[Objective] Moso bamboo shows excellent carbon sequestration potential and plays an important role in combating climate change. Managing bamboo forests affects not only soil carbon pool, but also vegetation carbon pool, and there comes along with carbon emissions and carbon leakage problems. It is of vital significance to study the comprehensive effect of different management measures on the carbon in bamboo forest ecosystem.[Method] A two-way randomized block design was adopted to evaluate the effects of different management measures on net carbon sequestration capacity of moso bamboo forest ecosystem during 2010 to 2013. Excluding the effects of topographical factors, we chose fertilization intensity and harvesting model as the two factors, and each of them was set with three levels, coming to a total of nine treatments:high intensities of both fertilization and harvesting, high intensity of fertilization with intermediate intensity of harvesting, high intensity of fertilization with low intensity of harvesting, intermediate intensity of fertilization with high intensity of harvesting, intermediate intensities of both fertilization and harvesting, intermediate intensity of fertilization with low intensity of harvesting model, no fertilization with high intensity of harvesting model, no fertilization with intermediate intensity of cutting, no fertilization with low harvesting model.[Result] Results showed that between 2010 and 2013 there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in SOM storage in 0-10 cm soil layer but differences were significant (P<0.05) in SOM storage in 0-50 cm soil layer. Differences of carbon storage by under canopy vegetation was not significant (P>0.05) while differences of total carbon storage by vegetation and moso bamboo carbon storage were highly significant (P<0.01). The total transportation leakage from sample area accounted for only 7.32% of total fertilization emissions inside sample area. Differences of net carbon sequestration were significant (P<0.05) between treatments of A₂B₃ (intermediate fertilization intensity with low intensity of harvesting and high retention model) and treatments of A₁B₁ (high fertilization intensity with high intensity of harvesting and low retention model). The highest net carbon sequestration was 64.721 tC·hm^-2 in treatments A₂B₃, and the lowest was-14.237 tC·hm^-2 in treatments A₁B₁. It implies that excessive intensive management may cause carbon emissions in moso bamboo forest ecosystem, and a reasonable model of management will benefit carbon accumulation in moso bamboo forest ecosystem. The soil carbon pool changes accounted for 70.99%±12.30% of all carbon pool changes, the moso bamboo carbon pool for 23.37%±11.24%, the under canopy vegetation carbon pool for 0.63%±0.37%, the transportation leakage for 0.40%±0.16%, and fertilization emissions for 4.60%±4.85%. The sum of soil carbon pool changes and moso bamboo carbon pool changes accounted for 94.36% of all carbon pool changes.[Conclusion] When monitoring and measuring carbon sequestration, for cost saving, we may consider to ignore the under canopy vegetation carbon pool and transportation leakage. The study also showed that under the common management measure of moso bamboo forest, i.e., high fertilization intensity with high harvesting intensity, the total carbon storage by vegetation increases slowly, and soil carbon emission is significant, which goes against the accumulation of net carbon sequestration in moso bamboo forests. We suggest that intermediate fertilization intensity with low harvesting intensity be the best measure to increase carbon sequestration in moso bamboo forests, not only the total vegetation carbon storage increases most, but also soil carbon pool, it is a most favorable model of management for increasing carbon sequestration and reducing the emission of carbon dioxide.

[Objective] The study was intended to understand the characteristics of community structure of the mixed forest of subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees in Mulinzi National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province.[Method] A 15 hm² large plot was established following the field protocol of the CTFS in 2014 in Mulinzi National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province. All freestanding trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥1 cm were mapped and identified to species.[Result] In the studied community, species richness and abundance increased with the decrease of tree heights in vertical layers, and decreased with the increase of DBH,, and the DBH classes showed an inverse J-shape. Ten species types were classified according to the diameter classes, most species were mainly distributed in the smaller diameters. Some dominant populations were clustered in one special class or evenly distributed in each class, this situation indicated that dominant species would have a concentrated or successive regeneration. Eurya alata was the dominant species of DBH<10 cm, and Fagaceae species were the dominant species in other DBH classes. Over 60% individuals of most populations were mainly distributed at the lowest tree layers, and the DBH of over 85% individuals was less than 10 cm, which suggested that these species have good regeneration, and the populations were in progressive succession. Based on the characteristics of height and DBH classes, the 25 dominant species were divided into 4 types. 16 species such as Quercus engleriana, Padus avium, and Cyclobalanopsis multinervis showed expanding populations; 3 species such as Betula luminifera, Populus adenopoda and Populus lasiocarpa were stabilizing recently but would become recession in future; 2 species including Fagus lucida and Castanea henryi displayed declining population; and 4 species (Quercus fabri, Cyclobalanopsis phanera, Tilia chinensis and Fagus engleriana population) showed alternative increasing and declining and fluctuation of the number of individuals.[Conclusion] It is concluded that the freestanding trees were small in the mixed forest of subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved trees in Mulinzi National Nature Reserve, trees of large DBH and height classes were few. Most dominant populations and even the communities were at the stage of progressive succession with good natural regeneration.

