[Objective] This paper aims to explore the influences of tending felling on forest structure, biodiversity and ecosystem function, and to provide a better guidance for the management of mixed broadleaf-conifer temperate forest.[Method] In 2011, four 1 hm² stem-mapped plots with different felling intensity were established in Jiaohe, Jilin Province. Six plant traits that have been suggested to have great functional significance for plant growth were measured, including leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, leaf C/N ratio and maximum tree height. All functional traits were determined for 22 woody species. Traits tree was constructed using the distance matrix of functional traits, meanwhile, phylogenetic tree was obtained based on the distance matrix of phylogeny. Phylogenetic signals of functional traits were detected using the Blomberg's K statistics. Functional structure of forest was represented by the functional diversity index and the nearest neighbor trait distance index. Phylogenetic structure was estimated using the phylogenetic diversity index and the nearest taxon index. The potential effects of tending felling on the functional and phylogenetic structures were examined at three different spatial scales. The influences of felling intensity on radial growth of the residual trees were also assessed.[Result] Five studied traits (specific leaf area, leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, leaf C/N ratio and maximum tree height) showed significant phylogenetic signal. The variations of functional and phylogenetic structures depended on the studied scales. At the small scale (10 m×10 m), tending felling enhanced the degree of dispersion but reduced the degree of aggregation of community structure. However, at the middle and large scales (20 m×20 m and 50 m×50 m), tending felling enhanced the degree of aggregation but reduced the degree of dispersion. The result showed that the influences of felling intensity on the functional and phylogenetic diversity also have scale-dependency. Low and moderate felling intensity showed significant effects only at small study scale, but high felling intensity at all study scales. The radial growths of residual trees were from top to bottom in the order of moderate felling intensity, high felling intensity, low felling intensity and the controls.[Conclusion] Tending felling with low or moderate intensity could improve forest functional and phylogenetic structure and promote the utilization of resources. However, felling with high intensity is unfavorable to make full use of resources, moreover, felling with high intensity has a significant negative impact on biodiversity conservation. Therefore, from the perspective of forest management, low or moderate felling intensity is the best way to regulate community spatial structure, conserve biodiversity and accelerate the growth of trees.

[Objective] We investigated the characteristic of soil respiration rate and its responses to soil temperature and soil moisture in a shrubland ecosystem in Mu Us Desert to provide a scientifics basis for predicting soil carbon emission in semiarid region.[Method] The trench method has used in a typical Artemisia ordosica community in Yanchi County to separate the components of soil respiration. Using an automated chamber system, soil respiration rate was measured continuously from April to October 2014 in both trenched and control plots. An exponential function was used to fit the relationship between soil respiration rates and soil temperature (T_s), and a linear regression was used to test the relationship between soil water content (SWC) and temperature normalized soil respiration rates (the ratio of observed values to estimated values).[Result] At the diurnal scale, autotrophic respiration ratio (R_A) showed a middy depression, and reached the peak value earlier (11:00) than T_s (15:00), while heterotrophic respiration ratio (R_H)peaked in consistent with T_s. During mid-growing season (Jun-Aug), the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of total soil respiration ratio (R_T), R_A and R_H was 1.51, 1.40, and 1.88, respectively. However, the response of R_A to T_s was modified by SWC. When SWC < 8%, T_sexplained only 36% of the variation in R_A (Q₁₀=1.10) and temperature normalized R_A showed a significant linear relationship with SWC. When SWC > 8%, R_A increased exponentially with increasing T_s (R² =0.75,Q₁₀=1.88), and there was no significant relationship between temperature normalized R_A and SWC. In contrast to R_A, SWC had little effect on the relationship between R_H and temperature, R_Hincreased exponentially with increase of T_s under different water conditions (R² > 0.65). The contribution of R_A to R_T (R_A/R_T) showed a middy depression at diurnal scale. At the seasonal scale, R_A/R_T showed clear seasonal variation. R_A/R_T averaged 54% during May-Aug and was higher (69%) during Sep-Oct.[Conclusion] At the diurnal scale, R_A was decoupled from T_s, while R_H was primarily controlled by T_s. At the seasonal scale, R_Hwas primarily controlled by T_swith a higher Q₁₀ than that of R_A. However, the response of R_A to T_s was regulated by SWC. The variations in R_A/R_T at diurnal and seasonal scales are most likely derived from the different responses of R_A and R_H to environmental factors. Our result could help understand the dynamics in soil respiration and provided a scientific basis for predicting carbon budget in semiarid regions.

