soil moisture.[Conclusion] There was an obviously difference in water use source of three stand ages apple trees. The water source was shallower gradually and more conservative with stand age increasing. Reasonable water management measures should be adopted to effectively decrease nonproductive water consumption and extravagant water consumption to realize sustainable and healthy development of orchards on the basis of water source seasonal variations for different stand age apple trees.

[Objective] The oxidation and antioxidation of oil during roasting process and the shelf life at room temperature were studied by optimizing soaking process and adding antioxidant TBHQ to Torreya grandis seeds to clarify the occurrence and regulation mechanism of quality deterioration of T. grandis seeds and lay a theoretical foundation for improving the yield of T. grandis seeds and accelerating the development of T. grandis industry.[Method] The seeds were soaked in 5% and 20% of NaCl for 0, 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively, and 0.02% of tertbutyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) was added to the soaking media. The peroxide value, acid value, inhibition rate of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation system, total phenol and DPPH free radical scavenging activity with other indicators were measured to determine the appropriate salt leaching time. The lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity of T. grandis during roasting process, followed by a shelving time for 60 days at room temperature were investigated.[Results] The optimal soaking conditions of T. grandis in roasting process for alleviating lipid oxidation and improvement of antioxidant capacity were to soak for 10 min in 20% NaCl solution, at which the peroxide values, acidity, and inhibitory activity of lipid oxidation were the lowest, and the total phenolic contents and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were the highest. The addition of TBHQ to the 20% NaCl solution led to higher DPPH scavenging activity and contents of total phenolic and vitamin E (V_E). The treatment also resulted in lower peroxide, acidity, and p-anisidine levels after soaking, and maintained higher quality during shelf life at room temperature than the seeds without antioxidants.[Conclusion] Soaking in 20% NaCl solution for 10 min can alleviate the decline of the quality of T. grandis. TBHQ can reduce lipid oxidation of T. grandis seeds during baking and storage at room temperature and improve oxidative stability, to improve the processing and storage technology of T. grandis.

[Objective] This experiment aimed to explore the effect of exogenous hormones on ornamental and physiological characteristics of Bougainvillea spectabilis, by analyzing the correlation between the flowering process and physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plants subjected to foliar-spraying ethephon (ETH) and paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃), in order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for more effective flowering regulation and improvement of flowering of B. spectabilis in practical production.[Method] The plants were sprayed on leaves with 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg·L^-1 ETH, and 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃, and spraying water served as control. The first treatment was started on August 23, 2016, repeatedly spraying every 10 days, three times in total. The changes of ornamental characteristics during plant growth and development were observed and recorded, and at the same time, the contents of endogenous hormones, carbohydrates and soluble protein were measured.[Result] In the early stages of flower bud differentiation, the lower concentration of IAA, GA₃ and higher ABA and ZR levels were favorable for the flower bud differentiation; The higher levels of IAA, relatively stable GA₃, and lower ABA and ZR contents were beneficial to the development of various parts of flower in the late stage of flower differentiation. The total nitrogen content was lower, and the higher concentrations of total soluble sugar and soluble protein content could promote the flowering of plants in the early stage of morphological differentiation. The 75 mg·L^-1 ETH significantly increased the ratios of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA₃, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA₃, reduced the content of total nitrogen, and promoted the ratio of C/N in the early stage of differentiation. At the same time, the number of flower branches and flowers increased, so that the plant flowering initiation time was 5 days earlier, the whole blooming time was 7 days longer than the control; The ratios of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA₃, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA₃ and total nitrogen levels were inhibited by 100 mg·L^-1 PP₃₃₃ treatment, and the plant flowering time was delayed for 1 day, the final flowering period was unchanged.[Conclusion] The 75 mg·L^-1 ETH treatment can obviously promote the number of flower branches, flowers, the initial flowering period and the total flowering time, which could be used to promote the growth and flowering of Rhododendron grandiflorum, while PP₃₃₃ treatment could inhibit the growth and flowering of B.spectabilis to some extent.