[Objective] Through the analysis of soil chemical properties in hydro-fluctuation belt without flooding and after four times of water level fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, we hope to provide a scientific basis for revealing the changes in water and soil conditions and for vegetation restoration.[Method] Permanent sample plots were established in typical hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir and were monitored in 2008 (without flooding) and 2012 (after four times of water level fluctuation) to study the changing characteristics of soil chemical elements.[Result] The results showed that the pH of different soil layers in 2012 increased significantly as compared to 2008, and tended to be neutral. As compared to 2008, the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in different soil layers decreased by 36.9%-53.3%, 12.0%-23.5%, 42.0%-52.3%, 39.7%-43.8%, 12.3%-17.5%, 78.5%-91.4%,and 41.1%-57.9%, respectively. Among them the decrease of N content was relatively smaller and the decrease of P content was the largest. The soil nutrients were in a very poor condition after four times of water level fluctuation, and the change of K content was the most obvious. The soil metal elements were all increased due to the impacts by the water level fluctuation, and in 2012 the largest increases were found in the total Mg and the total Na which were significantly different from those in 2008. The total Ca was somehow increased, but not different significantly from that in 2008.[Conclusion] With the long-time water level fluctuation of the reservoir, the problem of soil depletion and water eutrophication will gradually become more apparent, and a long-time monitoring of the changes of soil chemical properties in this area is needed.

[Objective] The results of forest resources monitoring with remote sensing are often affected by the method of forest type classification, so this study proposed a forest type classification method based on cellular automata (CA), and the proposed method was tested with a Landsat-TM imagery, aiming at improve the classification accuracy, obtained results can be provide a technique support for remote sensing monitoring of forest resource.[Method] The study area was located in Dailing Forestry Management Bureau of Lesser Khingan Range, based on a good quality Landsat5-TM imagery covering the study area acquired in 2010 and forest inventory data of the study area in 2012, by using window method to obtain the 5^th band mean pixel value of all classes as center cluster, and the Moore model as the framework, the cell as the basic unit, the pixel mean value as the object, and the minimum distance method to obtain evolutionary rules, the judging criteria is that the distance between 8 cell which around the center cell and the each center cluster is the nearest as well as the number of pixels is largest which the center cell belongs to the this category. By compared to BP neural network classificationto illustrate the classification accuracy of the cellular automata.[Result] The forest type classification based on cellular automata resulted in an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of respectively 88.712 1% and 0.829 1, especially user accuracy of needle forest, broad-leaved forest and mixed forest respectively 73.60%, 92.94% and 94.13%, this results show that forest type identification is obtained the ideal result. BP neural network classification method achieved the overall accuracy of 86.671 3%, Kappa coefficient of 0.798 4.So the two classification methods can effectively identify the forest type information.[Conclusion] The cellular automata model used in remote sensing image forest type classification can make up the problem of the low classification accuracy caused by the low spatial resolution of TM imagery, it alsocan effectively improve the classification accuracy. And the cellular automata classification method can contribute to monitor the forest resource change and also provide an effective way to improve the efficiency of forest resources monitoring in large-scale areas.

