[Objective]To further explore the species coexistence mechanisms in tropical mountain rainforest, we compared differences in species composition and population characteristics in different topographic conditions, and assessed topographic associations with species diversity.[Method]The 60 hm² tropical montane rainforest in Jianfengling of Hainan Province containing trees (DBH ≥ 1 cm) of 290 woody species as a large plot was classified into different topographic types according to their elevations, convexities and slopes of each of the 20 m×20 m sample plots by fuzzy C-mean clustering. community composition, species abundance, and individual density among different topographic conditions were compared. Using Torus-translation tests, we examined the association between micro-topography and species for 230 woody species each with more than 60 plants with a DBH ≥ 1 cm in the plot.[Results]All sample plots of Jianfengling plot could be unambiguously assigned to one of the four topography categories, lower valley (12.6 hm², 274 species), steep slope (16.68 hm², 269 species), upper valley (15.08 hm², 264 species) and ridge (15.64 hm², 267 species). By comparing species-area relationships among these four topographies, the number of species in the lower valley was the largest. But there was little difference among other three topographies, because the numbers of species of them fell within the expected values of the steep slope ±1.96×SE. By comparing the cumulative species-individual relationships among these four topographies, the cumulative rate of the lower valley was the largest and it was the least of the ridge. But there was little difference between the steep slope and the lower valley, because the numbers of species of them fell within the significance interval of the expected values of steep slope ±1.96×SE. The upper valley had the largest average DBH, followed by the steep slope, whereas the lower valley had the least average DBH. And the average DBH of the ridge was equal to that of the whole plot. The ridge had the highest density, followed by the upper valley. The density of the tree community of the upper valley was lower than that of the lower valley, when the average DBH ≤ 10 cm. When the average DBH ≥ 10 cm, it was inverse. For the proportion of different DBH sizes, the upper valley > the steep slope > the ridge > the lower valley when the average DBH ≥ 30 cm, and the lower valley > the upper valley > the steep slope > the ridge when the average DBH ≥ 50 cm. Of the lower valley type, Gironniera subaequalis, Blastus cochinchinensis, and Livistona saribus were the most dominant species, while of the other three topographies Livistona saribus, Gironniera subaequalis, and Crypcarya chinensis were the most dominant species. 203 (88.3% of all) of 230 common species showed significant associations with the topographies, which is relatively higher than other large plots in the world. We used the mean of species negatively associated with one of the four topographies divided by the examined 230 species to assess the effects of topography. The extent that species-topography associations contributed to species coexistence was 23.7%.[Conclusion]We found that community structure, species diversity and species-topography associations were different among 4 topographies in the 60 hm² plot in Jianfengling. Topography was one of the important environmental factors that determined species distribution in the plot, although light, moisture and soil condition may also have played roles. This study indicated that the species in Jianfengling plot had strong differentiation of micro-topographic niche. Topographic heterogeneity had important contribution to maintaining species diversity in this tropical montane rainforest. This study also provided guidance to choose different species combinations in different topographies when restoring tropical mountain rainforest, rebuilding or constructing mixed forests, according to the species-topography associations.

[Objective] To provide scientific basis for optimizing the management models of natural secondary forest in northeast China and improving forest quality.[Method] Take natural secondary forest of Quercus mongolica of Danqinghe Experimental Forest Farm of Harbin Forestry Bureau in Heilongjiang Province was studied, and a combination of random sampling and typical sampling was used to survey the sample-plots to study the influences of target tree management model, comprehensive tending model and non-interference model on the structure and diversity of plant community.[Results]After 17 years of management practice, the extent of dominance of Quercus mongolica in the target tree management model was significantly reduced, while those of Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis were increased greatly, and they became dominant species. The dominance of Quercus mongolica in the comprehensive tending management and non-interference models remained the same, while that of other tree species was low but the composition of the tree species changed slightly. The new precious tree species (Phellodendron amurense and, Juglans mandshurica) appeared in the target tree management and comprehensive tending management models. The absolute values of basal area at breast height of Quercus mongolica were very different among the three models, showing the target tree management model (5.3 m²·hm^-2) < comprehensive tending model (11.0 m²·hm^-2) < non-interference model (21.6 m²·hm^-2). Quercus mongolica had the greatest advantage in all models, and was significantly less advantageous in the target tree management model (55.1%) than in the comprehensive tending model (78.1%) and the non-interference model (79.6%). The basal area (2.8 m²·hm^-2) and the extent of dominance (32.3%) of Pinus koraiensis in the target tree management model were significantly higher than those in other two models. The average density and average tree height of the forest stand in the non-interference model were significantly larger than those of the other two models (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the target tree management model and the comprehensive tending model. There was no significant difference among the average diameters at breast height of the forest in the three models. From the diameter class structure, except the two diameter classes of 1-5 cm and 35-40 cm, the number of other diameter classes in the non-interference model was significantly larger than that in the target tree management and the comprehensive tending models. From the vertical structure, the non-interference model was obviously larger than the target tree management model and comprehensive tending model at all layers > 10 m. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in tree species diversity of arborous layer in the target tree management, comprehensive tending and non-interference models. The diversity of species (P<0.05) of shrub layer in the comprehensive tending model was significantly greater than that in the target tree management and non-interference models. The richness index of species in herbaceous layer in the target tree management and comprehensive tending models was significantly greater than that in the non-interference model. There was no significant difference in other types of species diversity indices in the tree management models (P<0.05). The similarity of forest stands between the target tree management model and the comprehensive tending model was the highest, while that between the target tree management model the non-interference model was the lowest.[Conclusion]The target tree management model successfully helped introduce the later-period tree species into the forest stand by replanting species such as Pinus koraiensis, and promoted the growth of some precious trees. In the short term, the productivity of the forest stand without interference was higher than that of the forest stand in the target tree management and the comprehensive tending models. In terms of the natural secondary forest of Quercus mongolica, how to improve the growth of forest stand through forest management in a long time requires long-term monitoring and in-depth study.