[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the response of Populus×euramericana cv.‘Nanlin-895’ (NL-895) to nitrogen metabolism and mineral elements under co-inoculation with P. fluorescent and X. chrysenteron, to reveal the effects of interaction between phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar growth at the level of nutrient metabolism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing and exploiting the compound microbial fertilizer for poplar.[Method] A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of co-inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescent JW-JS1 and Xerocomus chrysenteron on the nitrogen metabolism (soluble protein contents, nitrate nitrogen contents and nitrate reductase activity) and mineral element contents of NL-895 poplar in the greenhouse.[Result] Both JW-JS1 or Xc single inoculation and JW-JS1 and Xc co-inoculation significantly increased the soluble protein contents, nitrate nitrogen contents and nitrate reductase activity of NL-895 Poplar, and improved its mineral element content, and then the treatment effect of co-inoculation was higher than single inoculations and the control. The soluble protein content, the nitrate nitrogen content and the nitrate reductase activity of NL-895 poplar increased 20.19%, 79.99%, and 33.08%, respectively after 30 days of co-inoculation, 76.76%, 106.62%, and 34.86% after 90 days of co-inoculation and 137.99%, 50.70%, and 59.89% after 150 days of co-inoculation, compared with the control. The contents of P, Mg, K, Ca, Mn and Zn of NL-895 Poplar increased 71.66%, 23.67%, 49.71%, 22.90%, 84.57% and 151.56%, respectively compared with the control after 150 days of co-inoculation. Correlation analysis showed that the height and stem diameter of NL-895 seedlings were positively correlated with nitrate nitrogen content after 30 days of co-inoculation (P<0.05), and the height of NL-895 seedlings was positively correlated with soluble protein content after 90 days of co-inoculation (P<0.05). The height of NL-895 seedlings was positively correlated with nitrate reductase activity and K contents (P<0.05) after 150 days of co-inoculation, and the stem diameter of NL-895 seedlings was positively correlated with P contents (P<0.05) and K contents (P<0.01) after 150 days of co-inoculation.[Conclusion] The co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescent JW-JS1 and Xerocomus chrysenteron significantly improved the nitrogen metabolism and mineral element absorption of NL-895 poplar, thus promoting the growth of NL-895 poplar.

[Objective] Anthocyanin is an important pigment in the flower coloration of Prunus mume. R2R3-MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In the present study, the PmMYB1 gene has been isolated from P. mume. This gene was analyzed for its sequence characteristics and was transferred into tobacco to verify its biological function. This will lay a foundation for the research on the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the molecular breeding of flower color of P. mume.[Method] The PmMYB1 gene was isolated from the petal of P. mume using RT-PCR method. The specific primers for PCR amplification were designed according to the P. mume genome data. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree were used to analyze the conserved sequences and predict the biological function of PmMYB1. PmMYB1 gene was transferred into tobacco by constructing expression vector. The changes of phenotype and anthocyanin content in transgenic tobacco were analyzed. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of the PmMYB1 and the endogenous anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in different organs of transgenic tobacco. All data were analyzed to identify the function of the PmMYB1 gene.[Result] The CDS sequence of PmMYB1 (729 bp) were obtained by cloning from P. mume. The PmMYB1 protein encoded 242 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the protein had a conserved MYB domain and specific motif of anthocyanin-regulating MYB protein, and contained a conserved motif that interacts with the bHLH transcription factor, which might require the co-expression of bHLH protein in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PmMYB1 was highly homologous with other identified anthocyanins-regulating MYB proteins, such as 92% and 91% identify with PcMYB10 from Prunus cerasifera and PaMYB10 from Prunus avium, respectively. Transgenic tobacco assay showed that overexpression of PmMYB1 gene significantly promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin in the corolla of transgenic plants. Compared with the control, the anthocyanin content in the flowers of transgenic plants was higher(P< 0.05), which caused to the deepening of flower color. The qRT-PCR assay showed that the expression level of PmMYB1 gene was higher in the flowers of transgenic plants than that of leaves. The expression level of seven structural genes(NtCHS, NtCHI, NtF3H, NtF3'H, NtDFR, NtANS, and NtUFGT)and two regulatory genes(NtAn1a and NtAn1b)of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the flowers of transgenic lines were obviously up-regulated compared with the control.[Conclusion] Overexpression of PmMYB1 in tobacco significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the flowers and caused to the deepening of flower color of transgenic plants through activating endogenous structural and regulatory genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis to up-regulate their expression in the flowers of transgenic lines. These findings suggest that PmMYB1 plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis.

