[Objective] The breeding system of Dendrocalamus latiflorus was studied to detect its floral and seed-setting characteristics thus to facilitate its crossbreeding. [Method] Pseudospikelet was anatomized, flowering process was observed in the field, pollen viability was determined by in vitro germination test, stigma receptivity was determined by benzidine-hydrogen peroxide, and the type of its breeding system was estimated by outcrossing index (OCI) and pollen-ovule ratio (P/O). [Result] Pseudospikelet of D. latiflorus grows at rachises of different developing levels, and the 2-3 latent buds at the base of each pseudospikelet would develop into new pseudospikelet, thus it blooms continuously during the growth season. 7-10 florets grows on each pseudospikelet, those florets blooms from top to bottom during 5-7 days on each pseudospikelet, the pistil matured 1-4 days earlier than the stamen. Usually, only the 3-4 florets on the top would exerted from the hull while the rest would not, thus resulted in pollination and seed set on the top of each pseudospikelet. Stigma has pollen receptivity from the day it exerted out, and the receptivity becomes stronger on the 3^rd to 4^th day, followed with stigma wither and dry after 6 days. Fresh pollen germinated at an average rate of 27% with a peak of 54.6%; in-vitro preservation of pollen is difficult, 3% germinated after 36 h at room temperature, low temperature and drying treatment could not prolong its life. If anther were preserved at 4℃,the pollen life would last a little longer.[Conclusion] In crossbreeding experiment, if D. latiflorus was used as male parent, pollination should be conducted on the day that the pollen dispersed from the anther; if it was used as female parent, pollination should be conducted from the day that the stigma exerted from the hull. Based on the OCI of Dafni and the P/O of Cruden, the breeding system of D. latiflorus was given priority to outcrossing, and partial self-compatibility; however, bamboos are a group of plants with asexual reproduction, flowering plants at the same period may be clones with the same genetic background, so the pollination among different individuals may be selfing or inbreeding, thus "inbreeding depression" should be avoided during the sexual reproduction of bamboos.

[Objective] To provide scientific basis for evaluating the soil carbon stock and its management in afforested soils, we investigated the changes in soil organic carbon and its labile fractions after afforestation by the grain for green program.[Method] Cryptomeria fortumei plantation respectively 4, 8, and 12 years after planting by the grain for green Program and a farmland without trees as the control were chosen in Xuanwei Municipality, Yunnan Province. Soil, litter and fine roots were collected at different soil layers (0-20,20-40 and 40-60 cm) from the selected plantations and the control plot . Soil organic carbon content and its labile fractions, soil densities, soil nitrogen, as well as litter and fine root biomass were analyzed. [Result] Compared with the farmland, the content of soil organic carbon in the 0-60 cm layer deceased by 20.07%, 19.29%, and 11.52%, respectively for 4, 8 and 12 years of age, indicating that the soil organic carbon content significantly decreased in the early 4 years and then gradually increased thereafter, but not increased to the level in the farmland at the 12th year after planting. For the highest labile fraction of the soil organic carbon the maximum value was 4.46 g·kg^-1 before planting, and the minimum was 2.67 g·kg^-1 at the 4th year after planting; for the second highest labile fraction, the maximum was 12.03 g·kg^-1 at the 8th year after planting and the minimum was 4.61 g·kg^-1 at the 4th year after planting; for the least labile fraction the maximum was 20.94 g·kg^-1 at the 8th year after planting and the minimum was 9.12 g·kg^-1 at the 12th year. The contents of both soil organic carbon and its labile components decreased along with the depth of soil layer, and there were significant differences (P<0.05) among different soil layers; the minimum content (11.14 g·kg^-1) of soil organic carbon was found in the soil layer of 40-60 cm at the 8th year. The correlation coefficients of the soil organic carbon, the highest labile fraction, and the second highest labile fraction with the total soil nitrogen were 0.894, 0.756 and 0.755, respectively, which were all significantly positive. The coefficient of soil organic carbon with soil density was -0.664, indicating a significantly negative correlation.[Conclusion] The soil organic carbon and its labile fractions in the 0-60 cm soil layer showed a decrease in early years and an increase in later years in Cryptomeria fortumei plantations. The age and the litter content were important factors affecting the changes. We suggest reduce forest logging and retain the forest litter as far as possible in order to have a good management of forest carbon sink.

