[Objective] The quantitative assessment of resilience provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for rational management and tending of forest ecosystem, and for enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystem disturbed by extreme freezing ice and snow disaster.[Method] Based on three core attribute functions of self-organization, resistance and adaptability of forest ecosystem, key indicators of climate, soil, topography, ecological storage and human activities, together with dynamic monitoring technology of remote sensing, were chosen to establish the indicators system for integrated evaluation of resilience of forest ecosystem. Daoxian county in Hunan Province was taken as a case study of the integrated quantitative evaluation of the forest ecosystem resilience in hilly and mountainous areas in south China where the extreme climate disturbance of freezing snow and ice disaster experienced in 2008.[Result] The integrated evaluation of resilience showed distinct difference from the evaluation of individual attributes. All the three core attributes of resilience should be considered in the integrated quantitative evaluation. The normalized self-organization ability ranged from 0.4 to 0.9, with higher values in the northern, western and southwestern regions of Daoxian county. The normalized resistance in most regions ranged from 0.5 to 0.6, and followed by a range from 0.4 to 0.5. The normalized adaptability in most regions ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, and followed by a range from 0.5 to 0.6. Meanwhile, the resilience of forest ecosystem in Daoxian county showed moderate level, ranging from 1.2 to 1.8, and the northern, western and southern regions of Daoxian county was relatively high. Generally, the resilience of the natural forest ecosystem was much higher.[Conclusion] To evaluate the forest ecosystem resilience objectively, accurately and conveniently, forest ecosystem structure prior to the disturbance, damages during the disturbance and processes of recovery after the disturbance should be comprehensively considered, integrating the three core attribute functions of self-organization, resistance and adaptability should be comprehensively evaluated. The combination of remote sensing technology combined with traditional forest resource inventory provides an effective way for comprehensive quantitative evaluation of resilience. It was found that forest ecosystem in natural state has a relatively high resilience. Restricting the scope and extent of human activities and keeping the forest in a natural state would significantly improve the resilience of forest ecosystem.

[Objective] To guide soundscape design for public urban sites by exploring design techniques in forest soundscape.[Methods] The soundscape of Meiling National Forest Park was studied through field investigation and questionnaire survey in order to evaluate single sound source and overall soundscape. The single sound source evaluation method is to evaluate reviewers' subjective preferences of the 26 sounds provided by the questionnaire with the feeling of being there. The evaluation was graded in 5 levels, and the degree of preference was determined by statistical means. The overall evaluation of the soundscape in four seasons was based on loudness, coordination, comfort, and satisfaction. First, the results of each indicator in the four seasons were counted, and the mean value method was used to compare the trends of each indicator in the four seasons, and to understand the subjective evaluation of the overall soundscape by tourists in the four seasons.[Results] Visitors have different degrees of preference for different sound sources in different seasons. According to the types of soundscape, the degree of preference was expressed in a rank as natural sounds > historical and cultural sounds > artificial sounds > mechanical sounds. The evaluation of the overall soundscape indicated that the tourists had high satisfaction with the soundscape of the Meiling Forest Park. For four seasons, loudness, coordination, and comfort all affected the evaluation of overall satisfaction, the higher the degree of coordination and comfort, the higher the overall satisfaction. The higher the loudness in spring and summer, the lower the satisfaction, while the degree of satisfaction in autumn and winter was not related to the loudness.[Conclusions] In the later forest landscape planning and soundscape design and construction, the impact of sound loudness on people should be taken into account. The overall soundscape satisfaction can be improved by increasing favorite sound sources such as birds and running water, and isolating or avoiding annoying sound sources such as whistles and construction noises.