[Objective] This study aimed to disclose the genetic variation, compare and evaluate the diversity in contents of 8 main active components in Eucommia ulmoides male flowers, to provide a scientific basis and materials for resources selection and utilization of the male flower.[Method] A total of 193 E. ulmoides germplasms were selected as samples, the content of total flavonoids and amino acids were determined by the AlCl₃ colorimetric method and an automatic amino acids analyzer, respectively. Aucubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, isoquercitrin and astragaline were determined by HPLC method. Furthermore, variation analysis, multiple comparison, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out based on 8 active components contents.[Result] In different E. ulmoides germplasms, the content and diversity index of amino acids were highest among the 8 components, with an average of 206.23 mg·g^-1 and 2.05, respectively. The variation coefficient of geniposide content was highest (112.00%) and of amino acids content was lowest (12.52%). Correlation analysis showed that aucubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide and isoquercitrin were extremely significantly and positively correlated with each other. The correlation between amino acids and total flavonoids was extremely significant and positive, while amino acids were not significantly correlated with the other 6 components. Principal component analysis revealed that the first four principal components represented 87.040% of 8 active components, and they were suitable for assessing the E. ulmoides male flower resources. Based on data of 8 active components, 193 E. ulmoides germplasms were clustered into 5 groups and the contents of 8 active components were significantly different among the 5 groups. The contents of 8 active components were comparatively lower in the first group, the amino acids content in the second group was higher than the other 4 groups, the content of total flavonoids and flavonoids components were highest in the third group, the content of iridoid components were highest in the fourth group, and chlorogenic acid and geniposidic acid content in the fifth group were higher than the other 4 groups. Different types of E. ulmoides male flowers were preliminarily defined.[Conclusion] The contents of 8 main active components in E. ulmoides male flowers were high with great value of utilization, and high diversity and variation were found in different germplasms, which showed great potential for selection and imporvement. Thus, it could provide basal materials for the male flower breeding and the resources development and utilization.

[Objective] This study aimed to select the suitable key cultivation conditions for growth of Rhododendron moulmainense and provide technical support for landscape application of R. moulmainense.[Method] The split-plot experiment design was adopted with different shading (0%,20%,50%,80%) as the main plot and different soil water drainage (high bed and flat bed) as the subplot. The plant increment and photosynthetic characteristics of R. moulmainense. were measured.[Result] The results showed that under 50% shading with high bed, the branch increment was greatest, and chlt (total chlorophyll content), P_max(maximum net photosynthetic rate), AQY (apparent quantum yield), daily average P_n (net photosynthetic rate), daily average WUE (water use efficiency), and daily average P_n/PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) of R. moulmainense were relatively higher or the highest. The chla/chlb (chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b), LCP (light compensation point), LSP (light saturation point), and R_d (dark respiration rate) were relatively lower or the lowest. In contrast, under 0% shading with flat bed, the chlorophyll content, P_max, AQY, daily average P_n, daily average WUE, and daily average P_n/PAR of R. moulmainense were the lowest, and the basal stem increment chla/chlb, LCP, LSP, and Rd were the highest.In general, with enhancing of shading (moderate shading) and soil water drainage, the branch increment, chlorophyll content and RWC appeared the trend of increasing gradually, while the other indexes all appeared the trend of decreasing gradually.[Conclusion] It is concluded that Rhododendron moulmainense is suitable for growing in the habitat with 50% shading and high bed.