[Objective] The primary objective is to investigate the patterns of variation in atmospheric visibility and its affecting factors over Qiandao Lake National Forest Park, in order to obtain data for improving forest tourism and recreation.[Method]Based on monitoring data collected from December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016, variation of atmospheric visibility and its correlations with the affecting factors (AQI, concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, wind speed, temperature, dew point temperature, sea level pressure, relative air humidity) over Qiandao Lake National Forest Park were investigated.[Result]The annual average value of atmospheric visibility in Qiandao Lake National Forest Park was 12.84 km; other than PM_2.5, which exceeded the grade Ⅰ standards slightly, annual average concentrations of the remained air pollutants met the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards Grade Ⅰ, indicating a good air quality of Qiandao Lake National Forest Park. Atmospheric visibilities were better in summer and autumn, but worse in spring and winter; for diurnal variation, the visibility peaked at dusk (17:00) and showed the lowest value in the early morning (5:00). The ratings of atmospheric visibility were categorized by very bad (<4 km), bad (4-10 km), good (10-20 km) and very good (≥ 20 km), and its monthly statistics showed a distinct seasonal pattern; in spring and winter, the frequencies of very bad and bad ratings were high while those of good and very good were low. In summer and autumn, the frequencies of good and very good were high while those of very bad and bad ratings were almost none. Negative correlations between atmospheric visibility and the concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, CO, NO₂, humidity as well as air pressure were found with correlation coefficients of -0.29, -0.33, -0.26, -0.16, -0.35, -0.42, -0.11, respectively, while positive correlations were detected between atmospheric visibility and temperature, wind speed and dew point temperature, the correlation coefficient were 0.39, 0.20, 0.19, respectively. K-means clustering showed the higher visibility in summer was consistent with higher temperature and wind speed as well as lower humidity and air pressure, the lower visibility in winter and spring was associated with low temperature, high humidity and high sea level pressure. The regression equation constructed by the (dry extinction coefficient) extinction coefficient and the AQI (air quality index) and the concentration of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, CO, NO₂ were established (P<0.001). The result showed the contribution rates (R²) of AQI and the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 to atmospheric visibility were higher than the concentrations of other air pollutants, indicating higher impacts of AQI and the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 on visibility.[Conclusion]The atmospheric visibility in Qiandao Lake National Forest Park was high, indicating a good air quality of Qiandao Lake National Forest Park. The atmospheric visibility showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation. High correlations between atmospheric visibility and AQI, concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, temperature, wind speed and relative air humidity was found. The study of atmospheric visibility and its affecting factors in Qiandao Lake National Forest Park showed a fundamental influence of air quality on atmospheric visibility, and atmospheric visibility can be an effective indicator of air quality, except rain, fog and other special weathers.

[Objective] To solve the problem that Osmanthus fragrans cultivars being hardly identified in nursery stock production and landscape application, this study proposed a classification method based on random forest algorithm and SRAP molecular markers, which can be used for easily, quickly and accurately identifying varieties.[Method] DNA of 45 O. fragrans cultivars were extracted, which were applied to PCR amplification, using 90 SRAP primer pairs. The fragments were examined by Capillary Electrophoresis to screen the primer pairs with high polymorphism level and steady amplification. The amplification data were used to calculate polymorphism information content (PIC), numbers of patterns, numbers of effective patterns, the discriminating power (D), chi-square value of patterns distribution (χ²), and pairs of indistinguishable samples (x). The locus data of combination of primer pairs that can discriminate all cultivars were used as training set for construction of classification modes based on random forest algorithm. The models with best classifying ability were selected depending on their generalization ability and classifying quality.[Result] A total of 10 SRAP primer pairs were selected, with mean PIC of 0.26, mean numbers of patterns of 33.9, mean numbers of effective patterns of 26.6, mean D of 0.97, mean χ² of 21.07 and mean x of 28.2. Eight classification models were constructed using 8 combination of 2 prime pairs that can discriminate all cultivars (rf1-rf8). The OOB (out of bag) error rate of these models ranged from 0.004 4-0.013 9. Among of them, rf5 and rf3 had the strongest generalization ability, while rf8 had the weakest. And rf1 had the best classifying quality, rf3, rf4, rf5 and rf7 had better, while rf8 had the worst.[Conclusion] Classification models rf1, rf3, rf4, rf5 and rf7 have the strongest classifying ability, with the combination of SRAP primer pairs of me1/em3+me9/em6, me4/em5+me9/em6, me4/em8+me9/em6, me6/em9+me9/em6 and me5/em5+me9/em6, separately. The weaker correlation of selected primer pairs brings the stronger classifying ability of models. The method proposed in this study can be applied to identity O. fragrans cultivars quickly and accurately.