[Objective] The objective is to provide reference for the greening tree species selection in Kunming city, based on the micro-morphological mechanism of leaf surface for leaf dust-retaining ability of the urban greening trees.[Method] Ten common greening tree species in Kunming were targeted. The leaves was washed with distilled water by using a numerical control supersonic cleaner (KQ5200), and then the eluent was filtered and dried. The dust detention of leaf surface was weighed using a 1/10 000 analytical balance. Leaf areas were measured by a LI-3000A leaf-measuring meter, and then the unit area dust detention and unifoliate dust detention were calculated. Four tissue blocks (5 mm×5 mm) per lamina (5 leaves per trees species) were cut, fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, cleaned with 0.1 mol·L^-1 phosphate buffer solution, dehydrated with gradient-ethanol dehydration, fixed with n-butyl alcohol, and coated by E-1010 ion-plating. The micromorphological structure of these tissue blocks were then scanned by E-1010 scanning electron microscope, then the association of leaf surface structure with leaf dust detentions was analyzed for the ten greening tree species in Kunming. [Result] There were significant differences of unit area dust detention and unifoliate dust detention among different tree species (P<0.05). The unit area dust detention was ranked as Platanus orientalis > Magnolia grandiflora > Loropetalum chinense > Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea> Rhododendron simsii > Cerasus cerasoides > Celtis kunmingensis > Photinia glomerata > Cinnamomum camphora > Euonymus japonicus, while the order of unifoliate dust detention was Magnolia grandiflora > Platanus orientalis > Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea > Celtis kunmingensis > Photinia glomerata > Cerasus cerasoides > Loropetalum chinense > Rhododendron simsii > Cinnamomum camphora > Euonymus japonicus; Platanus orientalis, Loropetalum chinense and Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea with higher dust detention ability had high roughness and large amount of gullies with more ups and downs; There were threshold effects of leaf stomata density on dust detention capacity of these tree species; The area of guard cells was significantly positively correlated with unit area dust detention and unifoliate dust detention of leaf surfaces; The density of leaf cilium had positive correlations with unit area dust detention and unifoliate dust detention. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the micro-morphological structures of leaf surface (i.e., roughness, stomatal density, guard cell area, epidermal trichome density) are important factors affecting dust retention ability of the 10 greening tree species. The results can provide theoretical and data reference for the selection of greening tree species in Kunming.

[Objective] Corticular photosynthesis is the process of CO₂ re-fixation which derived from respiration and transpiration streaming, it could increase carbon income and guarantee plant survival when leaf photosynthesis is inhibited. Photosynthesis is determined by the structure and function of chloroplast. The study of photochemical characteristics and structure specializations of cortex chloroplast was to reveal the physiological and molecular mechanism of operation and regulation of corticular photosynthesis.[Method] New twigs of Salix matsudana were taken as the experimental material, the chloroplast distribution in cross section and its photochemical efficiency were illustrated. On the basis of that, the differences of photochemical characteristic and structure between twig and leaf were analyzed.[Result] The results showed that chloroplast distribution from pith to epidermis in twig, and the max photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ of cortex was the highest, significantly higher than vascular tissue and pith. The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b and carotenoid to total chlorophyll of cortex chloroplast were significantly higher than leaf chloroplast. The proportion of excited energy allocation of PSⅡ of cortex chloroplast was 1.4 times of leaf chloroplast. The ratio of long to short axis of cortex was larger. The sub-organelle structure was complete in cortex chloroplast, and the ratio of grana lamella to total lamellas and starch grain area to whole chloroplast was significantly higher than leaf chloroplast.[Conclusion] Cortex chloroplasts are the main contributor to twig photosynthesis. In order to capture the limited light in the tissues of twigs and to reduce photo-oxidative stress, the ratio of antenna pigment, light exposed area and the ratio of light protective pigment were increased. For promoting excited energy allocation to PSⅡ reaction center, the proportion of thylakoid stack area was increased. And cortex chloroplast guaranteed the demand for nonstructural carbohydrates through starch accumulation. Collectively, dependent on the adjustment of photosynthetic pigments composition and the specialization of sub-organelle structures, cortex chloroplast adapted to the physicochemical environment and made maximum use of the limited light energy inside the twigs.

[Objective] Low phosphorus and aluminum toxicity is an important limiting factor in the productivity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in southern China. Effects of phosphorus on physiological and biochemical indicators of Chinese fir seedlings under aluminum stress were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for sustainable management of Chinese fir plantation in acid soil, and to improve the productivity of plantation.[Method] We studied the effects of low phosphorus and aluminum stress on the physiological indicators of Chinese fir seedlings, the mechanism of low phosphorus aluminum stress on nutrient absorption, the subcellular distribution of elements, and the distribution of Al in the organelle of Chinese fir seedling roots was assessed through Transmission Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) by setting different concentrations of phosphorus and aluminum in Hoagland nutrient solution.[Result] Al³⁺ resulted in abnormalities of the physiological indicators, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in Chinese fir seedlings. With the increase of phosphorus concentration, the above physiological abnormalities have been effectively alleviated. In addition, with the increase of phosphorus concentration, the content of Al decreased significantly in the roots, while the contents of K, Mg, Zn and P increased significantly. The contents of Al, Mg, Ca and K in leaves were also increased. It was found that the cell wall of the roots were the main sites of aluminum accumulation by TEM-EDS, and phosphorus could promote aluminum to transport to the vacuoles and deposit it as black insoluble particles in the vacuoles. Further analysis of subcellular fractions revealed that Al and P were mainly distributed in cell wall component of the roots of Chinese fir seedlings. With the increase of phosphorus concentration, the ratio of Al and P in the root cell wall fraction decreased significantly, but increased significantly in the soluble fraction, indicating that phosphorus and aluminum were transported to the vacuole at the same time. The content of K and Mg have a similar pattern to Al and P.[Conclusion] These result demonstrate that, under the aluminum stress, the roots of Chinese fir seedlings were seriously poisoned. The increase of phosphorus changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes, changed the absorption and transport of Ca, K, Mg and Zn, increased the transport of Al to vacuole, and reduced the enrichment of Al in the cell wall of root of Chinese fir. They were the reason for that Chinese fir seedlings maintained the normal structure and function of the root cell wall, alleviated the lipid peroxidation, and reduced the damage of aluminum to Chinese fir seedlings under the aluminum stress.