[Objective] This study aims to analyse the composition and structure of arthropod community in the Bt gene poplar-cotton composite system,in order to evaluate ecological safety of transgenic poplar-cotton composite system.[Method] The non-transgenic poplar-cotton composite system Ⅰ and transgenic poplar-cotton composite system Ⅱ were constructed in a forest farm at Guojiawu village,Yihezhuang town,Zhuozhou City of Hebei Province.The composition and structure of arthropod community,sub community and different functional groups as well as community time dynamic changes were investigated for three consecutive years by using the method of community ecology.[Result] The two systems had significant differences in the total number of species in arthropod communities, and there was no significant difference in the total number of species and the diversity index.The number of pest sub-community species in the transgenic poplar-cotton composite system was significantly lower than that of the control(P<0.05),while species number of natural enemy sub-community and neutral arthropod sub-community was not significant; the diversity indices of pests,natural enemies, and neutral arthropod sub-communities in the two systems were not significantly different.There were no significant difference in the temporal and seasonal dynamics of species and individuals in arthropod communities between the two systems.[Conclusion] Transgenic poplar cotton composite system had better toxicity and control population effect to target pests, and had no obvious effect on non-target insects, natural enemies and neutral insects, but showed a relatively good ecological effect on these functional groups.Generally speaking, transgenic poplar-cotton composite system had no negative effect on arthropod community, and played a role in promoting the function of the whole ecosystem, however its ecological safety needs to be monitored for a long time.

[Objective] Beetles (Coleoptera) are an important biotic component of forest ecosystems, and most of species have the ability to fly. In this study, the beetles were collected in a broad-leaved Korean pine forest by flying intercepted traps, and time dynamics of the beetles were analyzed objectively, which would provide a scientific basis for the protection and utilization of beetles in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest, and for the evaluation of the role of beetles in maintaining forest ecosystems.[Method] The beetles specimen were collected at the whole adult active period by flying intercepted traps with controlled-release lures in 4 sample plots of a broad-leaved Korean pine forest from 2012 to 2013, and the 6 belt transect were set in each sample.[Result] Totally 7 776 individuals of beetles were captured during the investigation, belonging to 33 families and 239 species. Among them, the number of species and individuals in the families of Elateridae, Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae, Cerambycidae were abundant. The dominant groups were different in different collecting time. Elateridae was the dominant group in all 7 collecting time; Staphylinidae was the dominant group in late May and late August. Nitidulidae was the dominant group in late May and early June, and Cerambycidae was the dominant group from early July to late August. The individual number of Elateridae, Staphylinidae and Nitidulidae in late May were significant more than that collected in the other time(P<0.05). The individual number of Cerambycidae was the most in early July. The seasonal change had a significant impact on the diversity index of beetles. The peak period of individual number of beetles was in late May, and it was significantly higher than that of other times(P<0.05). Species number, diversity index, and richness index all peaked in early July; the peak period of evenness index was in late July. The species number and richness index, and diversity index had a significant linear relationship (P<0.05). The increase of species number could lead to the growth of richness index and diversity index.[Conclusion] The temperature and various stand factors in the forest would change in different seasons. The appearing peak of beetle numbers was in late May because of different habits of various groups of beetles. With the passage of time, individual number of beetles decreased rapidly after the end of the eclosion of some beetles. There was a small appearing peak of beetles in early July with the increase of forest temperature and the enrichment of vegetation conditions. The present research showed that there were relatively strong correlations between Elateridae and June, Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae and late May, Cerambycidae and July and August. The present investigation by using flying intercepted traps could greatly improve the efficiency of flying beetle collection, and it could not only enriched the collection method for beetle research, but also help further study on the diversity of beetles.