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate patterns of waterfront plant landscape construction and provide a theoretical basis for plant landscaping and landscape assessment through a scientific evaluation of the landscape quality of Lingnan region.[Method] 64 landscape units of waterfront plants in Lingnan region were investigated for landscape quality assessment using scenic beauty estimation procedure (SBE) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and the applicability and relatedness of the two methods were also explored. Plant species richness, abundance, and the typical Lingnan waterfront landscapes were assessed and analyzed using cluster analysis and stepwise regression analysis. [Result] The number of landscape units with a ranking difference between SBE value (YSBE) and landscape quality value (Y_AHP) ≤ 20 accounted for 75% of all the landscape units assessed using SBE and AHP, indicating that the two methods for waterfront plant landscape assessment had high consistency. The cluster analysis divided the 64 waterfront plant landscape units into 5 groups. The first group was excellent assessed with both AHP and SBE methods (Y_AHP ≥ 6.00,Y_SBE ≥ 0.50)and most landscape units in this group had a ranking difference < 20. Landscape units of the 4th and 5th groups were ranked at the last seven by SBE, and their ranking difference was < 12, indicating that the evaluators have similar aesthetic values, and thus it is feasible to reveal the intrinsic rules of plant landscaping through scientific methods of assessment. Plant diversity of artistic configuration (x₆) and stability of plant community structure (x₉) had significant effects on SBE outcomes (P<0.05), which was represented by stepwise regression analysis with dependent variable YSBE against independent variable xi of landscape units: Y_SBE=－4.234 3+0.300 4 x₆+0.357 7 x₉. The excellent landscape units were characterized by plant richness disposition of various growth forms as: 2 species of evergreen trees, 1 species of deciduous trees, 3 species of shrubs, 2 species of aquatic plants, and 4 species of groundcover plants, and plant abundance disposition as: 4 evergreen tree individuals, 1 deciduous tree individuals, and 12 shrub individuals. Spatially, aquatic plants and groundcover plants should cover an area of 18 m² and 74 m², respectively.[Conclusion] SBE is a simple, reliable, easy-to-master and easy-to-promote method, while AHP reflects both aesthetic and ecological functions of landscapes at the same time and can yield objective and comprehensive assessment results. The waterfront plant landscape with Lingnan local characteristics should represent a neat and natural style, with tall trees as background. Trees or shrubs resistant to wet stress and with soft branches, beautiful tree forms, flower, and leaves should be chosen for the waterfront. The foreground of plants should be the bright-colored shrubs or herbs such as red or yellow ones. Plants should be selected with appropriate richness and abundance to promote robust growth. The canopy line of plant community and plant outer line should have changes, leaving places for people to get close to the water. Additionally, the waterfront plant landscape composed of clear and open water, natural revetment and rocks, coupled with high-quality green maintenance, contributes to the offering of high scenic beauty and ecological benefits.

[Objective] In order to provide technical support for the analysis and control of forest spatial structure, this paper put forward a novel edge correction method, that is, distance determinant of Voronoi nodal.[Method] To assess the performance of distance determinant of Voronoi nodal, this study compares and analyzes this new method with other edge correction methods by firstly introducing the quantitative evaluation index RMSE, then applying uniform angle index, aggregation index and other spatial structural index to form RMSE, and finally setting up different simulation plots and survey plots. [Result] Although buffer zone, nearest-neighbor correction, distance determinant of Voronoi nodal are all called minus-sampling correction methods, their performances and effects are affected by several factors, such as sample size, tree spatial pattern, forest spatial structure indices, plot conditions, etc. buffer zone is simple and easy to operate, but its samples are seriously wasted and there also exist leakage and errors, which leads to a usual high level of RMSE curve. Distance determinant of Voronoi nodal can be seen as a correction method which adaptively changes with the actual border forest distribution. It has greater ability to correct and can maximize the elimination of edge effects in plots, thus which is better than the other edge correction methods when calculating uniform angle index, size ratio and aggregation index with sufficient samples. However, there exist some shortcomings such as error determinant, low sample utilization ratio, etc. The performance of nearest-neighbor correction stands fell the middle of the above-mentioned two methods, and its overall level of RMSE was higher than that of distance determinant of Voronoi nodal. [Conclusion] Sample size is closely related to edge correction methods, any changes in the plot size or forest density are ultimately reflected as the increase or decrease of sample size. Therefore, maintaining adequate samples for edge correction is particularly important. Spatial distribution is another important factor which would affect edge correction. When the spatial pattern is random or uniform, the important role of edge correction can be better reflected. In addition, after edge correction, the calculation accuracy of all kinds of spatial structure indices can be improved significantly and adequate forest sample sizes are needed to calculate the aggregation index.