[Objective] This study tries to explore the optimal conditions of separation of mesophyll cell protoplasts of Vernicia fordii and to establish its genetic transformation system, making it possible to study gene functions of V.fordii in vivo.[Method] This research firstly obtained mesophyll cell protoplasts of V. fordii through enzyme hydrolysis method using mature leaves and test tube plantlet leaves respectively. Gene transformation method of V. fordii protoplast mediated by PEG was established with protoplast receptor system.[Result] Protoplast isolation revealed that the most significant effect on the yield and activity of protoplast was enzymatic hydrolysis time followed by the concentration of cellulase. The concentrations of macerozyme and mannitol showed less influence on the yield and activity of protoplast. The optimal conditions for the isolation of protoplasts from mature leaves were 1.5% cellulase concentration, 1% macerozyme concentration, 0.6 mol·L^-1 mannitol concentration and 12 hours of enzymolysis. The optimal conditions for the isolation of protoplasts from young leaves of plants propagated by tissue culture were 2% cellulase concentration, 1% macerozyme concentration, 0.7 mol·L^-1 mannitol concentration and 6 hours of enzymolysis. In order to establish transient transformation system of V. fordii protoplast, this research transformed Arobidopsis thaliana MGT6 gene into V. fordii protoplast using PEG-mediated method. The result showed that MGT6 was located in the plasma membrane of protoplast, indicating that gene transformation method of V. fordii protoplast can successfully introduce exogenous genes into protoplasts and make it express.[Conclusion] This research established isolation and transient transformation methods of protoplasts of V. fordii mesophyll cells obtained from mature leaves and young leaves of plants propagated by tissue culture, respectively. Considering the convenience of sampling materials and the influence on the subsequent protoplast culture, we suggest that young leaves of tissue-cultured plants should be used to isolate protoplasts with conditions of 2% cellulase concentration, 1% macerozyme concentration, 0.7 mol·L^-1 mannitol concentration and 6 hours of enzymolysis. On the basis of isolation of mesophyll cell protoplasts of V. fordii, the PEG-mediated genetic transformation method used in this study can be used to efficiently introduce exogenous genes into protoplasts with successful expression. In summary, the results not only promote the development of the basic researches on V. fordii, but also have important significance in germplasm innovation through cell fusion and gene engineering.

[Objective] Carpinus tientaiensis is a plant with extremely small population and poor acclimatization, it is only distributed in Tiantai County and Pan'an County of Zhenjiang Province. The leaf is sensitive to light conditions and with a strong plasticity. The relationship between leaf shape variability and environmental factors of C. tientaiensis was analyzed by geometric morphometrics, and the differential growth mode of the leaf of C. tientaiensis under different light environment was explored, providing a theoretical basis for cultivation of C. tientaiensis.[Method] The response of leaf shape of C. tientaiensis to irradiance intensity in varied simulated growth environment (low irradiance LI, moderate irradiance MI and full irradiance FI) was studied. In mid-March, different shading treatments were carried out on C. tientaiensis before leaf expansion, and mature leaves were collected in late July. To investigate the differences of leaf shape among 3 groups of irradiance gradients, geometric morphometrics was used, while the 17 landmark points of leaf profile were digitalized to be standard images on the basis of Tpsdig 2 program. The Coordgen software in IMP series software was used to calculate the standard contour coordinates data of each gradient population, and the thin plate spline graph was used to indicate the relative morphological changes. The application of PAST 3.14 showed differences in leaf shape and vein. The effect of environmental factors on leaf morphology was analyzed by SPSS 11.5 software.[Result] The geometric morphometrics analysis of C. tientaiensis leaf indicated that the leaf was oval, and the base was slightly heart-shaped with a gradual pointy tip. In different light conditions, the leaf shapes were similar, but the allometry of leaf shape was more obvious. Principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance showed three significant leaf shape variables, and the principal component of the total variance was 77.48%. Correlation analysis showed that the morphological difference of C. tientaiensis leaf was significantly correlated with photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), surface temperature (T_s), atmospheric temperature (T_a) and relative humidity (RH) (P<0.05). When the leaf shape changes had significant positive correlations with PAR, T_s and T_a, and significant negative correlation with RH, the leaves appeared to expand or shrink in the middle, and the variation focuses on the alternating expansion of the leaf blade and leaf apex. Growing in weak light environment, the middle of the leaf was expanded and the leaf apex was compressed. In strong light environment, there was extrusion of the middle of the leaves and enlargement of the leaf apex. When the leaf shape change had significant negative correlations with PAR, T_s and T_a, and significant positive correlation with RH, the petiole length and leaf apex stretch ratio were involved in the leaf shape changes. In strong light and weak light environments, the petiole was elongated and the leaf apex contracted. The petiole contracted and the leaf apex enlarged in the moderate irradiance. Only when the leaf shape changes had significant positive correlations with PAR, T_s and T_a, it involved with the leaf expansion rate. Under the moderate irradiance, the petiole shrank, the lower half of the blade was extruded, and the leaf apex was dilated. By using principal component data to make the relative distortion of leaf shape, it showed under the influence of light environment the petiole and leaf apex appeared twisted up and down.[Conclusion] In different light environments, C. tientaiensis leaves grow at allometry. With the enhancement of light, C. tientaiensis changes the shape of the leaves, it regulates the position of petioles, in order to increase its photosynthetic capacity. The correlation analysis between leaf variation of C. tientaiensis and light environment showed that due to the adaptation to the moderate irradiance in forest gap, C. tientaiensis oval leaves become more full. The basal and the lower half of the blade were extruded, while the leaf apex was dilated. Shorter petioles were more effective in conducting water and nutrients. In nature, C. tientaiensis relies on special growing environment. The introduction and cultivation of the C. tientaiensis should choose forest gaps where the light is stronger, in favor to restore and expand the C. tientaiensis population effectively.