[Objective] Dryocosmus zhuili is a newly discovered gall wasp species attacking Castanea henryi. The present study is to provide fundamental data for controlling its damage. We investigated the distributions, damage characteristics and natural enemies of Dryocosmus zhuili in the main distribution areas of Castanea henryi, and compared the morphology with its close species D. kuriphilus.[Method] The galls made by the pest were collected from Fujian, Zhejiang and Hunan Province and reared in laboratory. Adults of gall wasps and parasitoids were identified. Five sample trees were selected randomly in each survey site. Each tree with ten sample points from the east, south, west, and north direction; and upper, middle and lower of canopies; as well as inside, centre and outside, respectively, and 3 one-year-old shoots were selected randomly in each sample point. Damaged plants, gall shoots and numbers of galls in each shoot were investigated.[Result] D. zhuili is similar to D. kuriphilus in the characters of galls, but can be distinguished by a combination of several morphological characters of adults, e.g. diagonal striation on mesopleuron, lateral propodeal carinae. D. zhuili, distributed in Zhouning, Jianou, Zhenghe, Shouning of Fujian Province and Qingyuan of Zhejiang Province, showed mixing occurrence with D. kuriphilus in most areas, and the proportions of D. zhuili adults were 0.6%-86.0%. In the investigated sites, rates of damaged plants were 100%, incidence of gall shoots of D. zhuili were 17.9%-32.9%, and were about 3 cells in each gall. Both D. zhuili and D. kuriphilus could make galls around east, south, west and north positions of plants, but the numbers of galls in the upper canopy was significantly lower than that in the middle and lower parts. In the surveyed sits, the main parasitoids of D. zhuili were Megastigmus nipponicus, Tetrastichus sp., Torymus sinensis Eupelmus urozonus and Sycophila variegata. M. nipponicus and Tetrastichus sp. are dominant natural enemies of D.zhuili.[Conclusion] D. zhuili, distributed in Zhouning, Jianou, Zhenghe, Shouning of Fujian Province and Qingyuan of Zhejiang Province, has similar ecological niche with D. kuriphilus and the main parasitoids are M. nippoincus, Tetrastichus sp, T. sinensis, E. urozonus and S. variegate.

[Objective] In order to provide technical support for the investigation of gap structure parameters, the LiDAR technology was used in this study to identify the gap structure parameters(including gap size, canopy height and gap shape index).[Method] Taking the airborne LiDAR as the data source, the 54 gaps in the five gap investigate plots were set up in the Mao'ershan experimental forest farm of Northeast Forestry University as the study area, The canopy height model was obtained by comparing the five interpolation method (ordinary kriging, inverse distance weight, splines, natural neighbor, local polynomial)to determine the optimal interpolation method. The canopy height model was used to identify and extract the gaps by alternative sequential filter.[Result] By comparing the RMSE of the five interpolation method, it is found that the ordinary kriging method is suitable for interpolating DEM, and the inverse distance weight method is suitable for interpolating DSM. The gap recognition rate was 92.6% when the gap was extracted by alternating sequential filter. Using the paired test method to check the gap size, canopy height with field survey data, linear correlation was observed between the values of LiDAR estimation and field investigation, and the R² values of gap size and canopy height case were 0.983 and 0.737,respectively. Compared with field survey data, the average relative error of extracted gap size was 15.78% and canopy height was 11.94%.[Conclusion] Using alternating sequential filter based on airborne lidar data can effectively identify the gap and accurately extract its structural parameters. Interpolation accuracy of the canopy height model is affected by the slope, slope position and the complexity of the canopy structure; gap size is affected by boundary shape and forest structure, canopy height as the terrain gradient increases, the error increases. The airborne LiDAR technology has the advantage of acquiring three-dimensional structural information of terrain and trees, this study provides a new remote sensing method for the identification of gaps and the extraction of gap structure parameters.

[Objective] A novel monomer, tri-allyl maleopimarate with three functional C=C bonds, was synthesized by introduction of maleic anhydride in rosin structure under microwave irradiation through Diels-Alder reaction. The newly synthesized monomer, consisting of three functional C=C bonds, is proposed to have plenty of reactive functionalities during free radical polymerization. Then the rosin structure can be directly introduced into polymers. The successful synthesis of the new multi-functional polymerization monomer provides a new path for the deep processing in China.[Method] Sodium maleopimarate was prepared from maleopimaric acid and sodium hydroxide through neutralization reaction using ethanol or water as solvent respectively. Then tri-allyl maleopimarate was synthesized from sodium maleopimarate followed by phase transfer reaction with allyl choloride under microwave-assisted conditions. The structure of the product was characterized by FT-IR, GC and MS.[Result] The optimized reaction conditions were as follows:microwave power 400 W, reaction temperature 55℃, reaction time 4 h, n(allyl chloride):n(sodium malaypimarate)=3:1, and the amount of catalyst 5%. Under the above conditions the yield of the product was 93.2%, and the purity of tri-allyl maleopimarate was 96.1%. FT-IR analysis showed that three carboxyl groups were successfully introduced in the rosin structure through esterification reaction. The byproducts identified in this reaction are allyl maleopimarate and di-allyl maleopimarate using ethanol as solvent. Only single byproduct can be observed using water as solvent. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized products were tested. The products appeared as a viscous liquid at room temperature, with a viscosity of 8.5×10³ mPa·s at 25℃. The density and the acid value of the product were determined as 1.109 7×10³ kg·cm^-3 and 2.5 mg KOH·g^-1 sample, respectively.[Conclusion] Tri-allyl maleopimarate is proposed as a new type of natural rosin-derived reactive monomer. The purity of tri-allyl maleopimarate using water as solvent was higher than that of using ethanol as solvent.