[Objective] To elucidate the effect of metaxenia on photosynthesis that promotes fruit enlargement in Carya cathayensis, the shape, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of C. cathayensis fruits pollinated with two different pollens during the fruit growth stages were measured. [Method] Two pollination combinations (C. cathayensis ×C.cathayensis or C. cathayensis ×C. illinoensis) were conducted in this study. The dynamic changes in photosynthetic area, dry mass, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated during the fruit growth stages. [Result] 1) The hickory fruits pollinated with pecan pollens (pp) were significant larger and greener than those pollinated with hickory pollens (hp). Compared with the hickory fruits pollinated with hp, the increasing rate of the surface area and dry mass per day per fruit was significant higher in hickory fruits pollinated with pp at the early and late fruit growth stages (from 50 to 73 d after pollination and from 103 to 120 d after pollination). The photosynthetic rate per area of exocarp in hickory fruits pollinated with pp was significantly higher than that in fruits pollinated with hp during 50 to 85 days after pollination. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between the dry mass increment and photosynthesis rate increment expressed on per fruit per day of hickory fruits. 2) The chlorophyll content of exocarp in fruits pollinated with pp was significantly higher than that in fruits pollinated with hp, and there was a significant positive correlation between the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of exocarp in hickory fruits. 3) The Y, ETR and q_P in fruits pollinated with pp were significantly higher than those in fruits pollinated with hp at PAR of 1 265 μmol·m^-2s^-1. The light intensity of the maximum ETR in exocarp of hickory fruits pollinated with hp was significantly lower compared with that in fruits pollinated with pp during the fruit growth stages. The light intensity of the maximum ETR in exocarp of hickory fruits pollinated with hp significantly decreased at the late fruit growth stage (from 103 to 120 d after pollination), decreased by about 50%. The Y(NO) in exocarp of hickory fruits pollinated with hp significantly increased from 103 to 120 d after pollination. Compared with pericarp of hickory fruits pollinated with hp, the exocarp of fruits pollinated with pp had higher Y(II) and lower Y(NO). [Conclusion] At the early fruit growth stage (from 50 to 73 d after pollination), the faster increase in dry mass of the fruits pollinated with pp was due to the higher photosynthetic surface area and photosynthetic rate; at the late fruit growth stage (from 103 to 120 d after pollination), the faster increase in dry mass of the fruits pollinated with pp was due to the increased photosynthetic surface area. At the late fruit growth stage (from 103 to 120 d after pollination), the fruits pollinated with hp was more susceptible to light damage. It is suggested that the higher dry mass of fruits pollinated with pp might to related to the adaptability of high-light at the late growth stages.

[Objective] Harvest rotations are applied by foresters to reduce the length of the period of growing cycle for Houpoëa Officinalis culture. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of harvest rotations and growth time on growth and medicinal active ingredient content of Magnolia officinalis, and provide the theoretical basis for cultivation techniques. [Method] This study was conducted in M. officinalis. plantations with different rotations and stand ages in Anhua County, Hunan Province, and the growth performance, including tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), bark yield, bark thickness and the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as honokiol and magnolol in bark were examined. [Result] The results showed that stumping significantly enhanced the growth rate of DBH, tree height and bark yield. The six-year-old plants with 1-2 rotations were similar in DBH, tree height and bark yield to the eight-year-old plants without rotation. Bark thickness was significantly and negatively correlated with rotations. The content of secondary metabolites accumulated rapidly after stumping, and the content in bark of 6-8-year-old plants with one rotation closed to that of 8-12-year-old plants without rotation. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in rotation 2 was significantly slower than generation one. The bark became thin and with low content of secondary metabolites after rotation 3 and then the root gradually decomposed. [Conclusion] The stumping method plays an important role in M. officinalis stand restoration which can facilitate the plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. This culture method can enable the forester profit earlier 3-4 years from M. officinalis cultivation.