[Objective] In the present study, we investigated combined effects of cotyledon excision and nursery fertilization on field performance of Quercus variabilis container seedlings in order to provide a theoretical basis in the containerized seedling cultivation.[Method] We used a two-factors experiment design.Three cotyledon excision intensities of E1/3, E1/2, E2/3 with non-excised control (E0) were set and two levels of nursery fertilization of 0 (N0) and 100 mg N·seedling^-1(N100) with equal P, K and microelement fertilizer were applied. Seedling height, RCD and dry mass were determined at the end of growing season and the outplanting season. The nutrients content and photosynthetic characteristics of outplanted seedlings were also determined.[Result] For the condition without nursery fertilization of nitrogen, seedling dry mass, nutrients content and photosynthetic characteristics were consistently decreased when cotyledon was excised. For the condition with nursery fertilization, seedlings from E1/3 or E1/2 excised acorns respectively had greater 21.9% and 31.7%tap root dry mass than control at the end of the first outplanting season, as well as 41.4% and 45.2% greater for lateral root dry mass.E1/3 and E1/2 excision of cotyledon also increased the nutrient content of outplanted seedlings and promoted seedling photosynthetic characteristics, and hence increased light utility efficiency and carbon assimilation.E1/2 cotyledon excision also increased seedling total dry mass, and its advantageous effects on seedling photosynthetic characteristics were greater than that of E1/3. In contrast to E1/3 and E1/2, the growth of outplanted seedlings from E2/3 were severely restrained, and the negative effect could not be remitted by nursery fertilization, indicating that cotyledon nutrients play an irreplaceable role on seedling development and the effect of nursery fertilization is dependent on cotyledon nutrients loss degree. The result also indicated that it is needed to evaluate the effects of cotyledon excision from both nursery and outplanting phases.Seedling photosynthetic characteristics comparably reflected seedling growth with dry mass and nutrients content, thus it can be considered as an effective and convenient indicator for the impact evaluation of cotyledon excision on field performance of Q. variabilis container seedlings.[Conclusion] A moderate cotyledon excision with sufficient nursery fertilization can benefit field performance of Q.variabilis container seedlings, and 1/2 cotyledon excision combined with nursery fertilization (100 mg N·seedling^-1) can obtain satisfactory field performance.

[Objective] Basilepta melanopus is a defoliator of Camellia oleifera in southern China. The sexual selection, mating, and fecundity of B. melanopus (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) were studied to determine the pest occurrence mechanisms. It may help in the development of sex pheromone used in trapping method for controlling the pest.[Method] Mature overwintered larvae were collected from the soil under the trees of Camellia oleifera in Yongan (Changsha, Hunan), and reared in the laboratory to obtain adults for this experiment. Mating pairs of newly eclosed adults were placed in a plastic box, where their mating behavior was observed (pre-copulation, copulation and post-copulation), along with the mating and oviposition circadian rhythms (counting the number of eggs laid and the matings during the day and at night). The influences on these behaviors of prior mating experience and long-term pairing were also explored.[Result]Adults of B. melanopus began to mate in 5-6 days after eclosion, and mated on average (5±4.2) times per day. Mating period lasted from 1-40 min, for an average of (18.9±9.3)min.In six to seven days after their last mating, females began to lay eggs, mean egg-production was (275.5±131.4). Mating behavior occurred most frequently at 10:00, accounting for about 40% of total mating,followed by at 16:00 and 18:00 and a low level mating was observed only at the rest time. Oviposition activity peaked two times at 16:00, 18:00, besides, at 14:00 and 22:00, to less at 2:00 oviposition also had smaller peaks. Females tended to choose smaller males to mate with, while males tended to mate with non-virgin females.[Conclusion] Female and male adults of B. melanopus mated multiple times, and both body size and mating experience of adults had significant effects on sexual selection.

[Objective]The aim of the present study was to investigate the bacterial structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil of different plantations and their influencing factors in Yellow River Delta.[Method]Based on the high throughput sequencing technology, this research compared the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure and diversity of Ailanthus altissima, Ulmus pumila, Fraxinus velutina, Robinia pseudoacacia, and analysed correlation with soil properties.[Result]The results of high throughput sequencing showed that there were 27, 26, 28, and 28 phylum bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of A. altissima, U. pumila, F. velutina, and R. pseudoacacia. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were dominant bacteria taxa with their relative abundance more than 10%, and Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia were main bacteria taxa with their relative abundance more than 1%. There was significant difference in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, WS3, Cyanobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, OD1, and Tenericutes in the rhizosphere soil among different plantations. The results of high throughput sequencing showed that the rhizosphere soil bacterial diversity of R. pseudoacacia plantation was highest among four plantations, and the observed species number, Chao1 index, Shannon index and Simpson index were 1 828.489, 2 602.806, 8.917 and 0.95, respectively, its Simpson index was lowest among four plantations. Observed species number (1 703.36) in U. pumila plantation, Chao1 index (2 161.69) in F. velutina plantation was lowest among four plantations. The rhizosphere soil bacterial Shannon index of A. altissima was lowest among four plantations with 8.73, and Simpson index was highest with 0.98. The results showed available P (1.17 mg·kg^-1), K (163 mg·kg^-1), N (30.47 mg·kg^-1), and organic matter (4.4 g·kg^-1) content of U. pumila plantation were lowest among four plantations. Available P (3.47 mg·kg^-1) content of R. pseudoacacia plantation was highest. Soil pH (8.52), water content (13.10%), Available K (330.00 mg·kg^-1), N (48.63 mg·kg^-1), and organic matter (74.83 g·kg^-1) content of A. altissima plantation were highest, especially, soil water content and organic matter (74.83 g·kg^-1) content were significantly higher than other 3 plantations. The results of correlation analyses showed that there were significant correlations between the content of conductivity, soil water content, available P, N, organic matter and bacterial diversity among four plantations, but the correlation between pH and bacterial diversity was not significant.[Conclusion]The bacterial structure in rhizosphere soil of different plantations was similar, but there was a significant difference in the relative abundance of some bacteria at phylum level. The rhizosphere soil bacterial diversity of R. pseudoacacia was highest among four plantations. Conductivity, soil water content, and available P, N, K content were the main soil factors that affect the soil bacterial structure and diversity. But further research is also needed to obtain more information in soil microorganisms.