[Objective] The characteristics of pollen germination and the differences of allergenic proteins among six poplar germplasms (Populus deltoides ‘2KEN8’, P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’, P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’, P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’, P. simonii and P. nigra var. italica) were studied to provide a theoretical basis and scientific evidence for breeding hypoallergenic poplar varieties and for the control of plant allergy.[Method] Pollen was collected from flower branches of six poplar germplasms collected from Beijing, Hebei and Henan in March 2015 for a period of hydroponic culture, pollen germination was studied by liquid culture method, and pollen allergenic proteins of different poplar germplasms was used by two-dimensional electrophoresis and real-time quantitative PCR.[Result] 1) The pollen viability of P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’, P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’ and P. nigra var. italica was higher, followed by P. simonii and P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’, however, the viability of P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ was the worst; the largest pollen germination rate was in P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’, up to 74.42% (±2.36%), while the pollen germination of triploid P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ was 0; the average length of pollen tube of P. nigra var. italica was 456 μm (±2.05 μm), the shortest was in P. simonii, 276.44 μm (±11.08 μm), and the difference of pollen germination rate and pollen tube length among different entities were highly significant (P<0.01), suggesting that the pollen viability was significantly different among different germplasms. 2) The 2-DE maps of P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’, P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’, P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’, P. simonii and P. nigra var. italica mature pollen were analyzed by Imagemaster 2D platinum 6.0, a total of 408 protein spots were matched. Based on the 28 potentially allergenic proteins of P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’ identified in our previous study, 6 allergenic proteins were missing expression in the other five entities; both P. nigra var. italica and P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’ had 21 allergenic proteins, P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’ had 19; while P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ and P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’ had the least number of allergenic proteins, only 18. Morover, the analysis of difference expression indicated that 12 of the 22 remaining allergenic proteins were less expressed in the five entities than in P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’, the range of relative expression level was -3.99——0.02. The expression level of P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ and P. simonii was the least, especially they had 10 and 8 allergenic proteins which were significantly or highly significant lower than that of P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’, respectively. The expression of 3 allergenic proteins in the 5 entities was higher than in P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’. The strongest expression was in P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’, significantly greater than in P. deltoides ‘2KEN8’, followed by P. nigra var. italica, P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’, P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’ and P. simonii. Variance analysis among groups suggested that the expression of 17 allergenic proteins of P. nigra var. italica and P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’ were significantly (P<0.05) or highly significantly (P<0.01) greater than that of P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ and P. simonii. 3) qRT-PCR results showed that there were 5 of 9 allergenic proteins encoding genes highly expressed in P. nigra var. italica and P. deltoides ‘Nanyang’, including spot 12, 51, 200, 216 and 161, followed by P. simonii, while both of P. deltoides×P. maximowiczii ‘Eridano’ and P. deltoides×P. cathayana ‘Senhai 2’ had only 2 highly expressed allergenic protein coding genes.[Conclusion] The pollen viability, the number and expression levels of allergenic proteins were significantly different among the 6 germplasm entities, providing an important basis for future breeding of new poplar hypoallergenic varieties. However, further study is needed to understand the correlation between expression levels and allergenicity of the allergenic proteins of mature pollen.

[Objective] The correlations between heterosis in growth traits of progeny and combining ability, genetic distance of their parents for Pinus massoniana were analyzed to select parents scientifically for hybrid breeding based on performance of the progeny. The study on heterosis, combining ability and genetic distance would provide guidance for the breeding of Pinus massoniana.[Method] Two sets of test materials from the third generation of P. massoniana grown in Laoshan Forest Farm of Zhejiang Province were used to investigate the heterosis and combining ability of growth traits in 6×6 half diallel cross designs. SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic distances between mating parents and the relationships between heterosis of the progeny and general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), genetic distance(GD) of the mating parents.[Result] Results showed that the phenotypic value and heterosis of growth traits exhibited significant differences between the two hybrid combinations. Except the GCA of DBH in the design II, the combining abilities of other growth traits were significantly different between different mating combinations. All growth traits but DBH in the design II were controlled mainly by the additive gene effects. For all growth traits, family heritability (h_f²) were relatively high (0.884-0.966), indicating a high level of genetic control for the growth traits. Genetic diversity of the 12 breeding parents was at a moderate level with Nei's gene diversity index of 0.301 2 and Shannon's information diversity index of 0.467 8. The GDs among parents were 0.142 1-0.351 6. Meanwhile, most correlations between phenotypic value, heterosis of growth traits and the sum of general combining ability (GCA_P1+P2), SCA, GD (≤ 0.351 6) were significantly positive. Among the GCAs of mating parents, GCA_P1+P2 was proved to have the strongest predictive ability for the phenotypic value and heterosis of growth traits, the general combining ability of male parents (GCA_P2) was the second, and the general combining ability of female parents (GCA_P1) was the weakest. Among the GCA_P1+P2, SCA and GD of the parents, GCA_P1+P2 was proved to have the strongest ability to predict the phenotypic value of growth traits, SCA was proved to have the strongest ability to predict the heterosis, and the predictive ability of GD for phenotypic value and heterosis was weaker than GCA_P1+P2 and SCA. Except the GCA_P1+P2 of cross design Ⅱ, other GCA_P1+P2, SCA, GD were found to have a significant linear correlation with the heterosis in volume index of the progeny.[Conclusion] Since there existed a relative closer correlation between GCA_P1+P2, SCA, GD (≤ 0.351 6) and phenotypic value, heterosis of growth traits, it is feasible to predict the phenotypic value and heterosis in growth traits by combining ability and smaller genetic distance to improve the efficiency of parental apolegamy and the utilization of heterosis for P. massoniana.