[Objective] This study was based on 8 older-than-15-years progeny tests of the first generation breeding population of Masson pine(Pinus massoniana) in Guangxi. On the basis of comprehensive evaluation of breeding objectives and genetic diversity, a second generation breeding populations of Masson pine was established. [Method] Progeny growth data was analyzed using the SAS software which was based on linear model, and according to the results, second generation plus trees were selected. SSR markers were used to analyze genetic diversity of the second generation plus trees, parental analysis and genetic distance estimation. According to the genetic distance among the 2^nd-generation plus trees, the second generation breeding populations was structured.[Result] In the progeny tests, the two families were significantly different in growth tratits. Most progenies have a family heritability above the medium level (h²≥0.2) in volume which was suitable for the selection of superior families. Based on this, selection of second generation of breeding population can use the combined individual selection and mass selection. 163 trees were selected from the progeny tests, and the average genetic gain was 21.95%. The genetic diversity of the second generation breeding materials was studied by using 16 pairs of SSR primers. A total of 45 alleles were detected at 16 loci. The mean number of alleles (N_a) per locus was 2.7, polymorphism rate was 100%; the mean number of effective alleles (N_e) per locus was 1.54; Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.49 and the average observed heterozygosity (H_o) was 0.32. Using the Coancestry Version 1.0 software to calculate the average second-generation breeding population, the coancestry coefficient was 0.042 and the breeding population status number was 11.9. According to the 16 pairs of SSR primers amplified, second generation breeding population of male parents were analyzed by the CERVUS2.0 software, and the results indicated that the second generation of the 163 tress, male parent could be determined for 57 individuals under the 95% confidence level, and for other 102 individuals under the 80% confidence level. In order to avoid inbreeding in advanced generations, the second generation breeding populations were clustered with the genetic distance index. According to the results of distance clustering, the 163 individuals were divided into 10 sub-lines, numbered from Gui GC2-A-Gui GC2-J. In the establishment of the second generation seed orchard of Masson pine, following strategies was proposed for 2^nd-generation seed orchard: a certain number of best clones from each sub-line were chosen to establish 2^nd generation seed orchard; mating among the sub-lines was adopted in cross breeding of the next generation, so that the overall level of inbreeding in the breeding population can be maintained at a relatively low level. [Conclusion] According to preliminary results, the second generation breeding population of Masson pine in Guangxi was composed of 163 trees. This population had a high genetic diversity, and a low degree of inbreeding among individuals. The second generation breeding population was clustered by the genetic distance, and the strategies of advanced-generation cross breeding were designed: large scale hybridization was carried out among the sub-lines, but only the small scale hybridization experiment was carried out in the sub-lines. The strategy can be applied to effectively avoid inbreeding, laying a foundation for advanced-generation cross breeding of Masson pine.

[Objective] Lycopene has a strong anti-oxidative activity, which could remove free radicals of oxygen to delay the aging of cells of human body. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an important upstream enzyme of lycopene biosynthesis. The fruit of Elaeagnus umbellata was found to accumulate high level of lycopene. This study was aimed to enhance lycopene component of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)by overexpressing EutPDS (GenBank number: GQ254067) driven by fruit-specific promoter. [Method] The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA of EutPDS gene were isolated from E. umbellata fruit using RT-PCR. The copy number was determined by southern blot hybridization. The structural features of EutPDS gene and protein were analyzed by using special software. A recombinant plasmid carrying EutPDS gene driven by fruit-specific promoter 2A11 was constructed. The expression vector was transferred into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101, and then introduced into a tomato variety ‘Zhongshu 4’ by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze EutPDS expression. High performance liquid chromatography and real-time RT-PCR were used to identity the main components of carotenoids and endogenous carotenoid gene expression in tomato fruits of both transgenic lines (OE) and wild-type, respectively. [Result] The cloned EutPDS cDNA has 1 920 bp in length and contained a 1 749 bp ORF. The EutPDS gene was not interrupted by any intron and exists as a single copy in E. umbellata genome. EutPDS encodes a protein of 582 amino acids, which showed a high identity with other plant PDSs. Both a potential dinucleotide-binding motif and the carotenoid-binding domain were identified. The overexpressing vector of EutPDS was transformed into tomato leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated method. Two transgenic lines of EutPDS were obtained after PCR detection and hygromycin screen. The transgenic fruits were redder than wild type. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis showed that EutPDS gene was overexpressed in transgenic tomato fruit. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that two endogenous upstream genes of lycopene biosynthesis, SlPSY and SlZDS, were significantly upregulated while a downstream gene SlLCY-e was significantly downregulated in the fruit of OE-1 compared with the wild-type. Lycopene content in transgenic tomato fruits was nearly twice as much as that in the wild-type, but β-carotene content was not significantly different.[Conclusion] Fruit-specific overexpression of EutPDS gene in tomato can significantly increase the biosynthesis and accumulation of lycopene.