[Objective] Based on the existed researches of plantation wood surface modification treated by air plasma, this study investigated the effect of gas glow discharge plasma treatments on wood surface wettability. The results would provide the theoretical basis for the industrialization production of the atmospheric pressure air plasma treatment on the surface of the wood, and to provide the theory basic data for the application of plasma in different wood surface modification.[Method] Low temperature plasma glow discharge plasma with air,oxygen(O₂), nitrogen(N₂), ammonia(Ar)and helium(He)were respectively used to treat six kinds of timber,including of Populus davidiana, Picea asperata, Eucalyptus globulus,Quercus rubra,Betula platyphylla and Juglans nigra. The surface wettability of different treated wood was investigated.[Result] The results showed that the surface contact angle of different treated wood with water and diiodomethane was significantly reduced, the surface energy increased, and the wettability were improved obviously. The helium plasma treatment showed the biggest influence on surface wettability of Populus davidiana and Picea asperata. The argon plasma processing exhibited surface contact angle of Eucalyptus globulus,Quercus rubra,Betula platyphylla and Juglans nigra declined most. The plasma processing time affected wood surface wettability to a certain extent, 3 min was better for plantation wood and 4 min was available for natural wood.[Conclusion] The wood surface wettability can be improved by different gas plasma treatment, and the air plasma modification of the wood surface wettability is relatively good. Therefore, in actual production application, air plasma can be used to improve the adhesion and grafting of wood and wood matrix composites.

[Objective] In order to reveal chemical constituents distribution rule of bamboo fiber cell wall, distribution of some important chemicals within single fiber cell was studied.[Method] Six-year-old moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was chosen and sampled into ultrathin section as research material. High-resolution confocal Raman microscopy was used to collect Raman spectrum of bamboo fiber in situ. The chemical constituents distribution of moso bamboo fiber cell wall was analyzed through Raman imaging technique.[Result] S unit and G unit of lignin widely distributed in all layers of wood cell wall, but H unit mainly distributed in layers that close to peripheral region. The distribution pattern of hydroxycinnamic acids was similar to that of H unit, i.e. mainly distributed in peripheral region of cell wall. Cellulose had a relatively even distribution in thick layers, and the concentration of cellulose was higher in thick layers than that of thin layers. Lignin concentration decreased from periphery to central part of a fiber cell, with relative higher value at compound middle lamella, lumen edge as well as interface between two layers which formed local accumulation at those regions.[Conclusion] The bamboo fiber cell wall has different chemical composition in radial direction, and cellulose, lignin and hydroxycinnamic acid have different distribution density within different cell wall layers.

[Objective] Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) has been proved to be an effective method for studying thermal conductivity and structure of materials at microscale. In this study, SThM was applied to scan the cross section and radial section of oak fiber cell wall, and the result were used to study thermal conductivity of wood cell wall at microscale.[Method] In order to make the surface of samples smooth enough for SThM and confocal Raman microscopy scanning, diamond knife was used to do microtomy. Thermal conductivity contrast mode of SThM was applied to scan oak fibre cell both in cross and raidal section.[Result] The scan result of SThM show that when scanned cross section of wood cell wall, the probe current of SThM in compound middle lamella (CML) and cell corner (CC) was lower than in S₂ layer apparently and it meant the thermal conductivity of CML and CC were lower than S₂ layer. When scanned the radial section of cell wall, the difference of probe current between CML, CC and S₂ was almost invisible, thus the thermal conductivity of CC, CML and S₂ were almost the same. The components of different layers of wood cell wall were analyzed by confocal Raman microscopy. Raman spectra indicated the intensity of peaks that assigned to lignin were higher in CML and CC than in S₂ layer, in S₂ the intensity of Raman peaks assigned to cellulose was relatively higher. This study used wave number from 1 520 cm^-1 to 1 680 cm^-1 that assigned to lignin to image cell wall in cross section. Raman image shows that the intensity of 1 520-1 680 cm^-1 in CC and CML was higher than S₂ layer, so the content of lignin in CC and CML was higher than S₂.[Conclusion] SThM investigation indicate the difference of thermal conductivity between CC, CML and S₂ layer was existing in cross section and was disappeared in radial section. This study believes the difference was caused by how components arranged in different layers mainly. Cellulose was the major component in S₂ layer, and the key point was that cellulose arranged with grain oriented structure. In S₂ layers cellulose microfibril was almost parallel to axial direction of wood cell, so when heated cell wall by SThM probe in cross section the heat would transferred along the grain direction, but when heated cell wall in radial section the heat would transferred perpendicular to grain direction. In CC and CML, the lignin content was higher and components in these two areas were arranged disorder, thus in cross section compared with S₂ layer where has grain oriented structure, CC and CML showed lower thermal conductivity, but when heated in radial section the advantage that heat transferred along grain in S₂ layer disappeared and S₂, CML and CC showed almost the same thermal conductivity. By mean of SThM, this work confirmed grain oriented structure of cellulose affected thermal conductivity of wood cell wall and demonstrated that SThM could be used to investigated thermal conductivity and structure of wood very efficiently.