[Objective] To better understand potential mechanisms involved in adventitious root (AR) formation, we performed transcriptome analysis of softwood cuttings of Catalpa bungei ‘Yu-1’ at four stages of AR formation using the Illumina sequencing method.[Method] After excision, the bases of the cuttings were dipped for 60 s in a solution with 2 g·L^-1 IBA. Samples were harvested at 0 (p0, control), 1 (p1, activation), 15 (p2, callus formation), 25 (p3, root formation) and 35 (p4, root elongation) days after cutting. Total RNAs were extracted and constructed five paired-end libraries. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument. Raw reads were cleaned by removing adaptor sequences, empty reads, and low-quality sequences. Clean reads were assembled into non-redundant transcripts using Trinity software. Functional annotation and identification of differentially expressed genes were performed using BLASTx, RSEM, Cytoscape and MeV4.9.0. Fifteen differentially expressed unigenes were randomly selected for qPCR validation of our RNA-seq data.[Result] Following de novo assembly, 62 955 unigenes were obtained, 31 646 (50.26%) of which were annotated. A total of 11 100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 10 200 unique and 900 common, were identified in four comparisons. Based on the all GO enrichment networks, cytoskeleton was only significantly enriched in the activation period, while DNA metabolic process was only significantly enriched in the callus formation. Functional annotation analysis revealed that many of these genes were involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycolysis, and plant hormone metabolism, suggesting potential contributions to AR formation. Interestingly, the number of DEGs involved in glycolysis decreased while the number of DEGs involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis increased following the AR formative process. These results indicated that pathways experienced a dynamic change upon hormone stimulus to occur the corresponding AR formation.[Conclusion] It was found that crosstalk between CTK and ET promoted the callus formation and crosstalk between auxin and BRs promoted the AR elongation according to the transcriptome analysis of AR formation in softwood cuttings of the C. bungei ‘YU-1’ at four different developmental stages. Although this analysis cannot completely account for AR formation in C. bungei ‘YU-1’, it serves as a powerful tool to further explore candidate pathways and genes associated with this complex process. We expect our comprehensive transcriptional overview to prove useful in both furthering the understanding of molecular networks that regulate AR formation, and in the exploration of genes that may improve rooting rates of other trees.

[Objective] Our study investigated the effects of single and combined inoculation with Suillus luteus and Trichoderma virens on the growth characteristics and root system architecture of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings in the northwestern Liaoning Province, to reveal the regulation of rhizosphere microorganisms on seedling root system architecture.[Method] In this study, P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings grown in northwestern Liaoning were inoculated with the following four agents: 1. Sterile PD (potato, dextrose) culture medium (CK); 2. T. virens (T43); 3. S. luteus (N94); 4. S. luteus and T. virens (N94+T43). In one year after treatments, the mycorrhizal dependence, growth index, root topology architecture and fractal dimension of the seedlings under different treatment conditions were determined.[Result] The results showed that: 1) The mycorrhizal dependence under treatment of combined inoculation (N94+T43) was 84.91%, which was significantly higher than that of single inoculation and CK (P<0.05). 2)The improving effects of different treatments on height, collar diameter, fresh weight and dry weight of the seedlings were: N94+T43 > N94 > T43 > CK. 3) The root crown ratio under different treatments were: T43 > CK > N94 > N94+T43. 4) The combined inoculation (N94+T43) dramatically improved the root system parameters like root length, surface area, volume, average diameter, and tip and branch numbers of seedlings, which were significantly different from those of the other treatments (P<0.05). 5) The topology indexes under different treatments were approximate to 1, suggesting that the seedling root system architecture is a typical fishtail branch. The fractal dimensions of 2-year-old P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings roots were: N94+T43 > N94 > T43 > CK.[Conclusion] Under treatment of combined inoculation (N94+T43), the mycorrhizal dependence was the highest, while the root crown ratio was decreased. The combined inoculation promoted the seedling height, collar diameter, fresh weight and dry weight, and increased the root parameters such as root length and surface area were significantly compare to those of other treatments (P<0.05). All treatments did not change the fishtail branch pattern of the roots, but the fractal dimension under combinede inoculation treatment was the largest. The results demonstrate that combined inoculation is more effective in changing the root system architecture than other treatments.