[Objective] It is of great significance for rapid acquisition of soil fertility parameters using spectral technology to explore the quantitative estimation of the contents of soil organic matters.[Method] Two hundred and forty eight soil samples at 0-30 cm depth were collected from mountain red soil region of northern Jiangxi Province. The spectral reflectance of mountain red soil samples was measured by an ASD FieldSpec3 instrument under laboratory conditions. Meanwhile the content of organic matters of each soil sample was analyzed using potassium dichromate external heating method in laboratory. Correlation analyses between raw mountain red soil spectral reflectance and organic matter content mountain red soil were conducted. Kennard-Stone algorithm was used to divide mountain red soil samples into calibration sets with 186 samples and prediction sets with 62 samples. Based on the full band (400-2 450 nm) of mountain red soil spectra in this study, the partial least squares regression (PLSR), BP neural network (BP) and support vector machine regression (SVMR) were selected to obtain and rebuild the prediction result, and establish fixed weight and variable weights in combination model with the minimum absolute error sum as the goal. Then, the combination model can be built based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network. The optimal combination model with different weighting and with or without reconstructed data was investigated. Accuracies of the content predictions of organic matters of the mountain red soil were evaluated by root mean squared error (RMSE), ratio of partial deviation (RPD) and determination coefficients (R²).[Result] The results showed the best single model is SVMR, its determination coefficient (R²), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the ratio of standard error of performance to standard deviation (RPD) value of validation set were 0.64, 9.76 g·kg^-1 and 1.67. Under the condition of prediction data, the combination model of variable weights is better than the fixed weight combination model, while under the condition of prediction data reconstruction, the combination model of fixed weight is slightly better than the variable weight combination model, but the estimation accuracy of the two models is very close. The optimal model of the combination model is the reconstruction of fixed weight combination model, its determination coefficient (R²), the root mean square error (RMSE) and ratio of standard error of performance to standard deviation (RPD) value of validation set were respectively 0.87, 7.91 g·kg^-1 and 2.06. Therefore, the accuracy of the RBF combination model is better than that of the single model, indicating that it is feasible to estimate the content of organic matters in mountain red soil by RBF combination model.[Conclusion] The rapid content estimation of organic matters in mountain red soil showed that the single model has the characteristics of simple operation and fast calculation. Therefore, it has a greater value of application. However, the combination model was able to make full use of various sample information, therefore, effectively reducing the impacts of random factors on the use of single model, and hence to improve the precision of estimating the content of organic matters in mountain red soil.

[Objective] Toona ciliata var. pubescens is a second class national-level protected endangered species.A large number of its leaves fall to the surface of the soil every year, however it is not clear whether the leaf litter cause sallelopathy.This paper aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of leaf litter on itself seed germination and identify major compounds in leaching solution of the leaf litter, to explore the endangered mechanism of the species and provide the reference for the promotion of its seedling regeneration.[Method] Three kinds of materials froma plantation of T. ciliata var. pubescens,including the leaves, the leaves mixed with forest soil and forest soil, were decomposed.Allelochemicals were extracted from the decomposed ploducts by mixing them with solution(ethanol:acetone:water=2:2:1, V/V).Seed germination experiment of T. ciliata var. pubescens was used for the biological detection. The weak polar allelochemicals were extracted with acetone and were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).[Result] The results showed that low concentration leaching solution of the humus and the decaying leaves of T.ciliata var. pubescens had inhibitory effects on its seed germination. The inhibition effect of extracts from the humus on germination was significantly stronger than that of extracts from the decaying leaves. The higher the concentration the stronger the inhibition.Low concentration (10 g·L^-1) leaching solution of the humus and the decaying leaves had no significant effect on seedlings survival, but high concentration (1 000 g·L^-1) leaching solution of the humus significantly reduced survival rate of seedlings of T.ciliata var.pubescens. Low concentration leaching solution of the decaying leaves had an extremely significant promoting effect on seedling root length.Low concentration leaching solution of the humus had significant promotion effect on stem and root length.However,high concentration leaching solution of leaf decomposition significantly inhibited the growth of seedlings. Low concentration leaching solution of the humus and the decaying leaves significantly increased the seedlings biomass. High concentration leaching solution of the humus and the decaying leaves significantly decreased the seedlings biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that there were six substances in the extract of humus, and benzoic acid derivatives were the main components.A total of 36 substances were identified from the water decaying leaves, and the major components were sitosterol, stigmast and fatty acids such aspalmitic acid and their esters.[Conclusion] The decomposed leaves of T. ciliata var. pubescens have inhibitory effect on itself seed germination. Low concentration decomposition promotes the growth of T.ciliata var. pubescens seedlings. The high concentration extract of decomposition has inhibitory effect on the seedling growth. Benzoic acid derivatives in the leaching solution of the humus may be the main allelochemicals.The weak polar components in the leaching solution of the decaying leaves are mainly sterols,fatty acids and their esters.

