[Objective] In order to provide a reliable theoretical basis and valuable technical ways for the maintenance, restoration, and improvement of soil functions, the paper revealed the reasons and mechanism of the degradation of the quantity and quality of soil organic matters of plantations in China and its influence on the growth of forest trees.[Method] On the basis of the research results in the field of forest soil organic matters in years, and with reference to the extensive literatures both home and abroad, the paper gave an in-depth discussion of the reasons and mechanism of the degradation of the quantity and quality of soil organic matters and its influence on forest trees.[Result] Soil organic matter is the core of forest soil fertility, not only as the organic nutrient pool, but also the inorganic nutrient pool. Leaf litter is the main source of soil organic matters, and its quality and quantity has a close relationship with the quality and quantity of the organic matters as well as the growth of trees. Repeated rotation of pure coniferous forest has brought about the deterioration of soil chemical properties and the degradation of soil biological activities with a special composition of the litter-fall and its acid decomposition. Repeated planting of pure forest leads to a decrease of the number and the contents of the important bio-chemical active substances in soil, further leads to degradation of soil functions. For repeated planting of pure coniferous forest, the composition and construction of its soil organic matters has obviously deteriorated and the number of important functional guilds has decreased.[Conclusion] The paper discussed the close relationship among the contents of soil organic matters, the physic-chemical characters, the biological activities and the growth of forest trees. It revealed the reasons and mechanism of the degradation of quantity and quality of soil organic matters by bad forest management technological measures and its influence on the growth of forest trees. To develop mixed forest to form a fine structure of community and improve the quality and quantity of soil organic matters is the future development trend for China's planted forest.

[Objective] Landscape fragmentation can influence species richness at various spatial scales. A better understanding of the response of plant species richness to various environmental factors and determining its variation among spatial scales, can provide help for the development of effective protection strategies focusing on species diversity.[Method] In a total of 38 natural vegetation patches within the Saihanba nature reserve, including 12 herbs, 11 shrubs and 15 natural forest vegetation fragments, sampling plots were established. We recorded a total of 360 species belonging to 196 genera and 54 families. Plant species were divided into 4 functional groups:annual herbs, perennial herbs, shrubs, and trees according to growth types. We calculated species richness based on the functional groups at patch and plot scale using first-order jackknife estimators and area weighted averages, respectively. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) to explore the relationships between species richness and abiotic factors, such as topographic conditions, soil, as well as factors describing landscape structure at the patch and plot scales. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to test the relative effects of topographic, soil, as well as factors describing landscape structure on the richness of plant functional groups at the two spatial scales.[Result] Landscape structure, topographic, and soil factors explained more than 60% of the total variation in species richness of functional groups; The response of species richness to landscape fragmentation from strong to weak followed the order of trees, shrubs, perennial and annual grasses; At patch scale, richness of woody plant species (shrubs and trees) was influenced significantly by factors describing landscape structure, including patch area, shape index, isolation and patch type (P<0.05), whereas it was significantly related to soil factors including pH, organic matter, total P content and total K content at the plot scale (P<0.05). At patch scale, factors such as patch area, patch type, pH and total P content were strongly correlated with the richness of perennial grasses(P<0.01), while at plot scale, patch type and elevation were significantly associated with perennial grasses (P<0.05). The richness of annual grasses species at patch scale was significantly associated with patch type, total N content and total K content (P<0.01); species richness at plot scale showed highly significant relationship with the patch type and soil organic matter (P<0.01).[Conclusion] Species richness of four plant functional groups showed differences with respect to the response mechanism at patch and plot scales when landscape fragmentation was considered. Our study confirmed that the distribution of species richness was determined by the combined effect of different spatial scales and environmental determinants. Species richness at patch scale was mainly affected by the landscape structure factors and few soil factors, whereas it was significantly related to the soil factors and the patch type, a landscape structure factor, at plot scale. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the conditions of specific functional groups and spatial scales in the elucidation of the response of species richness to the environmental factors. The mechanisms influencing the distribution of plant species richness can be revealed only when plant functional groups and relevant spatial scales are specified.