[Objective] Aiming at fuzziness and noise of the vein image, we would like to propose a vein detection method for improving the anti-noise capability and detection effect by combining fuzzy logic and multiple order morphology.[Method] A square neighborhood with 5×5 pixels was built and each weight of the neighborhood pixel was set by the distance from it to the center pixel. A calculation method of pixel membership degree was proposed and then the vein image was transformed into fuzzy expression by using the triangle membership function. According to Sugeno fuzzy model and defined fuzzy rules, the vein image contrast was enhanced. The scales of two built square structuring elements were 3 and 5 respectively and the scales of four proposed linear structuring elements were 5. A determining method of the optimum linear structuring element was presented based on four convolution difference templates in different directions. Multiple percents were set. Then a multiple order morphology detection operator with multiple structuring elements and percents was proposed. Taking the vein images before and after adding noise for example, contrast experiments of eight different detection methods were done and peak signal to noise ratio was used to quantitatively evaluate the methods.[Result] The original image contrast was enhanced by 1.668 times and the maximum peak signal to noise ratio (52.624 6) could be got. The noise processing could be more effective and the extracted vein image was more clearer, complete and continuous than those of any other methods.[Conclusion] This method can effectively improve the anti-noise ability and vein detection effect, and is an effective means of detecting veins.

[Objective] With the popularization of modern electronic and communication equipment, large numbers of forestry business images can be gotten in time and be accumulated in forestry administration. Automatic classification of forestry business images can achieve effective supervision of forest resources because it is the core of decision support, rapid reaction and cooperation among all forestry management departments, including forestry law enforcement agencies and law enforcement teams.[Method] A new method for forestry business image classification, which was based on auto-learning local features was proposed. Three layers of networks are constructed in the method. They are used to get the local features of images, to form global semantic by combine these local features, and to model classifiers. Firstly, patches are extracted from images and their features are learned automatically using linear sparse auto-encoder. The features are local. Then, the images are convoluted with the local features to get the global activation feature maps. The maps are then pooled and combined to form feature vectors. Finally, softmax is used to model and classify on the vectors.[Result] Four categories are established for forestry business images. They are animal death, forest fire, logging and forest pest. 355 images are gathered for the four categories with different numbers of images in different categories. They are cropped to the same size and constitute the experimental dataset. Leave-one-out cross validation is done on the dataset and we get the 80% classification accuracy. And, it can be seen that different color features, color variation features, gradient features and other features are extracted automatically from image patches by linear sparse auto-encoder automatically. We also can see that different features are activated in different feature maps which are gained by convoluting images with the weight matrices. Also, the active features are scattered in feature maps. An image will be identified correctly, if the features, which are the same or similar with those in other images of the same category, are included in this image. This illustrate that our method performs well.[Conclusion] The issue of forestry business images classification is a kind of scene classification problem. The images resemblance in the same category is weak. To classify them with traditional "feature extraction and classification modeling" method,the appropriate classification features are difficult to find. By comparison, our method learns the local features automatically and it is more general. Also, only three network layers are included in this method, and there is no feedback learning crossing all these three layers. So, it is more efficient than the popular methods which are based on deep convolutional neural networks. Higher accuracy can be expected while the accumulating images are more and comprehensive.

[Objective] Carya cathayensis canker disease reduced the yield of pecan by 10%-50%, causing serious economic losses. The pathogen mainly infects the bark cells in the form of mycelium, multiplies through the spores and produce metabolites that have poisonous effects on the host cells, causing diseased spots in the trees and causing tree ulcer disease. In order to improve the control efficiency of C. cathayensis, we designed the reaction route, synthesized new bio-based materials were, and prepared micro-nano capsules that contained botryosphaeria dothidea fungicide, to obtain the new nano-bio-based pesticide release capsules with good release properties and antibacterial effects.[Method] Sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were used as raw materials to prepare new bio-based materials by esterification reaction with cholesterol by DCC and DMAP activation method, respectively. The molecular structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The new bio-based materials were used to prepare the micro-nano capsules by phase separation method to coat tebuconazole (Teb). The particle size of drug-loaded nanocapsules was measured by dynamic light scattering apparatus (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency and slow release performance were measured by UV spectroscopy. Antibacterial effect was explored by using medium method and preliminary control experiment was conducted. [Result] The results showed that three novel nanobiosided tebuconazole microcapsules were successfully obtained. The particle size was 200-300 nm and the encapsulation rates were 72.5%, 69.7% and 71.1%, respectively. The cumulative release rates were 85.5%, 75.2% and 51.6%, respectively (the cumulative release rate of tebuconazole ethyl acetate, served as blank control, was 100%), and the release rate was in accordance with Peppas Kinetic equation. The good inhibitory rate of C. cathayensis canker disease was 32.4%, 28.8% and 23.8%, respectively (the tebuconazole ethyl acetate solution was 0%). Three kinds of drug loaded nanocapsules had good control effect for C. cathayensis canker disease of hickory, compared with the control effect of 98% tebuconazole. [Conclusion] The new nano-bio-based pesticide sustained-release capsules prepared in this study showed a good sustained-release effect, which was able to prolong the effective period of bacteriostat against C. cathayensis canker and achieve the purpose of improving the traditional control effect. The results not only provide a new technology for controlling the pathogen of C. cathayensis, but also provide new entrapment materials for anti-disease drugs.