[Objective] The aim of this paper is to make progress in the areas of droplet size spectra, viability and infectivity delivery options and control effect, and it will contribute to overcoming the impediments and increasing use of biopesticides.[Method] A rotary disk atomizer for biopesticide was developed, and an air-assisted system was also designed to improve the atmospheric effects. The influences of biopesticide atomizer structure (disk diameter, oblique angle and teeth number), operational parameters (flow rate, spinning speed and wind speed of air-assisted system), and spraying downstream range on atomization performance and biopesticide application efficacy was tested. The spraying was repeated with water sensitive cards placed on the artificial plant leaf surface to determine the distribution of spray coverage rate. Characteristics of mean droplet size of spray produced by rotary disk atomizers were experimentally investigated. A Sympatec laser diffraction analyzer was used to measure the droplet size of water spray in the downstream distance along the spray trajectory. Effects of different structure parameters and various operating conditions on the mean diameter had been studied. The volume median diameter (VMD) was used to represent the generated spray droplet sizes.[Result] 1) The teeth number and oblique angle had no significant influence on the droplet size, but the disk diameter,flow rate, spinning speed and the spraying downstream distance were related to the droplet size. It was also found that VMD increases as the downstream distance, and liquid flow rate increase. Meanwhile, a decrease of spinning speed and disk diameter result in an increasing VMD. 2) A regression model for volume median diameters (VMD) prediction including four independent, non-correlated variables (rotary disk diameter, spinning speed, liquid flow rate and the spraying downstream distance) was established. Furthermore, the model's goodness-of-fit was also assessed to prove model fitness and feasibility. 3) The result of water sensitive cards placed on the artificial plant leaf surface showed that air-assisted system increase the spray coverage rate due to due to the fact that droplets with stronger penetrability by the aid of air-assisted system. Facing the wind direction, the distribution of spray coverage rate in front layer is much higher than that in rear layer. 4)This paper also discussed the viability and infectivity of air-assisted rotary disk atomizer by spraying beauveria bassiana. The result showed that the main effects of four experimental factors on the viability and infectivity of biopesticide were ordered by wind speed > rotary disk diameter > spinning speed > liquid flow rate > oblique angle > teeth number.[Conclusion] The rotary disk atomizers can increase the spray coverage rate and enhance the control effect by air-assisted system. VMD can be correlated with the rotary disk diameter, spinning speed, liquid flow rate and the spraying downstream distance. The regression model provided a VMD evaluation approach, and it was important in the interpretation of droplet size for different measuring distance, operation techniques and rotary disk structures.[Result] from this paper provided a case study showing how to spray biopesticide to treat plant pests and diseases effectively by setting optimal parameter.

[Objective] In order to detect the thermal storage capacity of wood materials used for floor heating, a method based on an airtight and thermal-insulated testing device is firstly proposed.[Method] Firstly, the structure of airtight and thermal-insulated testing device was illustrated, and the testing method was introduced. Then, the physical model of testing device was built up, the mass conservation equation, momentum equation and energy conservation equation of three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer were established according to the three laws of fluid mechanics. The preheated wood samples from Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Betula alnoides and Quercus mongolica, which could be used for floor heating, were set at the middle of the bottom of the testing device, as heat source. After setting up the initial values and boundary conditions of the model, the CFD software FLUENT was used with certain numerical simulation parameters to solve the unsteady heat transfer equations established before, and the temperature distributions in the testing device at different periods were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, taking the 1 000 step result as an example, the temperature distribution result from the numerical model and the measured temperature data of the testing device were compared and evaluated based on the average relative error and correlation coefficient. And by doing these, the consistency of the established heat transfer model and the testing device was evaluated.[Result] The relative error is lower than 1.5%, and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.98. In addition, the simulated time to reach temperature equilibrium of all different samples are less than the measured values, and the simulated equilibrium temperature distributions of different sample are lower than the measured values.[Conclusion] The model and testing device we developed can accurately demonstrate the temperature distribution and variation of different wood samples, and thus it can be used to evaluate the heat storage performance of different wood floor materials used for floor heating system.