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the different modes of mixing birch (Betula platyphylla) into larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) plantations on soil faunal communities and functional groups in mountain area of northern Hebei, China,to provide theoretical basis for the mixed management and sustainable management of larch plantation.[Method] In May, July and September, 2013, a pure larch forest (CK) and two mixed forests (M₁: young and even-aged larch stands mixed with birch; M₂: striped, and uneven-aged stands of larch mixed with birch) were investigated. Hand pick and the Tullgren method were employed to extract soil fauna in these forests. In accordance with the feeding habits, soil fauna were classified into four functional groups, including saprophagous, predacity, phytophagous and Omnivorous. In addition, the differences in soil faunal community structures, biodiversity, and functional group composition of these two mixed modes were analyzed.[Result] A total of 49 106 individuals, belonging to 70 groups, were identified. Among them, 2802 macro-fauna specimens were clustered into 50 groups with Formicidae, Curculionidae larvae and Nematocera larvae as the dominant groups; the others (meso- and micro-fauna) were classified into 33 groups with Acarina and Collembola as dominant ones. Our results showed that M₂ had a significant effect on soil faunal communities after six years of mixed reconstruction, in that the group numbers and mean density of macro-fauna, as well as group numbers of meso- and micro-fauna in M₂ were significantly higher than the these in CK and M₁ (P<0.05), respectively. Moreover, mixed modes, seasons and soil layers had significant influences on group numbers of soil fauna (P< 0.05) but not on mean density. Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Pielou evenness (J) of soil fauna in M₁ were significantly higher than those in CK. Remarkably, the density group index (DG) showed the most significant difference among the three forests (P< 0.001). Of the four functional groups, Saprophagous was the most dominant group in the three forests. Group numbers of saprophagous, predacity and phytophagous in M₂ were significantly higher than those in CK (P< 0.05). The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the distribution of soil fauna in litter layer was significantly correlated with organic carbon (P= 0.048), and the distribution soil fauna in soil layers was significantly correlated with not only soil organic carbon (P= 0.006) but also total nitrogen (P= 0.02) and soil bulk density (P= 0.044).[Conclusion] Our results demonstrated that mixed management in larch plantation after six years enhanced soil faunal structure and diversity possibly through altering litter composition and number and soil physicochemical properties, especially in the uneven-aged striped mixed forests.

[Objective] In order to provide the technical support for the efficient exploitation and utilization of plantation poplar wood resources, this study investigated the method of strengthening-dyeing-combined modification of plantation poplar wood and the properties of the modified wood. [Method] The acid red G aqueous solution, the acid blue A aqueous solution, and the acid red G and the acid blue A blended individually with water soluble strengthening modifier (i.e. MUF resin), all of the same dye mass fraction, were used to modify the plantation poplar wood through the vacuum-pressure impregnation treatment, and the D_A, D_G, MUF-D_A and MUF-D_G dyed wood were obtained respectively. The physical and mechanical properties, color and colorfastness to water of all the dyed wood were measured.[Result] Results showed that: 1) The weight percent gain of the D_A, D_G, MUF-D_A and MUF-D_G dyed wood were -1.69%, -0.65%, 42.64% and 54.27%, and their density were 0.352, 0.365, 0.445 and 0.510 g·cm^-3, respectively. Compared with those of the D_A dyed wood, the density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and compressive strength of the MUF-D_A modified wood increased by 26.42%, 6.76%, 17.63%, and 54.32% respectively. As compared with those of the D_G dyed wood, the density, MOE, MOR, and compressive strength of the MUF-D_G modified wood increased by 39.73%, 8.58%, 18.82%, and 57.18% respectively. 2) The light index difference (ΔL^*), green-red index difference (Δa^*) and yellow-blue index difference (Δb^*) of the D_A and MUF-D_A were all negative, and the MUF-D_A's Δa^* was lower, its ΔL^* and Δb^* were higher, so its blue tone was more obvious. As for the D_G and MUF-D_G, the ΔL^* and Δb^* were negative and the Δa^* was positive, and the ΔL^*, Δa^* and Δb^* of the MUF-D_G were all higher, so its red tone was more obvious. The color saturation difference (ΔC^*) of the MUF-D_A and MUF-D_G were much higher than those of the D_A and D_G. 3) The total color difference (ΔE^*) of the D_A and D_G after water erosion test were 12.92 and 8.30 NBS, while those of the MUF-D_A and MUF-D_G decreased to 5.94 and 6.93 NBS respectively. 4) The IR spectra of the D_A and D_G dyed wood were similar to that of the untreated wood, and the spectra of the MUF-D_A and MUF-D_G modified wood were similar to that of the MUF strengthened wood, no new absorption peak was observed and the peak intensity was almost unchanged. [Conclusion] 1) The acid dyes had minor effects on the reinforcement function of MUF resin, and their combined modification could significantly improve the density, MOR, MOE, and the compressive strength of plantation poplar wood. 2) Compared with the simple dyed wood, the color of strengthening-dyeing combined wood was more vivid and showed better dyeing effect, especially the effect of MUF-D_G was the best. 3) The colorfastness to water of the strengthening-dyeing combined wood was better than that of the simple dyed wood, especially the effect of MUF-D_A was the best. 4) FTIR analysis showed that no new chemical group generated during the strengthening-dyeing combined modification process, and there was no new chemical bonding produced between the wood components and dye which deposited with MUF resin and fixed in wood.