[Objective] Combing with papermaking and coating finishing process of decorative paper, the influence of coating on the printability of decorative base paper and its act mechanism were investigated, which provide the reference basis for the improvement of performance of decorative base paper and its use in the field of wood panel decoration.[Method] Decorative base paper was made through dynamic sheet former, using mixed pulp of fine hardwood and softwood, TiO₂, polyacrylamide (PAM), polyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE), aluminum sulfate and other filler additives as raw material. Surface coating was prepared with PVA, cationic starch as the adhesive, then distilled water, pigments, dispersants and other additives were added in a high-speed mixer stirring for 40-60 min. The particle size and thixotropy of the coating were analyzed by laser particle size analyzer and cone-plate viscometer. The decorative base paper was coated and calendered by using a coater and a calendar, respectively.The morphology of the coated decorative base paper was characterized by SEM, AFM, dynamic osmometry and dynamic contact angle analyzer. The printability tester was used for the intaglio printing proofing of coating decorative base paper, measuring the color characteristics of proofs by color density meter, and analyzing the printing performance of coating decorative base paper.[Result] Based on particle size and thixotropy analysis of pigments, it was found that TiO₂ (201) and SiO₂ pigments had small particle size and narrow distribution, but TiO₂ (902) and Clay pigments had large particle size and wide distribution, while Al₂O₃ pigment had small particle size and wide distribution. When the pigments were prepared into coatings, the particle size distribution range of pigment coating became larger, in which the Clay coating had the largest particle size distribution, and the SiO₂ coating had the smallest particle size range. However, the thixotropy of Clay coating and Al₂O₃ coating was the biggest, and the thixotropy of TiO₂ (902) coating and SiO₂ coating was the smallest. The coating structure, surface morphology and the printing performance were characterized through using of SEM, AFM, dynamic permeation analyzers and dynamic contact angle measurement. The result showed that the surface of the base paper could be covered more effectively with the SiO₂ coating, and the pore of coating layer was uniform. Dynamic contact angle of SiO₂ coating layer has declined by 58.17% within 1.3 s, and the C_i and C_t value was 17.6 and 2.8, respectively. It showed that the surface of base paper coated by SiO₂ coating had the optimal coating structure. Physical properties of coated decorative base papers were improved significantly, in which the tightness, water absorption height, smoothness, dry tensile strength and wet tensile strength was increased by 25%-61%, 33%-118%, 150%-290%, 171%-194%, and 220%-290% respectively. The physical properties of SiO₂ coated base paper were the best, with tightness increasing by 25%, water absorption height increasing by 108%, smoothness increasing by 290%, dry tensile strength increasing by 171% and wet tensile strength increasing by 290%. For the printability of the decorative base paper coated with SiO₂ coating, the color density was increased by 16.5% to 40%, comparing the decorative base paper, and the value of CMY of gravure printing color was 1.31, 1.3, 1.28 for the net hole depth of 33 μm respectively which were beneficial to improve the overall reproduction range of color and the effect of printing decoration.[Conclusion] The pores of surface structure of decorative base paper could be filled by the SiO₂ coating effectively, forming an excellent coating structure, which contributed the good ink receptivity, ink absorption and ink fixing properties, thereby inhibiting dot enlargement and further improving the printability of base paper.

[Objective] This study investigated the wood processing technology by nanosecond water guide laser. The influence of processing direction, processing speed, output power, processing depth and thermal degradation on processing quality were discussed, the relationship between the influencing factors that lead to the optimal processing by nanosecond water guide laser were obtained, and the feasibility of the processing technology was demonstrated.[Method] On the basis of investigation, analysis and research on the processing technology and principle of existing laser technology, a test bench that wood can be processed by nanosecond water guide laser was designed and manufactured. In this paper, the general layout principle, the experimental method and the main functions of the main components are introduced, and the main components-the transmission test bench and function of the nanosecond laser NC machining are described in detail. And the basic principle and microscopic phenomenon of the wood processed by nanosecond water guide laser are analyzed and studied. During the wood processed by nanosecond water guide lasler, the phenomenon that produced near each processing line was recorded. After processing, the processing depth of each line was measured. To draw the graph of relationship between processing speed and processing depth in texture direction, graph of relationship between processing speed and processing depth in vertical texture direction and graph of relationship between output power and processing depth.[Result] Through the analysis of the experimental data, when output power is certain, the processing depth decreases in hyperbolic curve with the increase of processing speed. When the processing speed is certain, the processing depth increases with the increase of the output power, when the output power is higher, processing depth will not increase with the increase of the output power but show a gradually decreasing trend. During the process of processing, the charring phenomenon may produce, and the charring degree will increase with the increase of processing speed and the decrease of processing depth. In the process when the wood materials are different, the processing result will also exist differences, the processing effect of hard wood is relatively better than that of soft wood, the charring degree is relatively lower, the processing depth is relatively shorter, the processing curve is roughly the same, and a certain difference in the curvature exists.[Conclusion] In the processing, the relationship between the processing speed,output power and processing depth should be strictly controlled. When processing depth was large, it should be appropriate to enlarge the processing speed, otherwise it will produce charring. Experiments showed that the processing technology of the wood processed by nanosecond water guide laser has certain feasibility.