[Objective] Investigating the effect of aging labor force on forest land-use efficiency is to improve the productivity of forest land.[Method] Using the input-output data of 256 bamboo plots of 112 surveys from 6 administrative villages in Anji county in Zhejiang province, this paper constructed the influence path among the aging of labor force, bamboo land investment and bamboo land-use efficiency. Then, the mediating effect analysis model was used to test the rationality of influence.[Result] Not only was there direct positive effect on bamboo land-use efficiency by the aging of labor force, but also the indirect positive effect through bamboo land investment on bamboo land-use efficiency by the aging of labor force was significant. Measuring result of the influencing effects showed that the direct influence was 0.288 and mediating effect by bamboo land investment was 0.196. In control variables, significantly positive influence on bamboo land investment were found for factors such as family labor force, income ratio for bamboo production compare to total income; while the following elements showed significantly negative effects for bamboo land investment:the total area of bamboo plot, the distance to home. Health status and the years of education of labor force, income ratio for bamboo production compare to total income, and site quality of bamboo plots had significantly positive influence on bamboo land-use efficiency, and the number of bamboo plots had significantly negative influence on it.[Conclusion] The aging of rural labor force was not an obstacle to improve bamboo land-use efficiency, and aging labor force engaged in the production of bamboo increased the degree of intensification of bamboo production and improved bamboo land-use efficiency, but this advantage may be affected by the change of forestry production technology. Based on this study, some suggestions were put forward, such as improve the technology and mechanization of bamboo production, increase the human capital investment of aging labor force, accelerate the development of bamboo processing industry, and continuously improve the site quality and fragmentation of bamboo land.

The tree peony(Paeonia Sect.Moutan), native to China, is famous for its ornamental value, medical use and edible oil production; an effective tissue culture system is an urgent requirement for its breeding and propagation. Tissue culture of tree peony has been extensively studied during the past half-century, and the main advances include the following 3 aspects:1) Organ and tissue regeneration culture:there are 3 ways for regeneration including organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and in vitro shoot proliferation. (1) Tree peony organogenesis includes callus culture and meristematic nodules culture. Vegetative and reproductive organs can both be used as explants to induce callus, but it is very difficult to induce shoots from callus, and a complete plant is still not obtained. With the yellowing stem segments and thin-layer petiole as explants, effective meristematic nodules culture systems have been developed for P. rockii and P. itoh by selecting plant growth regulators and improving culture medium. Adventitious buds and thallus were induced from the meristematic nodules; however, a complete plant is not obtained. In addition, the meristematic nodules of tree peony have been found to contain abundant peoniflorin and paeonol which indicate its value in pharmaceutical ingredients production. (2) Somatic embryogenesis:tree peony somatic embryogenesis includes direct and indirect ways. Somatic embryos have been induced in many tree peony cultivars by selecting genotype, culture medium and embryo development stage; however, the somatic embryo has been found difficult for germination and plant regeneration. Tree peony petioles have been used as explants to induce callus though indirect organogenesis, and the somatic embryo have been induced from callus with however extremely low induction rate. (3) In vitro shoot proliferation:in vitro shoot proliferation of tree peony has been studied for nearly 30 years. Effective initiation, multiplication, rooting and acclimatization system have been established; however, the protocol is unviable for commercial use due to the dormancy of the rooted shoots, the high cost of the two-step rooting protocol and the poor survival rate during acclimatization. 2) Ovule and embryo culture:Using mature ovule (60 days after flowering) and mature embryo (90 days after flowering) as explants, ovule and embryo culture systems have been developed for P. rockii and P. ostii by selecting plant growth regulators, and complete plants have been obtained which however died during acclimatization. 3) Anther (pollen) culture:Pollen at the first stage of division is the best explant for anther (pollen) culture. In tissue culture, the pollen embryos in different development states vary in organ differentiating capacity. The clustered pollen embryo can not produce shoots or roots, while the pollen embryo developing independently can produce roots, however without shoots produced. In conclusion, tissue culture of tree peony is still in the primary stage of applied basic research, the future technology research should focus on browning, the difficulties in indirect organogenesis, and the rooting and acclimatization problems to optimize the protocol. Meanwhile studies on the physiological and the molecular mechanism of the browning, organ differentiation, apical shoot dormancy, etc. is essential, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of tree peony tissue culture system.