[Objective] In this paper, we studied physiological responses of poplar 2025 and its two bud mutation colored-leaf varieties to continuous drought stress and compared drought resistance of the three varieties, to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of new varieties of color-leaf poplar.[Method] The graft seedlings of 2025 poplar and its two bud mutation colored-leaf varieties (P.deltoides cv. Zhonghong, P.deltoides cv. Quanhong) were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to simulate drought environment in a potting experiment. The seedlings were subjected to drought stress for different time (7, 14, 21 d, and 28d, as well as 7 d after rewatering), and the changes of phenotype, photosynthetic characteristics and the effects on chlorophyll and anthocyanin content of three poplar leaves were measured. The normal watering served as the control.[Result] With the aggravation of drought stress, the leaf pigment content and photosynthetic physiological indexes of the three poplar varieties were significantly decreased (P<0.01). At the later stage of stress, P_n and WUE appeared negative. The leaf P_n and Tr all were positively correlated with SWC. The determination coefficient (R²) of P_n-Tr simulation equation was more than 0.8. Meanwhile, leaf pigment content of P.deltoides cv. Quanhong showed a significant positive correlation with SWC. The content of anthocyanin, the main influencing factors of leaf color, also decreased significantly (P<0.01), showing a certain explanation for the Pn change. The subordinate function analysis showed their drought resistance from strong to weak was 2025, P.deltoides cv. Zhonghong, P.deltoides cv. Quanhong (P<0.05). The grey correlation analysis showed chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were the primary indexes to evaluate the drought resistance of cultivars.[Conclusion] Under drought stress, the change of physiological indexes of the 3 poplar varieties had significant differences. The P_n, and Tr of 3 varieties of poplar were significantly and positively correlated with soil water content. The determination coefficient (R²) of P_n-Tr simulation equation was more than 0.8. Based on the analysis of the external morphology and photosynthetic physiological indicators, the drought resistance of the three poplar varieties was found to be remarkable difference with the order of:2025 > P.deltoides cv. Zhonghong > P.deltoides cv. Quanhong.

[Objective] This study investigated the relationship between the dynamic changes of endogenous hormones and seeds germination after dormancy release to provide a basis for clarifying the mechanism of seed germination of Idesia polycarpa, and to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the breeding and application of I. polycarpa.[Method] The endogenous hormones contents of I. polycarpa seeds from Jiyuan provenance were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.[Result] 1) Under the constant temperature of 25 ℃, the seeds germination rate of I. polycarpa was less than 10%; Under the variable temperature condition of 15 ℃/25 ℃, the germination rate of the seeds without prechilling treatment was 33%~37%; With the extension of the chilling treatment time at 5℃, the germination rate increased gradually, and the germination rate reached to 98.0% in 60 d. 2) Under the variable temperature condition of 15 ℃/25 ℃, IAA, GA₃ and ZR contents were significantly higher than that under the constant temperature of 25 ℃. However the ABA content was just the opposite, and the ratio of (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA and GA₃/ABA became larger. 3) Under the variable temperature condition, IAA and ABA contents showed a decreasing trend, while GA₃ and ZR contents first increased and then decreased during the germination process of seeds without prechilling treatment. But the contents of IAA, GA₃ and ZR in seeds prechilled all increased first and then decreased except for ABA, the difference was only the time of peak appearance. 4) With the increase of prechilling time, the (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA and GA₃/ABA ratios increased first, respectively reached to 3.8±0.2, 2.0±0.1, and then decreased during the germination process, but time reaching the peak was different among different periods of prechilling, the peak time of prechilling treatment for 0, 20, 40 d and 60 d was at 20, 12, 12 d and 8 d, respectively. 5) There was no consistent correlation between the seeds germination rate and the single endogenous hormone among the prechilling periods, but the germination rate was significantly correlated with ratios of (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA and GA₃/ABA.[Conclusion] The seeds of Idesia polycarpa from Jiyuan provenance have obvious dormancy characteristics. Under the variable temperature condition, experiencing the chilling treatment time at 5℃, the earlier the (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA and GA₃/ABA ratios in seeds reached to peak, the higher the germination rate was. When the peak time of the ratios was shortened to 8 d, the germination rate was the highest. The effect of prechilling on dormancy release is to reach the equilibrium state of endogenous hormones early in the germination process.