[Objective] In order to provide basis for the high value-added utilization, reducing energy consumption and improving production efficiency of Chinese cedar, superheated steam drying and conventional drying of Chinese cedar (Cryptomeria fortunei)lumber were investigated in this study. Drying quality, microstructure and mechanical properties were compared between two kinds of drying wood. The applicability of superheated steam drying on Chinese cedar lumber was also discussed.[Method] The drying quality and mechanical properties of dried lumber were analyzed by national standards. Furthermore, microstructure of Chinese cedar wood under two kinds of drying methods were observed by scanning electron microscope.[Result] As for 50 mm thickness lumber, the drying time and drying rate was 110 h and 1.18%·h^-1 in superheated steam drying, and 193 h and 0.64%·h^-1 in conventional drying, respectively. Final moisture content (MC), MC deviation in thickness and residual drying stress of lumber with superheated steam drying met the requirements of the 1^st grade of national standard for lumber drying quality. The corresponding quality index obtained by conventional drying met the 1^st grade, but the final MC was in 2^nd grade. There was no significant difference in MC distribution and residual drying stress between the two drying methods. As for drying defect, the crook, cup and twist of lumber after superheated steam drying met the requirements of the 1^st grade, however, warp index only met the requirements of the 2^nd grade. All defects' index of conventional drying lumber met the requirements of the 1^st grade. As for mechanical properties, the average MOE value of superheated steam drying and conventional drying lumber was 5 508.37 MPa and 5 237.52 MPa, respectively. However, the average MOR value of superheated steam drying and conventional drying lumber was 32.35 MPa and 34.13 MPa, respectively. The observation of cell wall showed that the extent and number of splits in pits membrane after superheated steam drying was greater than that after conventional drying. Thus, the moisture was easier to transfer and the permeability of wood was improved, and led to the increased drying rate. [Conclusion] Drying rate of Chinese cedar lumber was extremely affected by drying methods. Compared with the conventional drying, the drying time was shortened by 43% and drying rate was improved by 84% in superheated steam drying. There was no significant difference in drying quality and mechanical properties between the two drying methods, except for the final MC and warp. Porosity in wood after superheated steam drying was greater than that of conventional drying, and this is one of the reasons for improving the wood drying rate. All of these results indicated that the application of superheated steam drying for Chinese cedar lumber would be reasonable, and the drying quality could meet the requirements of wood products.

[Objective] The production and enzymological characteristics of ligninolytic enzymes, including laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) produced by Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4 were investigated. This study could provide theoretical data for commercial process and application of Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4 ligninolytic enzymes.[Method] Laccase, MnP and LiP activity were measured with guaiacol, 2,6-Dimethylphenol and veratryl alcohol as substrate respectively. Effects of temperature, pH value and metal irons on three ligninolytic enzymes were assayed. [Result] Laccase, MnP and LiP activity reached the peak value of 1 390.3 U·mL^-1, 30.3 U·mL^-1 and 52.5 U·mL^-1 respectively on the 18^th, 15^th and 21^st day during the fermentation. The optimum temperature and pH of laccase were 55℃ and 5.5 respectively, and the enzyme activity was stable under 55℃ and pH 4.0-7.0. The optimum temperature and pH of MnP were 60℃ and 5.0 respectively, and the enzyme activity was stable under 55℃ and pH 4.0-9.0. The optimum temperature and pH of LiP were 40℃ and 3.0 respectively, and the enzyme activity was stable under 40℃ and pH 2.0-4.0. Laccase activity was enhanced by the metal ions Mg²⁺,Zn²⁺,Cu²⁺,K⁺, LiP activity was enhanced by Na⁺ and Zn²⁺, and MnP activity was enhanced by Mn²⁺. Whereas three ligninolytic enzymes were inhibited by Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺ and Al³⁺, especially the effect of Fe³⁺ was the strongest.[Conclusion] The effects of temperature, pH and metal ions on activities of ligninolytic enzymes from Paraconiothyrium variabile GHJ-4 were different.