[Objective] This study was designed for analyzing the difference of soil thickness among seven micro-topographies, the responses of quantitative characteristics of plant community to soil thickness, and determining the threshold values of soil thickness response to quantitative characteristics of plant community, with the aim of supplying reference for the revegetation in the gneiss mountainous area.[Method] Based on the data of soil thickness and characteristics of plant community in gneiss mountainous area in Pingshan County of Hebei Province, this paper adopted the canonical correlation analysis to analyze the main factor which influenced the characteristics of plant community, and analyzed the differences of soil thickness on seven micro-topographies. Change-point analysis 2.3 was performed to determine the thresholds values of soil thickness response to quantitative characteristics of plant community.[Result] According to the canonical correlation analysis, the soil thickness, micro-topography influenced the change of quantitative characteristics of plant community and diversity, among which soil thickness was the main factor. And the soil thickness of gneiss mountainous area was very thin, just about 15 cm. The soil thickness on most of the micro-topographies were deeper than the undisturbed slope. U-gully, collapse, stone shadow contained significant higher soil thickness (23.1, 21.3 and 21.8 cm) than other micro-topographies and the undisturbed slope (P<0.05), and the lowest on slope crest and scarp (4.2 and 7.9 cm). According to change-point analysis on the soil thickness, the biomass, height and coverage of the plant community were increasing gradually along with soil thickness. When soil thickness reached 12.5 cm, the biomass transited from 201 g·m^-2 to 275 g·m^-2, and we called this point as the threshold. It meant that the biomass increased slowly when the soil thickness was less than 12.5 cm, but increased fast when the soil thickness was greater than 12.5 cm; Similarly, when the height transited from 30 cm to 40 cm, the threshold of soil thickness was 9.4 cm; When the coverage transited from 38% to 51%, the threshold of soil thickness was 10.5 cm.[Conclusion] The quantitative characteristics of plant community varied significantly with the soil thickness (P<0.05), indicating that soil thickness was the main factor which influenced the quantitative characteristics of plant. It's meaningful to grasp the spatial variability and thresholds of soil thickness for the revegetation in gneiss mountainous area. If revegetation was carried out first in areas with soil thickness greater than 10.5cm, the vegetation reconstruction in the whole gneiss mountain area would finally achieved by the way of from point spreading to surface.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigatethe effects of nitrogen (N) and water addition on the leaf traits of dominant plant species in Artemisia ordosica community of the Mu Us Desert, and to explore the adaptive strategies of different functional groups of plants in response to increased N deposition and precipitation, which would help predict the changes of plant community composition under future global environmental changes.[Method] We conducted a field experiment simulating two levels of N deposition (N0:ambient level of nitrogen; N60:60 kg N·hm^-2 a^-1) and with three levels of precipitation (W0:ambient precipitation; W20:ambient precipitation+20%; and W40:ambient precipitation+40%) from 2015 to 2016 in a shrubland dominated by A. ordosica in the Mu Us Desert of northern China.We examined the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf carbon (C) concentration, leaf N concentration and leaf phosphorus (P) concentration of two dominant plant species Artemisia ordosica(shrub) and Leymus secalinus (grass)in an A. ordosica community, and assessed responses of the desert plant leaf traits to N and water addition.[Result] 1) The result showed that soil inorganic N concentrations significantly increased only in plots with added N, and soil moisture significantly increased only in plots with added water.Nitrogen, water addition, and their interaction had non-significant effects on soil available P. 2) Nitrogen and water addition significantly increased the SLA of A. ordosica, but had limited effects on the SLA of L. secalinus. There was a significant interaction between N and water addition affecting the SLA of L. secalinus.3)Nitrogen addition had no effects on leaf C concentration, but significantly on leaf N concentration, C:P and N:P, and decreased leaf P concentration and C:N of A. ordoscia and L. secalinus. Water addition had no significant effect on leaf C, N, P concentration and stoichiometric ratios of L. secalinus, but significantly increased leaf N and P concentration and decreased leaf C concentration,C:N, C:P and N:P atios of A. ordosica. There was a significant interaction between N and water addition on the leaf N concentration and C:N ratio of A. ordosica.[Conclusion] Taken together,the results demonstrated that nitrogen and water had significant effects on leaf traits of A. ordoscia and L. secalinus, the dominant plants of Artemisia ordosica community in Mu Us sandy land, and the N effectwas more significant than the water.Our results suggest that A. ordosica may tend to adopt aggressive resource-use strategy, while L. secalinus may tend to adopt more conservativeresource-use strategyin response to concurrent alterations in N and water supply. The species composition of A. ordosica community might change due to the different resource-use strategy of two plants under future global environmental changes.