[Objective] Gray mold is one of the most serious diseases of postharvest blueberry, and it affects the storage quality of blueberry and its defense systems. The effects of Galla chinensis (Chinese nutgall) extract on the quality and the anti-oxidative system of blueberry infected with Botrytis cinerea were studied. The antibacterial mechanism of gallnut extract was also investigated to provide reference for postharvest storage and quality control of blueberry.[Method] In this study, ‘Legsi’ blueberry was used as the experimental material, the extract of gallnut with 75% ethanol (ethanol:water, V/V) were uniformly sprayed on the blueberry fruit surface (4 mL·g^-1), according to the experimental grouping requirements. Then the treated blueberry was placed in an incubator of 25℃, and sampled continuously for 7 days (1 d interval). The indexes of blueberry quality, including rotting rate, weight loss rate, titratable acid content (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), electrical conductivity, and vitamin C, were analyzed. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) were also measured to reflect the antibacterial effect of gallnut extract on B. cinerea. [Result] Results showed that the nutrition indexes, rotting rate and weight loss rate of blueberry fruits increased significantly with storage time. TA and TSS all decreased significantly (P<0.05). The deterioration of the nutrition index of the blueberry inoculated with B. cinerea was much faster than that of the blueberry treated with gallnut extract. The defense system of blueberry was activated by the infection of B. cinerea, and the enzyme activities of PPO, POD, and CAT increased to form a defense system that eliminates free radicals and diseases. However, due to serious diseases in the later period, the defense system of blueberry was disordered, and enzyme activities were declined. While gallnut extract treatment significantly improved the postharvest quality and boosted the defense system of blueberry against B. cinerea infection. The enzyme activities in gallnut extract treatment groups were always in a dynamic equilibrium system, with slight decline due to aging.[Conclusion] These results indicated that gallnut extract can effectively inhibit the growth of B. cinerea, and could be used as a new approach to control the postharvest quality of blueberry.

[Objective] In this study, we analyzed the environmental divergence between the endemic homoploid hybrid tree species Picea purpurea and its progenitors P. wilsonii and P. likiangensis and predicted the change of their potential distribution under climate change for two future periods:2050s and 2080s.[Method] On the basis of collected geographical distributional information, the geographical information system software(ArcGIS)was used to obtain the environmental variables which was related to the distribution of P. purpurea and its parental species. Then the ecological divergence was quantified via Kruskal-Wallis multiple-range test, discriminant function analysis (DFA), and principle components analysis (PCA) etc. The distribution patterns of three Picea species under different climate change scenarios (i.e. the lowest, moderate, and the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario; RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were estimated using maximum entropy analysis(MaxEnt)and three general circulation models (BCC-CSM1-1,CCCma_CanESM2 和CSIRO-Mk3.6.0) for the 2050s and the 2080s.[Result] The results from Kruskal-Wallis tests, DFA and PCA indicated that the water and heat availability for P. purpurea were all significantly different from its parental species. That is, despite of the precipitation of coldest and warmest quarter of P. purpurea was intermediate between its progenitors, its soil moisture was significantly higher than them; the min temperature of coldest month of P. purpurea was significantly lower than that of its parental species, and the ground-frost frequency of P. purpurea was inversely higher than that of its progenitors. Furthermore,results from simulation-based estimates revealed that the potential distribution area for P. purpurea would decrease (about 5%) in the 2080s only under RCP2.6, while in the 2050s of this scenario and under other two scenarios, its distributional area in the two time periods were higher than the current. After integrated all three scenarios and two time periods, the potential distribution area of P. purpurea would increase by an average of 17% in the future, and exhibited an expansion tendency from the edge of southeast of Tibetan Plateau to its northeast inner. In contrast, the potential distribution of P. wilsonii would be severely threated by the climate change, its distributional area would decrease by average of more than 21% in the future (after integrated all three scenarios and two time periods). The potential distributional area of P. likiangensis would decrease by an average of 5% for all scenarios and periods in the future than current (after integrated all three scenarios and two time periods), excepted for the 2080s under both RCP4.5 and 8.5 (slightly higher less than 2%).[Conclusion] We demonstrated the environmental divergence between the homoploid hybrid species P. purpurea and its parental species in this study:the higher soil moisture and the low temperature in the winter were the key factors that driving the ecological divergence in P. purpurea from its progenitors. The potential distribution area of P. purpurea would significantly increase in the 2050s and 2080s. This suggests that P. purpurea plays an important role in ecological security and protection in the future.