[Objective] In plants, sex determination is a comprehensive process of correlated events, which involves genes that are differentially or specially expressed in distinct developmental phases. Ginkgo biloba is a typical dioecious gymnosperm species with high ecological and economical values. The morphological traits and growth habits are significantly different between mature female and male individuals. These differences are likely related to sex determination in G. biloba. In the present study, the screening of sex determination genes of G. biloba will lay a solid foundation for further exploring the mechanism of sex determination in this species.[Method] We conducted RNA-sequencing of female and male buds (CY and XY) as well as ovulate strobilus and staminate strobilus (CH and XH) of G. biloba from the same family to gain insights into the genes potentially related to sex determination in this species. The expression level of 26 randomly selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was tested using quantitative real-time PCR.[Result] Approximately 60 Gb of clean reads were obtained from eight cDNA libraries. De novo assembly of the clean reads generated 108 307 unigenes with an average length of 796 bp. A high level of correlation was found between the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR for the 26 randomly selected DEGs. Among these unigenes, 51 953 (47.97%) had at least one significant match with a gene sequence in one of the public protein and nucleotide databases. A total of 4 709 and 9 802 DEGs were identified in XY vs.CY and XH vs.CH, respectively. 11 commonly DEGs and transcription factors associated with plant hormone signal and transduction (such as PYL, SNRK2, EIN3 etc.) as well as genes encoding methyltransferase (e.g. MET1 and COMT1) were assumed to involve in sex determination in G. biloba.[Conclusion] The transcriptome resources generated allowed us to identify diverse functional genes that may be associated with sex determination in G. biloba. Our results laid a solid foundation for fully exploring the mechanism of sex determination in G. biloba.

[Objective] The formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae), is one of important wood-feeding pest in China. To protect the ecological environment and reduce the use of the chemical pesticide in Taiwan termite prevention, it is urgently needed to search for alternative ingredients in place of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of the pesticide. This study investigated oxymatrine, from plants, with insecticidal activity that has inhibitory effect on cellulase activity of Taiwan termite workers, in order to provide the basis for the application of oxymatrine in the termite prevention and control.[Method] In this study, the workers of C. formosanus starved for 2 d were fed by 1% oxymatrine treated filter paper were investigated under laboratory conditions. In 6 h,12 h,1 d,3 d,5 d,7 d after treatment, digestive tracts of Taiwan termite ants were collected and the protein content was determined using the Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250, and the filter paper activity (FPA), endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EG), β-glucosidase (BG), and cellobilohydrolase (CBH) activities were assayed using the dinitrosalicylic acid method.[Result] The results showed that 1% oxymatrine had significant inhibitory effect on filter paper activity(FPA)and the activities of endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EG),β-1,4-D-glucosidase (BG) and cellobilohydrolase (CBH) except for the activity of FPA and CBH in 6 h. The average cellulase inhibition rate was FPA > EG ≥ BG > CBH. Cellulase inhibition rate increased with the extension of treatment time, except for the EG inhibition rate in 5 d, BG inhibition rate in 3 d, and CBH inhibition rate in 12 h. Activity of C. formosanus workers exposed to 1% oxymatrine for 7 days was weakened significantly. The weight of the treated termite workers was significantly decreased compared with the control group, and the termite mortality was significantly increased.[Conclusion] This study determined that 1% oxymatrine had significant inhibitory effect on cellulas activity of C. formosanus, indicating that the inhibition of cellulase activity is one of the mechanisms of oxymatrine on insecticidal activity. Oxymatrine has chronic lethal activity on C. formosanus. The use of oxymatrine in suppressing cellulose digestibility of C. formosanus is a worth exploring methods of prevention of C. formosanus.