[Objective] In order to obtain new composite material with properties of light, thin and good acoustic insulation performance, the single homogeneous wooden material was composited with the polymer multilayer damping material, and the parameters of wooden damping composites were optimized.[Method] Medium density fiberboard (MDF) and rubber material (R) were composited under the following manufacture conditions: the hot pressing temperature was 100 ℃, the hot pressing pressure was 3 MPa, the hot pressing time was 10min and the coating amount was 64 g. The mechanical properties of wooden damping composites were determined as following: modulus of elastic (MOE) was 3 490 MPa, flexural strength (MOR) was 30.9 MPa and internal bond strength was 1.24 MPa. On the basis of reducing the amount of coating and improving the production efficiency, the mechanical properties of the wooden damping composites were satisfied. Using the all-factor experiment, the impedance tube was applied to investigate the effects of thickness and density of MDF and R on sound insulation performance. The influence extent of each composite parameter on the sound insulation performance was analyzed and determined by SPSS19.0. [Result] MDF thickness showed a significant impact on the sound insulation performance, with the MDF thickness increased from 3 mm to 5 mm, the weighted sound insulation increased from 34 dB to 39 dB, an increase of 5 dB. In the low frequency band, the sound insulation performance of wooden damping composites were controlled by its own stiffness, therefore, the sound insulation performance was influenced by surface density and damping properties to a small extent. With the increase of MDF thickness, the vibration velocity decreased and the sound insulation increased, which attributed to the same frequency incident acoustic excitation. The damping ratio increased from 0.176 to 0.258 with the increase of MDF thickness, an increase of 31.8%. Therefore, the higher damping performance, the greater sound insulation was found. The R thickness showed a significant correlation with the sound insulation performance and the correlation coefficient was 0.979. As the R thickness increased from 0.8 mm to 2 mm, the weighted sound insulation increased from 30 dB to 37 dB, an increase of 7 dB. In the low frequency band, the sound insulation performance was mainly controlled by the stiffness. The slope of sound insulation curve was increased with the increasing stiffness. With the increase of the incident frequency, over the stiffness control area, the resonance effect was gradually disappeared and moved to the quality control area. With the increased of the surface density, the sound insulation performance of the wooden damping composites increased. When the high frequency was reached, the sound insulation performance was mainly controlled by damping performance. The damping ratio of the wooden damping composite increased from 0.065 to 0.201. The higher the damping ratio, the better the damping performance of the composite materials was found. With the increase of the damping performance, the resonance of the plate was suppressed, and the sound insulation at the resonant frequency was improved. The critical frequency moved to high frequency range, which inhibited the anastomosis effects, and the weir valley became shallow and the sound insulation increased. With the R density increased, the weighted sound insulation increased from 36 dB to 37 dB, non-significant effect of R density on sound insulation performance was observed. [Conclusion] The thickness of MDF and R have a great effect on the sound insulation performance of wooden damping composites, and the R density has little effect on the sound insulation performance. The better acoustic damping properties of wooden damping composites were achieved with the following parameters: the MDF thickness was 2 mm, the R thickness was 2 mm and the R density was 2.3 g·cm^-3.

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to study the film thickness and its uniformity of wooden door after rotary cup type electrostatic spraying.[Method] The theoretical analysis model of film thickness and its uniformity of wooden door after rotary cup type electrostatic spraying are built based on numerical calculation method in this paper. The effects of feed speed of wooden door, distance between spray guns, vertical direction movement speed, horizontal direction movement stroke and vertical direction movement stroke of spray gun on the film thickness and its uniformity of wooden door are mainly studied.[Result] Analysis result show that vertical speed of spray gun has a little effect on the average film thickness of wooden door, but has a certain influence on standard deviation (uniformity) of film thickness and there is not a linear relationship between them; wooden door feed speed has an obvious effect on the average film thickness of wooden door, but has a little effect on standard deviation of film thickness; the average film thickness of wooden door increases firstly and then tends to be stable with horizontal stroke of spray gun, standard deviation of film thickness decreases firstly and then tends to be stable with horizontal stroke of spray gun; vertical stroke of spray gun has an obvious influence on both the average film thickness and standard deviation of film thickness; distance between spray guns has a little effect on the average film thickness of wooden door, but has a certain influence on standard deviation of film thickness and the relationship between them is periodic.[Conclusion] The numerical calculation model of film thickness and its uniformity of wooden door after rotary cup type electrostatic spraying can predict the average film thickness and standard deviation of film thickness of wooden door, which can provide theoretical guidance for the operation parameters optimization of the rotary cup type electrostatic spraying equipment.