[Objective] Wind-sand hazard is considered one of the most serious issues in oasis cities in northwestern China. Tree species, as a key part of city forest, provides a variety of ecological services and functions such as interception of dust, prevention of wind and sand, improvement of urban settlement environment etc. In this paper, Aksu city was taken as a case study, the city is located in an extreme arid zone and a typical oasis city in southern Xinjiang, China. Dust retention of eleven common tree species in roadside greenbelt of Aksu city and their economic value were quantified and valuated. The results will provide a theoretical basis for integrating the selecting criteria of urban greening species, optimizing management scheme of urban green areas and thus improving urban ecological construction and living environment in arid city.[Method] The cumulative dust retention per tree and unit area was estimated, and the difference of dust retention was analyzed based on the results of foliar elution method in May of 2014. Furthermore, the dust retention values of different tree species were calculated by conversion model.[Result] There were significant differences in dust retention per unit leaf area of different tree species. Dust retention capacity of tree species are as follows: Platanus acerifolia> Sophora japonica> Morus alba> Populus alba var. pyramidalis> Ulmus densa> Vitis vinifera> Pyrus×sinkiangensis> Elaeagnus angustifolia> Prunus cerasifera> Fraxinus sogdiana> Salix babylonica. The quantity of dust removed by Platanus acerifolia was the highest while Salix babylonica was the lowest, showing that the dust retention ability of Platanus acerifolia was nearly three times higher than that of Salix babylonica. The average economic value of dust removal by per hectare street greenbelt area in May was 3.28 yuan·hm^-2d^-1, and the estimated values of dust retention of different tree species were ordered as: Populus alba var. pyramidalis> Platanus acerifolia> Morus alba> Ulmus densa> Prunus cerasifera> Sophora japonica> Pyrus×sinkiangensis> Vitis vinifera> Elaeagnus angustifolia> Salix babylonica > Fraxinus sogdiana, with the highest value of 5.35 yuan·hm^-2d^-1 of Populus alba var. pyramidalis, and the lowest value of 2.01 yuan·hm^-2d^-1of Fraxinus sogdiana.[Conclusion] Under the same external environmental conditions, the capacity and economic value of dust retention were primarily determined by the tree species itself, particularly the leaf structure. Within a given period of time, the quantity of dust retention by trees gradually increases over time. Therefore, use of more local tree species with effective dust retention and wind-sand breaking capacities as many as possible would provide a powerful safeguard for urban landscape security, and for improving healthy development of oasis cities in arid area.

Based on the concept of micro-site coditions,the site types of highway slope were divided,in order to improve the pertinence of slope vegetation measures, to select better method for green engineering, to reduce project costs, and to improve the survival rate and preservation of slope vegetation. [Method] Slopes of Beijing-Chengde highway (Shayugou to the city boundary), Langfang-Zhuozhou highway and Beijing-Shijiazhuang two-channel highway (Dayuancun to the city boundary) in the east of north China were studied. both field surveys on highway slopes and laboratory tests were combined to investigate all the site factors. Then the data of standardized site factors were analyzed by the analysis of variance, multivariate statistical principles of factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis.[Result] Six site groups of highway slopes were determined: plain soil embankment slope, plain soil cutting slope, hilly soil embankment slope, hilly soil cutting slope, plain rock cutting slope, and hilly rock cutting slope. The 6 site groups of highway slopes were divided into 24 site types. [Conclusion] Finally, a site type system of highway slopes in the east of Northern China was obtained by combining the forest site classification in China and the site types of highway slopes in the east of north China, which is aimed at improving the scientific basis and rationality of slope revegetation.