[Objective] Soil microorganisms drive the biogeochemical processes of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in soil, and play a key role in maintaining soil carbon sink and forest ecosystem function. In this study, we analysed effects of environmental and spatial factors on the soil bacterial community structure in cold-temperature coniferous forest,which would provide the oretical basis for making management measures for the local forest ecosystem.[Method] This research analyzed four soil bacteria communities (LpMC1, LpMC2, PwMC and PtMC) in three coniferous forest types, including Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii forest, Picea wilsonii forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Pangquangou Nature Reserve in Guandi Mountains with Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Meanwhile, soil enzyme activity and soil physicochemical properties were determined to analyze the relationship between bacteria community structure and forest types as well as soil environmental factors.[Result] 1) In the region, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Chlamydiae and Nitrospirae were dominant bacteria groups; 2) Redundancy analysis between the relative abundance of dominant bacterial groups and soil environmental parameters showed that soil moisture content, carbon and nitrogen ratio, pH and soil enzyme activity were the main factors that affected soil bacterial community structure; Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were relatively more suitable for living in the acid, humidity and nutrition rich status soil, and active carbon was the main carbon source, while Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi were more dominant in alkaline, drought and poor nutrient soil, and resistant carbon was the main carbon source.3) Alphadiversity analysis showed that there existed difference in diversity of soil bacteria community between the four coniferous forests.Low richness and high diversity were observed in P. tabulaeformis forest (PtMC) with poor nutrient while high richness and low diversity were observed in L. gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii forest (LpMC1) on high altitude with rich nutrient.4) Beta diversity analysis showed that bacteria community structures of P. wilsonii forest and P. tabuliformis forest were the most similar while L. gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii forests on different elevations had the same trend.[Conclusion] Environmental selection and dispersal limitation led to the significant differences of structure and biodiversity among soil bacterial communities from coniferous forests in the study area. Hereby, through the development of different forest management measures, we can change the soil environment,and then optimize the soil bacterial community structure, improve the soil carbon sequestration, and promote the recycling of nutrients such as nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus in improving soil fertility.

[Objective] Chemical pretreatment is a critical step for transforming a biomass to its value-added lignocellulosic biomass polymeric products, and the elucidation of pretreatment mechanism is important for improving the thermal treatment efficiency.[Method] Four-year-old bamboo was pretreated with acid, alkali and glycerine at 117℃ and 135℃,respectively. The structural features of the pretreated and the native samples were characterized and compared using a set of spectroscopy and wet chemistry methods including FTIR, XRD,respectively.[Result] The results showed that the holocellulose and cellulose yields increased significantly, and the lignin removal rate was better for dilute alkali (NaOH) pretreatment than that for dilute acid (H₂SO₄) and glycerin pretreatments. Furthermore, for the same solutions, the compositional changes of samples were more remarkable at 135℃ than those at 117℃, and the same degradation of hemicelluloses was observed for different processing.All of the pretreatment samples exhibited relatively low average degree of polymerization (DP) values, indicating that the pretreatment processing could change the super molecular structure.The X-ray diffraction results showed that after different chemical heat treatments, the 002 peak position was clearly offset, the crystalline width and half peak width decreased, but the crystalline intensity increased significantly, and the relative crystallinity declined at 117℃ and gradually increased at 135℃. The results obtained by Fourier infrared spectrum were consistent with those of the X-ray diffraction.[Conclusion] For both 117℃ and 135℃ pretreatment temperature in sand bath, alkali pretreatment effects were stronger than that of the dilute acid and glycerin. These results would provide foundation and basis for the research of energy transformation of lignocellulose raw material.