[Objective] In order to meet the needs of continuous press technology, mechanical structure and control system for wood-based panel line, this paper made a probe into the design method for driving control system of continuous flat press based on SIMOTION D435, which would provide a new idea and project for driving control system design. [Method] Requirements and general plans of driving control system according to working process of continuous flat press and operating principle of driving system was held. This paper selected the SIMOTION D435-2DP/PN of SIEMENS as the control module and analyzed the relationships of different parts of the SIMOTION system. The hardware configuration of the system was designed based on PROFIBUS DP and the SINAMICS driving controller configuration and bus structure based on DRIVE-CLiQ. Configuration objects of axis included name and type of axis, control process, linked actuator and related encoder. The design covered modular construction of driving control procedure, control flow path, system program development and allocation of execute system. Actual operation result of the driving control system were checked on the continuous flat press line. [Result] The entire driving control system included four parts,those were, top and bottom steel belt, top and bottom chain carpet, loading conveyor and transition conveyor. It was controlled that speed of top steel belt, chain carpet, loading conveyor and transition conveyor based on velocity of bottom steel belt. The system used three PROFIBUS bus segments,those were, DP1, DP2 and Integrated DP, which were integrated in the SIMOTION. SIMOTION D435-2DP/PN included bottom steel belt and bottom chain carpet driving unit. DP1 bus included top steel belt and top chain carpet driving unit and loading conveyor and transition conveyor driving unit by using two CU320 controllers. DP2 bus made it true to exchange data with master PLC through DP/DP Coupler which included start, stop and fault reset order, reception of control information like velocity setting of each driving unit, limiting value of torque current and feedback of real-time velocity, current, torque and motor temperature for each driving unit. The technological object type of six motor axes established in the system was electrical axis. Control process was speed axis. Encoder was incremental type. The entire control program was composed of five main modules which were data transmission and process, condition monitoring, motion control function, logical control and information confirmation and system reset. [Conclusion] It was achieved that loading of each driving unit was distributed effectively by the system. The precision of velocity control was up to 1‰. The driving control system designed in this paper for continuous flat press based on SIMOTION D435 showed advantages of good development framework, convenient configuration, easily understanding of program structure, flexible implement and good visualization.

[Objective] In order to provide a theoretical basis for the analysis, localization and distribution characterization of internal structure and defects of the radar waves by non-destructive testing technique,tree radar tomography were applied to detect internal defects of wood body, and the recognition algorithm of internal reflection features of radar trees was studied and analyzed. [Method] Tomography of Willow wood was carried out with a 900 MHz medium-coupled tree radar. The threshold value, matched filter and Hilbert's algorithm were used to obtain the reflection position of the defect layer. Based on the layer stripping inversion method, the inversion of the dielectric constant were applied for the different media in the tree,and the relative depth of the horizon were calculated,then the point cloud data of the contour of the tree obtained by the 3D laser scanner were mapped, and the absolute position of the B-scan radar image and the contour of the fault were mapped according to the contour tracing method. Therefore, the accurate positioning and characterization of the internal defects of trees were achieved. The three algorithms were respectively verified by finite difference-time-domain (FDTD) forward method, and the method is applied to the test of the ancient willow wood specimen in the Summer Palace.[Result] The results of forward comparison test show that Hilbert plot method is better than threshold method and matched filter method in identifying defects in wood body. The actual willow test results show that the depth error of defects in trees is 10%. The area error of defects calculated by 3D laser and contour scanning technology is about 5%.[Conclusion] The method proposed in this paper can realize the accurate localization and imaging distribution of the internal defects of the trees by the radar wave scanning images.

Forest fires are one of the most important disturbances of terrestrial ecosystems, atmospheric environment and global change. Traditional fire statistical data were based on field investigation which is difficult to collect and spatialize. The development of remote sensing technology provides a new method for fire study. This paper aims to summarize the relevant studies of burned area based on remote sensing, including data development and data application, and bring up a prospect for future research. This paper firstly reviewed researches on the burned area from two aspects: 1) Existing data product set of burned area and its development. Firstly, the existed burned area data were introduced from several aspects, such as name of dataset, remote sensing data source, coverage, time span, spatial resolution and time resolution. Secondly, algorithms for mapping burned area were compared, including thermal anomaly based method, Spectralanomaly based method, and a combination of them. When fire happens, there are obvious temperature anomaly characteristics which are the base of active fire detection. There are also obvious changes in the vegetation dynamics pre- and post-fire, which are the base of mapping burned area. Most algorithms for mapping burned area only consider one characteristic (temperature anomaly or vegetation dynamics) in mapping burned area, which could cause a relative high error. Thirdly, accuracy of current burned area products was summarized from omission errors, commission errors and overall accuracy. 2) The applications of burned area products in fire hazard assessment, fire emissions and dynamic global vegetation model are reviewed. Finally, the paper points out, the future remote sensing based burned area study may include three aspects: 1) Long-term series burned area data are needed for understanding the long-term fire, climate and vegetation interaction. 2) High accuracy burned area products are needed in regional fire study. 3) New outputs such as fire energy, fire temperature and fire size are expected by different end-users which can expand the scope of the application of burned area data.