[Objective] Lon1 protease plays a critical role in degrading oxidized proteins in chloroplast and mitochondria and maintaining the normal cellular metabolism. Up to now, its function related to abiotic stress tolerance has attracted little attention. Based on an analysis of the patterns of temporal and spatial expressions of blueberry VcLon1 gene(GenBank number:MF972079), the tobacco genetic transformation technique and drought tolerance assay were applied to elucidate the biological functions of VcLon1 involved in drought stress tolerance in plants. This study would provide a theoretical basis for developing biotechnology of drought-resistant blueberry germplasms and provide basic information for understanding drought resistance mechanism of other plants.[Method] On the basis of cloning VcLon1 full length from Vaccinium corymbosum ‘Sharpblue’,Protparam and CDD software was used to analyze the protein structure of VcLon1. Phylogenetic tree of Lon1 proteins was constructed by MEGA4.0 software. The expression levels of VcLon1 in different tissues and in drought stress condition was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR).After drought stress treatment, the differences of chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthetic physiology and oxidative stress between wild type(WT) and VcLon1 overexpressing Nicotiana benthamiana were investigated.[Result] 1)The ORF of VcLon1 was 2 982 bp, which encoding 993 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point was 5.44 and the molecular weight was 109.5 kDa.The protein sequence encoded by VcLon1 contains a typical AAA+ domain and belongs to the AAA+ superfamily. Localization analysis showed that the coding protein was expressed in chloroplast and mitochondria, and had close relationship with Lon1 protease such as grape and apple. 2)The qPCR analysis revealed that VcLon1 was expressed ubiquitously throughout ‘Sharpblue’ plant, with relatively lower expression levels in older tissues. The drought stress induced significantly higher transcription level of VcLon1 in blueberry. 3)The overexpression of VcLon1 in tobacco led to increased drought tolerance. The largest biomass was observed in line of VL-6, which exhibited green leaves and well-developed roots, and the height and dry weight were 36.66% and 114.29% higher than those of the wild type, respectively. 4)Under drought stress,the chloroplast was swollen and some of the lamellar structures were blurred of WT. However, no obvious damage was observed in chloroplast ultrastructure of VcLon1 overexpressed lines except some of the voids in the chloroplast matrix were increased, and the chlorophyll content of VcLon1 overexpressed lines was higher than that of the wild type. Meanwhile, the mitochondria of wild-type were swollen and metabolic, and the crista were fractured, disintegrated and vacuolated. The mitochondria in VcLon1 overexpressed lines still maintain the normal ellipsoid shaped structure. 5)Under drought stress, MDA content of VcLon1 overexpression plants was 34.38%-49.68% lower than WT, while less H₂O₂ accumulation occurred in leaves of VcLon1 overexpression plants, as indicated by their brown areas. Comparatively, the brown area of the WT increased significantly. Furthermore, under drought stress, the content of carbonylated protein in the overexpressed plants was also significantly lower than that of WT, which may result from the generally higher activities of SOD, GR, APX and POD in VcLon1 overexpressed plants, as compared with WT.[Conclusion] Under drought stress, VcLon1 may play a key role in keeping the normal morphology of the chloroplasts and mitochondria and to protect the cell membrane system. Besides, the normal energy metabolism may maintain by degrading carbonylated protein in mitochondrial and in reducing productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, VcLon1 helps to maintain relatively higher activities of antioxidant enzymes to reduce the accumulations of intracellular ROS, ultimately alleviate the intracellular oxidative stress, which facilitate the maintenance of the normal cellular metabolism and improve the drought resistance capacity.