[Objective] The influences of labor allocation on households' option behavior for non-timber forest products (NTFP) were analyzed to provide decision-making basis for consolidating achievements of the key forestry ecological project, realizing forestry sustainable development and alleviating the contradiction between ecological forestry and households livelihood.[Method] The households were divided into five types according to the labor allocation that was considered the interdependence of labor division. Using the survey data of rural households of Shaanxi and Sichuan Provinces, the choice and its influencing factors of the management mode and technology type of different kinds of households managing NTFP were analyzed in this paper.[Result] The different types of households were different in the management mode and technology type of NTFP. The forestland income/total income had a significant impact on the behavior of households' planting economic forest and developing under-forestry economy, while the financial subsidy had a significant impact on the households developing under-forestry economy. The forestland endowment and the distance from highway had a significant impact on the all households' choice of technology type, while the agricultural labor force, loan support and financial subsidy had a significant impact on the part-time households' choice of technology type.[Conclusion] Firstly, the different types of households were difference in managing NTFP because of the labor allocation; Secondly, the economic benefits were the direct driving force of households managing NTFP, and the financial subsidy had a significant effect on under-forestry economic development. Thirdly, the endowment of forestland was the basis for households managing labor-intensive NTFP, and agricultural labor force and policy support had a positive effect on part-time households managing labor-intensive NTFP.

Global climate change has a significant impact on carbohydrate allocation in plantation ecosystem, which results in the serious death of plantations and changes from carbon sink into carbon source. In order to alleviate global climate change influence on plantations, the scientific forest management should be taken to increase photosynthetic efficiency, decrease atmospheric CO₂ concentration, promote carbon storage and improve forest adaptation. The area of coniferous plantations in China accounts for above 70% of the total area of the plantations, and the average carbon storage per hectare in China was only 17% of the world's average in 2009. Thus, how to rapidly increase carbon storage should be placed on improving the existing coniferous plantations. However, there is highly controversy about the mechanism of conifer carbohydrate distribution and how conifers adapt to environmental changes through adjusting carbon allocation patterns. This review introduces definition and judge rules of carbon source and carbon sink at the different spatio-temporal scales. Secondly, this paper discusses carbohydrate transport pathway and allocation patterns with growth, storage and defense. Thirdly, this paper analyzes external environment factors and intrinsic regulative mechanism of carbohydrate allocations. Finally, the future research focus is proposed, alongside the carbohydrate allocation core theory and the silviculture measures in improving the carbon sequestration capacity of coniferous forests. The intrinsic carbohydrate allocation regulative mechanism should focus on the different spatio-temporal scales. Attention should be paid to the mechanism of carbohydrate distribution in coniferous trees under extreme climate conditions. The corresponding carbon forest silviculture theory system should be established.

Wood compression is an effective method of enhancing the plantation fast-growing wood density, strength and hardness and improving its physical and mechanical properties, which broadens its application fields. In this paper, wood compression research status, development and problems were analyzed from the aspects of wood softening mechanism and characteristics, softening point, heat and mass transfer characteristics under hot plate heating, formation of sandwich compression and fixation of compression deformation. Composition and organizational structure of wood cellular wall is the main internal factors and hydro-thermal condition is external factors affecting wood softening and compression deformation. Wood is a natural macromolecular composite and an elastic-plastic material. Dry wood with low plasticity is plasticized by moisture and heat, especially the combined action of them was more significant. As the main components of wood cellular wall, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin characteristics and their proportions directly impact on wood plasticity, especially the lignin. The glass transition temperature and stress yield point are the most common parameters to represent wood softening. In the elastoplastic analysis of wood, the stress yield point is used for determining the plastic potential which dominates the stress-strain relationships of material in the plastic region. However, due to the complexity of wood composition and structure, the change point of stress-strain is not obvious, so the stress yield point and the yield stress is the key and difficulty point to determine the wood plastic deformation characterization. Organizational structure of wood mainly affects its heat and mass transfer. Because of the permeability differences among wood three sections, significant moisture distribution gradient and yield stress difference can be formed by conducting the treatments of drying, soaking, setting and hot plate heating. Then sandwich compressed wood can be obtained by hot press. Density of compressed layer reached above 0.8 g·cm^-3, and the density of uncompressed layer still maintained. However, the compressed layer can be formed on the surface layer or any part of the interior. Sandwich compression can reduce volumetric loss of wood during compression. By now, the deformation mechanism study of wood compression mainly focus on the overall compression, lacking of fundamental investigation on softening point and yield stress change with moisture content variation and yield stress difference under hot plate heating. To achieve the controllability of sandwich compression, heat and mass transfer under hot plate heating status and hydro-thermal gradient distribution need to further research.

[Objective] This study aims to investigate the effects of systemic acquired resistance on growth and reproduction of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) after locally spraying exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on Larix olgensis seedlings.[Method] Three concentrations of jasmonic acid(0.01,0.10 and 1.00 mmoL·L^-1)plus a water control (CK) were sprayed on L. olgensis seedlings with partial or whole plant, respectively; the growth rates and the egg numbers of gypsy moth that fed on these seedlings were recorded, and their detoxification enzyme activities were also investigated.[Result] The average body mass of 3rd to 6th instars of gypsy moth larvae from the treatment groups was all lower than that of water control group (CK) regardless of the spray method (whole or partial). Among them, the body mass of the 3rd to 6th instar larvae on seedlings treated with 1.0 and 0.1mmol·L^-1 concentrations of both sprays, and of 5th to 6th instar larvae on seedling with 0.01(partial) and 0.01 mmol·L^-1 (whole) treatments was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05). The gypsy moth larval survival rates, pupal mass, and the laying egg number in all treated groups were also lower than those of CK. The pupal mass and the egg number in the all treated groups except for 0.01 mmol·L^-1(whole)treatment were significantly lower than those of CK (P<0.05). At the same JA concentration, partial spays had similar inhibiting effects as did the whole sprays on the larval growth and the egg number. Partial spray with 1 mmol·L^-1 JA concentration showed stronger inhibiting effect than the other two concentrations. The ACP and AKP activity of the 3rd instar larvae and the AKP, the SOD and POD activity of the 4th instar larvae in 0.01 mmol·L^-1 (partial) treatment groups were significantly higher than those of CK (P<0.05). The activity variation patterns of these protective and detoxifying enzymes of 0.01 mmol·L^-1 (partial) treatment groups were similar to those of 0.01 mmol·L^-1 (whole) treatment groups.[Conclusion]Spraying JA on local parts of L. olgensis seedlings (partial spray) can increase its induced resistance against insects, and inhibit the growth and reproduction of gypsy moth, and achieve the same inductive effects as spraying on the entire seedling. On the other hands, gypsy moth larvae in turn can develop strategies to overcome larch inducible resistance through improving the activities of their protective and detoxification enzymes.