[Objective] (-)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-(-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (1) was found to be the main depolymerized product of polymeric proanthocyanidins (PPC) from the pine barks with tea polyphenols (TP), and showed higher DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities than both PPC and TP. In order to provide the basis for further development and utilization of depolymerized product of PPC, the objective of this study was to optimize the depolymerization process of PPC from the barks of Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis with TP, by using the content of 1 as an evaluation indicator.[Method] The content of compound 1 in reacted solution was analyzed by HPLC, and the effects of reaction temperature (50-90℃), reaction time (30-180 min), HCl concentration (0.1%-5%) and TP/PPC ratio (1:3-3:1, w/w) on the content of 1 were investigated by single factor experiments. The depolymerization process was optimized using response surface methodology, at a five-level, four-variable experiment central composite rotatable design. Using the content of 1 as response, and above four factors as variables, the twenty-eight experiments were conducted to analyze the response pattern and to establish model for reaction process. The responses obtained from the experimental design set were subjected to multiple nonlinear regression using Design-Expert V8.0.6 software to obtain the coefficients of the second-polynomial model, and its statistical significance was evaluated by variance analysis.[Result] The reaction temperature, HCl concentration and TP/PPC ratio strongly affects the content of 1 in the depolymerization reaction. The regression model was very significant (P<0.000 1) with a good coefficient (R²=0.952 6), suggesting that the proposed experimental design was suitable to analysis and to predict the simulation of 1. The optimum depolymerization conditions were as follows:reaction temperature 70℃, reaction time 60 min, HCl concentration 1%, and TP/PPC ratio 3:2. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the experimental content of 1 was 718.57 nmol·mL^-1, which was well matched with the predicted content (721.39 nmol·mL^-1).[Conclusion] It was feasible to use response surface method to optimize the depolymerization process of PPC from the barks of P. kesiya var. langbianensis with TP for the production of 1.

[Objective] Low level of the forest fruit industry mechanization has been seriously affected the promotion of agricultural mechanization level in China,households are the main body of forest fruit production,households' demands for mechanization of each link are different. Assessing demand and preferences of the rural households may provide the reference to promote the mechanization of forest fruit industry.[Method] Taking Huangguogan orange and loquat as examples, the conditions and demands for mechanization of the rural households' forest fruit production were analyzed. It had come up with a demand priority order of rural households' forest fruit production according to the weighted average method and preferred method, then using hierarchical clustering analysis method to further accurate understanding of the demand level. The influence factors of households' forest fruit production mechanization demands were analyzed by using Multinomial Logistic model.[Result] Firstly, in the households of the samples, only some households realized mechanization in spraying, fertilizing, weeding and irrigating sectors. Secondly, the households' demand intensity of the forest fruit production mechanization, from strong to weak, were as follows:weeding, irrigating, fertilizing, spraying, fruit bagging, flower controlling and fruit thinning, pruning and picking, and the mechanization demand of the households' were divided into three types:mature mechanization need to be promotion, relatively more developed mechanization but still need to be improved and low demand mechanization. Thirdly, from the impact factors on the households' forest fruit production mechanization demand, in the variables of manager characteristics, the gender significantly influenced on irrigating, fertilizing models; the age significantly influenced on fertilizing, spraying, picking pruning, flower controlling and fruit thinning models; the education level significantly influenced on pruning and flower controlling and fruit thinning models; the planting years significantly influenced on bagging, picking, pruning, flower controlling and fruit thinning models; in the variables of households' family characteristics, the amount of labor significantly influenced on fruit bagging, picking and spraying models; the planting area significantly influenced on all the models in addition to the spraying; the proportion of income significantly influenced on pruning, bagging, flower controlling and fruit thinning models; the number of migrant workers significantly influenced on all the models except the bagging; in the variables of technical perception characteristics, the technical risk perception and the difficult degree of the technology to be realized significantly influenced on pruning, flower controlling and fruit thinning, bagging and picking models; the frequency of technical attention significantly influenced on every model; forest fruit type only significantly influenced on bagging model.[Conclusion] Firstly, the mechanization level of the rural households forest fruit production was fell behind. Secondly, there were significant differences in households' demands for forest fruit production mechanization. Thirdly, managers characteristics,family characteristics,technical perception characteristics had significantly positive effects on the rural households' demands for mechanization,whereas different forest fruit types had no significant effects on the rural households' demands for mechanization.