[Objective] In this paper, the effects of different fatty acids in artificial diets on growth, development and fecundity of the predator Arma chinensis (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) were studied to provide a basis for the development of artificial diets of natural enemy insects.[Method] Two insect-free artificial diets were used to raising A. chinensis for continuous 12 generations. The diet 1 contained palm oil (a saturated fatty acid) and the diet 2 contained flax oil (an unsaturated fatty acid). The developmental time, stage-specific survival rate, sex ratio (♀:♂), adult body mass, oviposition period, number of eggs, percent hatch as well as intrinsic rate of increase were measured by the generations of F1, F4, F8 and F12.[Result] The results showed that the effects of two types of artificial diets on developmental time and reproduction of A. chinensis varied with generations and developmental stages. The developmental time of 2^nd and 3^rd instar nymphs of A. chinensis was significantly different between the two artificial diets from F1 to F12. However, the developmental time of 4^th and 5^th instar nymphs of A. chinensis showed significant difference until to F4 (5^th instar) and F8 (4^th instar). The effects of the two diets on the developmental duration at each age stage of A. chinensis tended to be stable from F8. The developmental duration of 2^nd and 3^rd instar nymphs fed on diet 1 was shorter than that of those on diet 2, but the developmental time of 4^th and 5^th instar nymphs fed on diet 1 was longer than those on diet 2. Thus, diet 1 was more beneficial to the early development of nymphs, while diet 2 was better for the later development of nymphs. The egg, 1^st nymph, total development (only significant difference in F1) and life span were not significantly different between two types of artificial diets. Similar to the development, the effect of the diet on mortality of 2^nd instar to 5^th instar nymphs and emergency rate were not significant in F1. Until to F4, the mortality of 2^nd and 3^rd instar nymphs and emergency rate fed on diet 1 were lower than those on diet 2, while the mortality of 4^th and 5^th instar nymphs fed on diet 1 were higher than that on diet 2. There were no significant differences in mortality of 1^st instar nymphs and eggs hatchability in each generation between the two diets. The adult body mass of male and female, and female MRGR(mean relative growth rate) fed on diet 1 were significantly lower than those on diet 2 until to F8. The fertility of A. chinensis fed on diet 1 was significantly higher than that on diet 2 from F4 to F12. The intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time of A. chinensis fed on diet 1 were better than diet 2 from F1 to F8, however, the difference in intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time between the two diets decreased with the increase of generations. Diet2 was better than diet1 in F12. The other fecundity indexes of A. chinensis (except for sex ratio of F1) fed on diet 1 and diet 2 were not significantly different.[Conclusion] The artificial diet containing saturated fatty acids (diet 1) can significantly shorten the developmental time, reduce mortality of young nymphs, and increase the female fertility rate of Arma chinensis, but the unsaturated fatty acid in the artificial diet (diet 2) is more suitable for the growth and development of old nymphs, improving the adult rate and the population growth rate of A. chinensis. Therefore, those results suggest that we should prepare the artificial feed according to the specific growth stage of feeding insects by adding or reducing the key nutrients at different stages of insect development, to achieve the best effect during the continuous rearing of natural enemy insects in future research and reproduction.

In this article, a new species, Stauronematus sinicus Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov., of Nematinae (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae) is described, and the species was collected from Shandong, China. The new species is similar to S. platycerus (Hartig, 1840), but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination characteristics:Only the base margin of the hind coxa is black; the upper part of mesepisternum has sparse pubescent, and the lower half is glabrous; lancet contains 17 annuli, the 3^rd-12^th sutures with dense annular spines, 1^st-5^th serrulae with small distal teeth, and 6^th-17^th serrulae with larger teeth; basal angle of tangium is prominent; penis valve with ventral margin of paravalva is slightly emarginate, valvispina reaches to dorsal apical corner of pseudoceps; body length is 4.5-6.0 mm. The K2P distance of the COⅠsequence between S. sinicus and S. platycerus is 16.0%, and the K2P distance of the COⅠ sequence between S. sinicus and S. saliciphilus is 15.7%.