[Objective] Wood density is an important economic trait that is targeted in the second round of genetic improvement of slash pine(Pinus elliottii) in Guangdong. To provide theoretical and method for breeding fast-growing and high-quality germplasm of slash pine, the effectiveness of wood density assessment with the resistograph instrument was compared with the traditional volumetric method in current study, and the genetic variations in wood properties and growth were analyzed.[Method] Thirty-two open-pollinated families of slash pine in Taishan city, Guangdong province were tested. For the same individual, the resistograph readings (amplitude) and diameter inside bark were rapidly assessed of live trees in a progeny trial, and the whole core was extracted for wood basic density measurement with volumetric method. The correlations between traits and the trait heritabilities and the selection efficiency were estimated using Asreml statistic software.[Result] 1) Positive phenotypic correlation coefficient (0.659) between amplitude and wood density was determined at individual-tree level. A linear regression equation for prediction of wood density based on amplitude was established (model R²=0.393). 2) The genetic correlation between amplitude and wood density was also stronger (0.738). At the family level, wood density and amplitude were under medium genetic control. The family heritability was higher for amplitude (0.618) than for wood density (0.410). The efficiency of using amplitude as a means of indirect selection for improvement of wood density was 91% at the family level. These result indicate that it is efficient to use the resistograph for the indirect selection of high wood density. 3) To reduce the increasing trend caused by the friction of the shaft with the wood, adjustment of the resistograph profiles was made. However, the phenotypic and genetic correlation in wood density, as well as the heritability did not increase. 4) The family heritability for diameter inside bark was 0.596. Wood density and amplitude had no significant genetic correlation with diameter, whereas the phenotypic correlations were significant, which were 0.272 and 0.493. It implies that the wood density would not be reduced while improving the growth trait in slash pine.[Conclusion] The resistograph had advantages in rapid, nondestructive and relatively accurate measurement, and could be used to assess relative wood density and diameter inside bark of live trees in slash pine. It may play important role in genetic improvement in wood properties and growth trait. The efficiencies of direct and indirect selection for wood density, as well as selection for growth, were higher at family level than at individual level. To select individual performing well in wood properties and growth in slash pine, it is more reliable to combine family selection and within family selection.

[Objective] Grassland rat damage is an important factor affecting grassland ecological balance. Grassland rat monitoring is an important part of rat damage control. UAV, as a type of low-altitude remote sensing, can meet the requirements of high spatial resolution and flexible operation of grassland rat damage monitoring. In the demonstration work of Xinjiang rat damage monitoring and controlling, we used UAV aerial imagery to explore the relationship between the distribution of rat damage and the topography in order to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of rat holes in the study area and provided support for scientific controlling of the rat damage.[Method] The UAV aerial photography was taken on the desert forest Rhombomys opimus in a typical area to obtain images of 0.024 m ultra-high spatial resolution and DEM images with 1m spatial resolution in the southern margin of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang in October 2015. We used artificial visual interpretation method to obtain the distribution of R. opimus holes. Based on the UAV aerial DEM image, the terrain features such as slope aspect, slope gradient, elevation and RDLS were extracted. Then, superimposition was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of the R.opimus hole in different terrain features in the area.[Result] The sand dunes are mostly north-south trend in the southern margin of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang. Statistical analysis showed that the R.opimus holes in the area were mainly distributed in the east and north slopes of the sand dunes (50.7%), the shady slopes (61.2%), the flat slopes and the gentle slopes (89.7%), the elevation of 432.5-435 m and the altitude:2.5-5 m (53.8%) and a relief of 0.1-0.25 m (34.7%).[Conclusion] The spatial distribution of the R.opimus holes is closely related to the topography in the study area. In the control of the rat pest in the grass-roots level,the efficency of the rat pest control can be improved by considering topographical factors. This paper provided new ideas and method for the management of the rat damage and diseases in Xinjiang.