In recent years, the forest decline and mortality on the global scale have been increasing because of climate change, which attracts a lot of researches on tree death mechanism involved in plant hydraulic structure. The xylem embolism in the long-distance water transport of woody plants is the key of plant water relations. This article reviews the three kinds of techniques for determination of xylem embolism, including acoustic detection, noninvasive imaging techniques and low pressure flow meter. The main advantages of acoustic detection are noninvasive for plant materials and have a very high temporal resolution, but the measured results are not so reliable. The acoustic method is more apt to qualitative detection of xylem embolism, and not easy for quantitative analysis of embolism. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology and X-ray computed microtomography system (microCT) are noninvasive imaging techniques arisen in recent years. Those techniques facilitate unbiased three-dimensional observation of vessels. In particular, the microCT provides superior spatial resolution of less than 1-2 μm. Thus, microCT allows researchers to directly determine the degree of embolism, the spreading patterns of embolism, the dynamics of embolism formation and refilling in great detail. The application of microCT may be a trend in future studies, but the equipment is not readily available at the present, and therefore, it is difficult to be widely applied for the routine study of xylem embolisms. Low pressure flow meter is the most widely used method for determining xylem embolism in the past three decades. This article introduces the principle and operation procedure of this method. However, a recent study found a kind of "tension-cutting artifact" phenomenon, that is, cutting the tension branches even in water can artificially increase the degree of embolism of the measured samples. This finding had questioned the results of the previous studies on diurnal changes of embolism and embolism refilling, as well as the results of studies on evaluating species cavitation resistance based on bench dehydration with this method. The tension-cutting artifact caused heated discussions in the field of plant hydraulics, and many researches quickly designed the specific experiments to test the tension-cutting artifact. However, there was no repetition of "tension-cutting artifact", and conversely the embolization repair was found in the process of releasing tension for avoiding tension-cutting artifact. Although the tension-cutting artifact does not really exist in the xylem embolization determination by the low pressure flow meter, this event has led researchers to recognize the importance of strict and careful measurement operation of xylem embolization. Finally, this paper proposes ten suggestions for the measurement of xylem embolization using low pressure flow meter.

[Objective] With China becoming the largest country of wood importing and the second largest country of wood consumption in world, the highly dependent on timber imports, has threatened increasingly China's forestry industry security, and China is often accused of the criminal chieftains of "deforestation" and "the black hole" of the world's forest resources. As a big exporter of wooden forest products, there is also a growing risk for serious dependence on the international market. Despite being concerned by many scholars, but at present, there is no unified definition, measuring method and statistical caliber about the foreign trade dependence of China's wooden forest products, and the existing calculation result are very different. All of these have a direct impact on the correct judgment of the degree of dependence on foreign trade of China's wooden forest products, and thus affect the formulation of relevant trade and industrial policies. It is urgent to define the concept and to make a scientific measuring method.[Method] This paper analyzes various definitions, measuring methods, research perspective and purpose, statistical caliber, data sources and existing problems of the dependence on foreign trade in existing researches, and also summarizes the reflected information, the scope of application and the data requirements of different measuring methods. Using the improved measuring method, based on the Chinese forestry statistics, this paper calculates the degrees of the dependence on foreign trade of China's wooden forest products, and makes a longitudinal comparison. Using the data of food and agriculture organization(FAO), this paper calculates and compares the degrees of the dependence on foreign trade of wooden forest products, in major trading countries of wooden forest products.[Result] This paper puts forward a revised value method about the traditional measuring method, which takes into account the industrial structure of the gross output value of forestry industry. Using this revised traditional measuring method, the calculation result show that China's dependence on imports was 12.59% and China's dependence on exports was 14.51% in 2014, all of them were not high. This paper makes clear the application of the log conversion method in the calculation of the import dependence of timber resources supply, proposes the net import dependence of timber consumption and its measuring method, and discusses the problem of recovered paper, defines the log conversion coefficient, the statistical caliber and the data sources in the longitudinal and horizontal comparison. Using the log conversion method, the calculation result show that China's import dependence of timber resources supply were 47.94% and China's net import dependence of timber consumption were 35.85% in 2014, both of them showed the first declining and then rising trend from 2002 to 2014, and were at the medium level compared with the world's major forest products importing countries. The product quantity method should be applied to calculate the production export dependence and the consumption import dependence of certain forest products, this paper illustrates their specific measuring methods. The result of the calculation of China's main woody forest products, show that the production export dependence of these forest products are all below 8%, but it is necessary to pay attention to the export trade security of plywood, especially paper and paperboard, and the consumption import dependences of these forest products are very low, all below 3%, however, the consumption import dependences of particleboard and paper and paperboard were higher, China should further improve their quality and grade to achieve import substitution.[Conclusion] In the calculation of dependence on foreign trade of China's wooden forest products, different measuring methods reflect different information, and have different application scope and different data requirements, so the measuring method should be careful selected, according to the actual research questions and the specific use. On the whole, the dependence on foreign trade of China's wooden forest products was in a relatively security and reasonable range, and they had not formed a real threat to the forestry industry security.