[Objective] The bamboo wireworm (Melanotus cribricollis larvae) is one of the most rampant forest pests causing serious damage to bamboo shoots in southern China. It is hard to monitor and control this pest till now. Metarhizium spp. can be used for biocontrol of the wireworm. The purpose of this study is to screen high pathogenicity Metarhizium strain and explore the immune response of protective enzyme system in the wireworm after the fungal infection.[Method] The pathogenicity tests by applying three Metarhizium strains against the pest larvae with different spore concentrations were conducted. The dynamic activity changes of three protective enzymes in the host larvae, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were also determined during different infect periods.[Result] Results showed that all the three isolates possessed lethal property were able to infest M. cirbricollis larvae, among which M. pingshaense WP08 strain was the best, M. anisopliae WTKH strain was the second and M. acridum strain the last. The pathogenicity was enhanced with the increased spore concentration. With 10⁸ spore·g^-1 DW soil, M. pingshaense WP08 strain exhibited the highest toxicity and all of the tested larvae died in 16 d, but M. pingshaense WP08 strain with 10⁷ spore·g^-1 DW soil had no significant pathogenicity. There was difference in the dynamic change trends of three protective enzyme activities. There was no significant difference in the SOD activity. However, the CAT activity firstly down-regulated, then up-regulated and declined again subsequently, and the POD activity showed similar fluctuation trend to the CAT activity, but there was no significant difference at the late stage (5-7 d).[Conclusion] The present study indicated that M. pingshaense WP08 strain was the best entomopathogenic fungus to infect M. cribricollis larvae compared with other two strains. Therefore, the strain could be first selected as a biocontrol agent for control of the wireworm in bamboo forests. The fungal infection influenced activities of the three protective enzymes, especially to CAT activity.

[Objective] In order to provide advice for the research of forest structural parameters estimation with airborne LiDAR data, the effect of side-overlap between adjacent swaths on forest stand mean height and leaf area index estimation was studied in this paper.[Method] In this study, the forest stand mean height and leaf area index from 30 field plots of scotch pine and 33 field plots of larch pine, were measured. Firstly, the raw LiDAR data were processed through a series of procedures including noise points removal, point cloud classification, elevation normalization and side-overlap points cut off. Then the quantile heights of LiDAR points (H_P1, H_P5, H_P10, …, H_P99, H_max and H_mean) and laser penetration index (LPI), extracted from the LiDAR data with overlap points, overlap points and LiDAR data without overlap points, were used to establish and assess the model accuracy of forest stand mean height and LAI estimation by using the leave one out cross validation. The coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to assess the effect of side-overlap between LiDAR adjacent swaths on the estimation of forest stand mean height and LAI.[Result] For forest stand mean height estimation, the best result of scotch pine (R²=0.873, RMSE=0.940) from LiDAR data with overlap points was obtained with H_P90. The best result (R²=0.892, RMSE=0.866) from overlap points was achieved with H_P80. And the best result (R²=0.892, RMSE=0.868) from LiDAR data without overlap points was obtained at H_P55. For larch pine, all the best result were achieved with H_P99 for LiDAR data with overlap points, overlap points and LiDAR data without overlap points. The R² were 0.725, 0.719 and 0.741, and RMSE were 1.196, 1.209 and 1.161 respectively. For forest LAI estimation, the R² and RMSE of scotch pine were 0.666 and 0.220 when the overlap points included in LiDAR data. The R² and RMSE from overlap points were 0.551 and 0.255. In addition, the R² was improved to 0.794 and RMSE was induced to 0.172 after the overlap points were removed from LiDAR data. For larch pine, the R² and RMSE were 0.654 and 0.110 when the overlap points were included in LiDAR data. The R² and RMSE were 0.640 and 0.112 when the overlap points were used. While, the R² improved to 0.762 and RMSE was 0.091 when the overlap points were removed from LiDAR data.[Conclusion] Both for forest stand mean height and LAI estimation, the result acquired from LiDAR data without overlap points were better than the result obtained from LiDAR data with overlap points. Additionally, the result of scotch pine were better than the result of larch pine. For forest stand mean height estimation, the best result from scotch pine and larch pine achieved with different quantile height parameters. The removal of overlap points between LiDAR adjacent swaths could effectively improve the estimation accuracy of forest structural parameters. Therefore, the overlap cut off should be included in the pre-processing of airborne LiDAR point cloud data to improve the forest structural parameters estimation accuracy in the future research.