[Objective] Because larvae of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi bore and feed in tree trunk, it is very difficult to control this pest with chemical pesticides. In this study, we screened fungal strains with high pathogenicity to larvae of C. lapathi, and determined the control effect to provide the basis for biological control the pest. [Method] In this study, 7 entomopathogenic fungal strains were tested for pathogenicity to C. lapathi larvae in laboratory. The strong virulent strains were selected and used for infecting trials in the field. The pathogenic symptoms of infection were observed. [Result] 1)The CFCC8732 conidiospore suspension at the concentration of l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was used to infect larvae of C. lapathi. in lab, and the results showed that the adjusted mortality rate of C. lapathi larvae was 93.38%, the quickest median lethal times (LT₅₀) was 3.536 d, and the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was 7.0×10³ conidia·mL^-1. In the field experiments, the conidiospore suspension with l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was smeared on the tree trunk infested by C. lapathi larvae, and the results showed that the adjusted death rate of C. lapathi larvae caused by infection of strains CFCC87323 was 77.62%. 2) The strain of ACCC30830 at the of concentration of l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was used to infect larvae of C. lapathi, and the adjusted death rate of larvae was 81.46%, the LT₅₀ was 4.248 d and the LC₅₀ was 5.43×10³ conidia·mL^-1. In the field experiments, the conidiospore suspension with l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was smeared on the infested trunk of C. lapathi larvae, and the adjusted death rate of C. lapathi larvae caused by infection of strains ACCC30830 was 66.06%. 3)The strain of ACCC30830 conidiospore suspension at the concentration of l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was used to infect larvae of C. lapathi in lab, and the results showed that the adjusted mortality rate of larvae was 73.51%. In the field experiments, the adjusted mortality rate of larvae was 58.48%. 4)The CFCC87327 conidiospore suspension at the concentration of l0⁸ conidia·mL^-1 was used to infect larvae of C. lapathi in lab, the results showed that the adjusted mortality rate of larvae was 72.85%, In the field experiments, the adjusted mortality rate of larvae was 56.32%. 5)As for the pathogenic symptoms, the time from the appearance of symptoms with infection of the strains CFCC87323 to dead body of C. lapathi larvae took (74.67±2.31) h. From the beginning of infection by C. lapathi larvae to the hypha of strains CFCC87323 covering the whole body took (93.67±3.21) h. [Conclusion] The results indicated that strain CFCC87323 of Beauveria bassiana had strongest pathogenicity to C. lapathi larva and the strain ACCC30830 took the second place. The strains ACCC30830 and CFCC87327 also showed pathogenic effect to C. lapathi larva. This study provided a new way to safely and effectively control the population of C. lapathi and their damages to the plants.

[Objective] In view of the main vibration isolation element on the car-rubber spring (the material is the traditional rubber), there are lots of disadvantages such as vibration isolation effect is not ideal, easy aging and sound insulation effect is not good, etc. Based on the theory of wood rubber, the rubber spring in the hydraulic suspension was put forward, and the structure modeling, software simulation and sample experiment were carried out in a commonly used semi active vehicle suspension, which can provide technical support for the application of the wood fiber material in automobile engine vibration reduction.[Method] In specific wood rubber spring material selection, the Korean pine cut from Xiaoxing'an Mountains was used, the density was 0.439 g·cm^-3 and moisture content was 12%-15%. Using the microns long filament cutting machine of forestry and mechanical engineering technology center in Northeast Forestry University, the thickness of wood fiber below 86 μm was cut and the average thickness reached about 50 μm. Then rubbing filaments and the manufacture product was applied on the main spring of semi active hydraulic mount device. The bond graph model and mathematical model of the semi-active hydraulic mount was established based on the bond graph theory. The simulation results obtained by Matlab/Simulink simulation tool were compared with the state equation of bond graph.[Result] In the low frequency range of 0-30 Hz, the dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount was highly consistent with the results of simulation and experiment, and the change trend of the damping lag angle was almost the same. In the high frequency range of 30-200 Hz, the dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount was similar to that of the simulation and the experimental results, however, the values of the damping lag angle were showed different.[Conclusion] 1) The application of wood rubber materials on the main spring of semi active hydraulic mount was completely feasible. The analysis of the vibration isolation characteristics of wood fiber rubber material was reliable, especially for the low frequency vibration isolation simulation. 2) Using bond graph method, the modeling and simulation of semi active hydraulic mount system of the main spring were feasible, and the simulation and test results of the model were good. 3) In the high frequency range, the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results, but some errors in the damping lag angle were found.