[Objective] The agricultural waste-mushroom residue, which remains after the production of edible fungi, is widely available and cheap. And it is now gradually cognized as a potential alternative to the peat for seedling production. This study aimed to explore the mushroom residue compost as peat alternative substrate material for the feasibility of container seedlings and promote cyclic utilization of agricultural waste resources.[Method] This study was tested for feasibility as a component (0-75%) of a container medium for growing one-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis container seedlings in a greenhouse. The physical and chemical properties of different mediums and their effects on the growth of seedlings were studied.[Result] When the proportions of mushroom residue compost reaching to 30%, seedling germination percentage could achieve 80% production index requirements; seedling height, diameter, shoot biomass, and foliar biomass all did not exhibit significant changes compared with the peat treatment. Root morphology (except the fine root of 0<D ≤ 0.5mm) exhibit little changes compared with the control when the growing media contained less than 50% mushroom residue compost. However, as the composition of compost in the mixed medium increasing, the fine root morphology index (total root length, total root surface area and total root volume) firstly increased and then decreased, and it reached the highest when the compost reaching to 30%, which was significantly higher than the peat treatment. Adding mushroom residue compost could significantly promote the accumulation of N,P,K nutrients in seedlings, and N and K contents in seedling foliar increased significantly as the composition of compost was 30%, indicating that the medium could produce relatively high quality of seedlings which might be good for outplanting. The physical properties of all the treatments were suitable to grow seedlings. Density of medium gradually increased with the adding of compost but overall was still light. The water retention and air permeability of all treatments exhibit little changes. High pH value might be one of the important reasons to decrease the seedling quality when the composition of mushroom residue compost was higher than 40%, because it might affect the root system and its absorption of ions. Furthermore, higher EC value and available N, P, K nutrient levels of some treatments also might be another key reason to affect the seedling quality, including it might inhibit the growth of fine roots.[Conclusion] Thus, combined with the substrates materials cost and environmental factors, the best medium prescription is 30% mushroom residue compost, 25% perlite and 45% peat. This study provided a scientific basis for the evaluation of the application of the mushroom residue compost in the container seedling.

[Objective] Ethylene, a kind of phytohormone, plays a critical role in fruit maturation and senescence. This study aims to explore the effect of ethylene on expression of the genes involved in ethylene of mulberry fruit, in order to provide a basis for exploring the economic value of mulberry using the methods of molecular biology. The total sugar content and anthocyanin content were detected and transcriptional expression of ethylene and anthocyanin related genes were analyzed in the variety ‘Jialing 40’ (Morus alba ‘Jialing 40’) fruits.[Method] The mulberry fruits were sprayed with ethephon(100 mg·L^-1) 21days (21DAF) and 26 days (26DAF) after full-bloom, respectively and 1-MCP(0.5 μL·L^-1) was applied after harvest. Anthocyanin content and total sugar content was measured, total RNA of mulberry were extracted and reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA. The relative transcriptional expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes MaACO2 and MaACS3, and signal transduction related genes like MaETR1, MaETR2, MaCTR1, MaEIN2, MaEIL2, and anthocyanin related genes like MaDFR and MaANS were analyzed by using qRT-PCR.[Result] Compared with the control, the anthocyanin and total sugar content were significantly increased by ethephon but decreased by 1-MCP, and the expression level of anthocyanin related genes were up-regulated by ethephon at 21DAF and 26DAF. At 21DAF, the expression level of ethylene related genes were up-regulated by ethephon, but the transcripts of MaACO2, MaACS3 and MaEIL2 were decreased by 1-MCP; MaETR1, MaCTR1, MaEIN2 were up-regulated significantly but the transcripts of MaETR2 displayed a non-significant change by 1-MCP.At 26DAF, the expression level of ethylene related genes were down-regulated by 1-MCP and changed differently by ethephon. After 32 hours, MaACO2, MaETR1, MaETR2, MaEIN2 and MaEIL2 were up-regulated while MaACS3 and MaCTR1 were down-regulated by ethephon compared with the control.[Conclusion] Ethephon could up-regulated the transcripts of ethylene biosynthesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes and influence the ethylene signal transduction related genes, but 1-MCP inhibited the ethylene signal transduction related genes and blocked ethylene signal transduction. Accumulation of anthocyanin and total sugar content were accelerated by ethephon, but inhibited by 1-MCP.