[Objective] In order to provide theoretical basis for the development of bionic wood sound absorption materials, the sound absorption structure of the bionic wood is designed according to the wood structure. Then, tests on various structural factors of the absorption structure are carried out in this study.[Method] The model of bionic wood sound absorption structure is built by Rhinoceros 3D software. The resonant sound absorption structure is prepared by 3D printed technology.[Result] 1) At low frequency,with the increase of perforation rate,the resonant frequency of 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure moves to high frequency,the peak value of sound absorption coefficient decrease; at high frequency,the resonant frequency moves to low frequency,the peak value of sound absorption coefficient increases. 2) At low frequency, with the increase of the diameter of the main pore,the resonant frequency of 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure is basically unchanged,the peak value of sound absorption coefficient decrease; at high frequency,the resonant frequency moves to high frequency,the sound absorption coefficient basically unchanged. 3) With the depth of accessory pore increase, the resonant frequency of 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure increases firstly and then decreases,but the sound absorption coefficient basically unchanged.4) There are two significant resonant frequencies in 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure,300 Hz and 3 500 Hz,respectively.[Conclusion] Perforation rate,diameter of the main pore and depth of the accessory pore present great influence on the sound absorption properties of 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure. 3D printed bionic wood sound absorption structure exhibit good sound absorption performance in low frequency 300 Hz and high frequency 3 500 Hz, which has similarities and differences with traditional wood absorbing materials.

[Objective] This study was carried out with aims to prepare a novel nano drug delivery system consisting of bamboo charcoal and Eucommia ulmoides, and to investigate its anticancer effects in vitro.[Method] The adsorption capacity of the nano-bamboo charcoal on Eucommia ulmoides extract was measured by Langmuir model, and the release experiment was carried out under intestinal fluid condition. Characteristic changes for the nano-bamboo charcoal drug delivery system with and without adsorption of Eucommia ulmoides were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and specific surface area. In addition,the anticancer effect from this novel bamboo charcoal Eucommia ulmoides delivery system was evaluated against a human colon cancer cell line(HCT116).[Result] Nano-bamboo charcoal exhibited good adsorption capacity of the Eucommia ulmoides extract(up to 492.61 mg·g^-1 at 37℃. The cumulative release rate for the Eucommia ulmoides extract from this nano-bamboo charcoal delivery system was 70.67% and specific surface area of the nano-bamboo charcoal decreased from 820.32 m·g^-1 to 443.80 m²·g^-1 after the Eucommia ulmoides extract was loaded. Vitro anticancer study showed that the inhibition rate for the Eucommia ulmoides against HCT116 cancer cells was 23.07%,in this novel bamboo charcoal nano drug delivery system.[Conclusion] A novel strategy for the delivery of traditional Chinese medicine Eucommia ulmoides extract via bamboo charcoal nano drug delivery system was provided.

[Objective] Labor is becoming a main factor of production on the forestry economic growth. This paper attempts to answer the question how the large amount of rural labor force transfer will bring about the farmers' demand of social service on forestry production process(SSFPP). It is great significant to improve the system of the SSFPP.[Method] Based on the survey data of 1 407 households in 8 provinces(regions), this paper used the bivariate Probit model to analyze the impact of labor transfer on the farmers' demand of the SSDFPP.[Result] The impact of the labor transfer degree on the SSFPP was significant. In this paper, the forest services on product process included the forestry seed and cultivation technology service(FSCTS)and the forest insect pest and fire prevent service(FIPFPS).Their influence coefficients were -0.103 and -0.124. The factors, including households and gender of transfer, significantly affected farmers' needs and supply in differences. Charged services guided the forestry socialization services to market-oriented direction, joining forestry cooperatives can better synchronize the relationship between farmers' social service demand and availability. In addition, the population and location conditions of farmers had significant influence on the demand and supply of the SSFPP in different directions.[Conclusion] From the research results, the basic transfer of rural surplus labor have been completed, the number of further transfer is to reduce the farmers demand for SSFPP, which means to reduce the dependency of farmers on forestry management, and affect farmers' forestry production. It is not conducive to the improvement of forestland management efficiency and will also make the forest management to face the risk of being rough again. Therefore,we should further improve the forestry professional cooperatives system, speed up the professionalization and scale of forestry services in order to overcome the shortage of forestry production labor supply problems brought by labor force transfer in the single family, thereby improve the service efficiency and service capabilities of the SSFPP.