[Objective] The strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilias Smal-007 was isolated by Nanjing Forestry University and developed as a biocontrol agent for controlling pine wilt disease. In order to verify the control effect of Smal-007 in the southern forest regions of China, a large-scale experiment was performed in forest in Sanming city, Fujian Province.[Method]A total of 363.6 hm² pine forests locating at four regions of Sanming city (Meilie district, Sanyuan district, Fenggang subdistric and Qingzhou town of Shaxian county) were used for the experiment. In Meilie district, the experiment forest was 103.3 hm² of Pinus massoniana pure forest, including 65.1 hm² treated with the bacterial spray and 38.2 hm² as control area. In Sanyuan district, the experiment forest was 100.0 hm² mainly with mixed forest of P.massoniana and broad-leaved trees, including 51.7 hm² treated area and 48.3 hm² control area. In Shaxian Fenggang, the forest was 82.4 hm² mainly with P. massoniana pure forest, including 56.5 hm² treated area and 25.9 hm² control area. The area of forest at Qingzhou, Shaxian County was 77.9 hm², mainly with P.massoniana and broad-leaved trees, including 53.6 hm² treated area and 24.3 hm² control area. The forest in Melie district was sprayed by atomizing machine with Smal-007 culture at the concentration of 12-15 kg·hm^-2, while the forest in Sanyuan district and Shaxian county were sprayed by a light aircraft at a concentration of 6-7 kg·hm^-2. The spraying was performed for once a year, in May of 2014 and 2015, respectively. The dead trees caused by pine wood nematode was counted from June to December every year.[Result] The number of wilting and dead pine tree was significantly reduced in Melie district and Sanyuan district. The control efficiency in Melie district was 90.9%and 100% for 2014 and 2015, respectively. The control efficiency in Sanyuan district was 93.4% and 92.7% for 2014 and 2015, respectively. Due to heavy rain soon after spraying, the control effect in Shaxian county was not as good as the last two districts. The control efficiency in Fenggang, Shaxian county was 30.5% and 69.4% for 2014 and 2015 respectively, while the control efficiency in Qingzhou, Shaxian county, was 26.7% and 20.1% for 2014 and 2015, respectively.[Conclusion] When treated with the biocontrol Smal-07 culture, under the condition of no rain for 48 h after spraying, the pine wood disease can be efficiently controlled in the southern forest regions of China. Our result shows that the bacterial Smal-007 biocontrol agent can be successfully used in epidemic area of the pine wilting disease in northern Fujian.

[Objective] Bamboo age is a key factor for logging and utilization of bamboo, and hence we focused on the fiber cell wall of different growth period. The characteristic and mechanical performance of fiber cell wall of moso bamboo aged 0.5 a, 4.5 a, and 10.5 a were investigated to find out the differences of characteristic and mechanical performance among immature, mature and overmature moso bamboo at nano-scale, which provided a new theoretical basis for the research of scientific logging, classification, modification and reorganization and rational utilization of bamboo in the future.[Method] The sections made by microtome and ultramicrotome were used to observe microstructure of the cross-section and then choose the precise area for nanoindentation experiments. Nanoindentation experiment combined with non-embedding method was used to investigate the mechanical properties of fiber cell wall, and the wide-angle X-ray scattering method with the Gaussian quasi legitimate calculation was applied to obtain the value of micrfibiril angle of moso bamboo.[Result] The observation of cross-section indicated that the parenchyma cells and vascular bundles were the main components of moso bamboo, and the vascular bundle was consisted of the vessel and thick walled fiber cells that surrounded the vessels. The mechanical properties of moso bamboo fiber exhibated significant differences among different growth period. The nanoindentation result showed that the mechanical properties of immature moso bamboo fiber cell wall were lower than those of mature and overimature moso bamboo. The value of elastic modulus and hardness were 10.7 GPa and 0.358 GPa, respectively. The mature moso bamboo showed the highest elastic modulus and hardness, 19.6 GPa and 0.489 GPa. The elastic modulus and hardness of overmature moso bamboo were 17.6 GPa and 0.445 GPa,respectively. The microfibril angle tests indicated that they were diverse among bamboos in different growth period. The mean microfibril angle of 0.5 a immature moso bamboo with 13.5° is higher than the others, and the 4.5 a mature moso bamboo with 8.43° is lowest, while the miscrofibril angle of 10.5 a overmature moso bamboo is 11.9°.[Conclusion] Based on the result it was concluded that the growth period have an influence on the fiber cell wall mechanical properties and microfibril angle of moso bamboo. The micromechanical properties showed apparent differences between the immature and mature moso bamboo, it was enhanced with bamboo age and achieved optimal micromechanical performances at mature, however, the reduced elastic modulus and hardness slightly decreased with bamboo age after the maturity. The angle between the microfibril arrangements and cell axis was least when the moso bamboo was mature, which account for its better mechanical properties. As a consequently, this study illustrates the micromechanical properties of the 4-5 years old moso bamboo was better than that of the immature and overmature moso bamboo at cell wall level.