[Objective] To select the best herbaceous plants for preventing eutrophication, the effects of grass cover on runoff and sediment nitrogen (N) reduction rate were explored in Lijiang River,an aquatic-terrestrial ecotone. This provides a theoretical basis for ecological restoration.[Method] Runoff and sediment processes on four types of grass cover (Cynodon dactylon, Setaria viridis, Eremochloa ophiuroides and Alternanthera philoxeroides) were conducted in comparison to bare slope. Simultaneously, various forms of N were tested in runoff and sediment. Reduction rates of grass cover on runoff, sediment, N were calculated.[Result] Compared to bare slope, Cynodon dactylon, Setaria viridis, Eremochloa ophiuroides and Alternanthera philoxeroides reduced runoff by 17%, 35%, 29%, and 23%, respectively. They reduced total N in runoff by 37%, 43%, 40%, and 52% (P<0.05). Compared to bare slope, Cynodon dactylon, Setaria viridis, Eremochloa ophiuroides and Alternanthera philoxeroides reduced sediment yield by 17%, 32%, 26%, and 20%. They reduced TN in sediment by 31%, 48%, 41%, and 40%(P<0.05). Runoff reduction rate had significant positive correlation with reduction rates of NH₄⁺-N and TN, and was correlated closely with NH₄⁺-N reduction rate. However, rainfall intensity had significant negative correlation with reduction rates of NO₃^--N and TN.[Conclusion] Four types of grass cover all decreased the input of N to runoff. Setaria viridis and Alternanthera Philoxeroides had better function in reducing N loss with runoff. Positive relationship between N reduction rate and runoff reduction rate was established, therefore, conserve runoff loss from slope was an effective measure to prevent water pollution.

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between measured spectrum and photosynthetic light utilization efficiency (LUE) of the sunlit leaves of the main tree species in the Maoershan Forest Farm. The definition of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is modified to obtain a stable relationship between the PRI and LUE of the sunlit leaves, which provides an important basis for accurately estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) by the carbon cycling model. [Method] The data were collected from 10: 00-15: 00 AM in August 2016. LUE was measured by Li-Cor6400 photosynthetic apparatus, and leaf reflectance was measured in laboratory by the SVC HR-1024i. The correlation and regression analysis of PRI and LUE were carried out by SAS software. The relations between multi-band reflectivity and LUE were analyzed by stepwise regression analysis. The higher correlation bands with LUE were selected to modify PRI, and the relationship between modified PRI and LUE was established in coniferous and broadleaved species. [Result] 1) The correlation coefficient between traditional PRI and LUE was low. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.234 (P=0.079) for all sunlit leaves of coniferous and broadleaved species, among which 0.121 (P=0.389) for broadleaved species and 0.467 (P=0.174) for coniferous species. Further regression fitting for conifers showed a lower correlation (R²=0.218 2; P=0.174), and poor applicability of traditional PRI for this study. 2) By stepwise regression analysis of multiple-band reflectivity, the multiple regression models of the reflectivity of five bands were obtained after screening, and the correlation was improved (R²=0.402 2, P=0.04). The contribution of reflectance at 518 nm to the LUE was the largest with R²=0.133 4. Based on the definition of traditional PRI, the PRI index was modified by replacing the reflectivity at 531 nm with the reflectivity at 518 nm, and a new regression model was established between modified PRI and LUE. 3) For all sunlit leaves of coniferous and broadleaved species, the modified PRI was well related to LUE (R²=0.496 9, P<0.001; RMSE=0.024 7); for sunlit leaves of broadleaved species, R² and RMSE were 0.4045(P<0.001) and 0.0236, respectively; for sunlit leaves of coniferous species, R² and RMSE were 0.5385(P<0.001) and 0.018 9, respectively. The results derived from the new model were significantly improved compared with the results of using the multiple regression model constructed by the traditional PRI and LUE. [Conclusion] Compared to the traditional PRI, the modified PRI index can improve the relationship between the PRI and LUE of all sunlit leaves of coniferous and broadleaved species in Maoershan region.