[Objective] In this paper, the quantity characteristics of two typical epiphytic ferns, Neottopteris nidus and Pseudodrynaria coronans,were investigated to provide basic information for evaluating the characteristics of the two ferns and monitoring the biodiversity located in canopy.[Method] The primary forests (PFs) and degraded primary forests (DPFs) were analyzed respectively using data from 16 plots, at which all the two nest ferns can be present. The two types of communities were compared of their elevation of distribution, size and density, and density of hosts, number of nest ferns on individual hosts. The Shapiro-Wilk method or distribution models of those measurements were fitted. The diffusion coefficient (C) was calculated to decide hosts' distribution pattern.[Result] Average density of the two nest ferns in PFs was 111.2 individual·hm^-2, and in DPFs was 210.6 individual·hm^-2. Average density of hosts in PFs and DPFs were 72.8 and 117.8 individual·hm^-2, respectively. The sum of host species was 79 species which belong to 53 genera of 31 families. All the hosts are tree species except Tetrastigma planicaule, a vine of N. nidus could only be found on 25 host species and P. coronans was only present on 17 host species. There were 24 host species could only be found in PFs and 48 in DPFs. And 7 host species (i.e. common host species) could be found in both types of plots. The height of the two nest ferns were in the range of 0.525.0 m, but 69.5% of them lower than 10 m and 39.7% of them in a height range of 5.09.0 m. Ferns size, ferns density, hosts density, and ferns on per host could be described well by negative exponential function. Hosts in PFs and DPFs were clumped distribution patterns.[Conclusion] In rain forests of the study region, the two nest epiphytic ferns tended to fasten on hosts in a height range of 5.09.0 m although they could be found in height range of 0.525.0 m, and they were in clumped distribution patterns in the horizontal direction. It was interesting that ferns size and density, hosts density and ferns on per host appeared an inverse "J" pattern together. To explore the reason why more of the two nest epiphytic ferns were present in DPFs than in PFs, it was recommended that the relations of their richness and abundance with forest community type, structure and microclimate should be analyzed next step.

[Objective] The long-term excessive harvesting of larch forest in Great Xing'an Mountain has caused unbalanced forest structure and decreased stability. In order to promote the forest recovery and stand growth in the region, forest tending with varied thinning intensities were implemented and the optimal thinning intensity was determined to optimize the overall management effect.[Method] In this paper, a total of 10 larch forest plots with varied thinning intensities in Great Xing'an Mountain were studied. Thirty-four indices such as biodiversity, stand spatial structure, canopy structure, photosynthesis, and growth of forest trees were used to describe the basic information of the plots and the mean value and standard deviation of each index were calculated and index differences among the plots were tested with SPSS19.0. Meanwhile, Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to establish the comprehensive evaluation system of forest tending effects and the management effects of the forest plots with different thinning intensities were evaluated.[Result] There were significant differences in Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index among the forest plots with varied thinning intensities. The species diversity index was relatively higher for the plots with thinning intensity ranging from 20.86% to 40.01%. The stand spatial structure also varied with thinning intensity. For the plots with thinning intensity of 12.52%, the stand distribution, mingling degree, neighborhood comparison, and stand layer index showed larger value while the competition index and open degree were small. For the canopy structure of the sample plots, there were no significant differences in cap fraction, leaf area index, total site factor, and PAR over canopy. However, the PAR under the canopy differed significantly among the sample plots. The best canopy structure was achieved in the plots with tending intensities ranging from 12.52% to 34.38%. The photosynthesis indices differed significantly among the plots with varied tending intensities and the photosynthesis effect was relatively better for the plots with tending intensities ranging from 12.52% to 27.85%. The growth rate of the three regenerated seedlings increased first and then decreased over time for all sample plots with varied tending intensities. However, the survival rate of the seedlings didn't follow any specific rules for the plots with varied tending intensities. The regenerated seedlings grew well for the plots when the thinning intensity ranged from 6.23% to 20.46%. The comprehensive scores of the management effect of the forest plots with varied tending intensities were as follows:0.00%(-0.18),6.23%(-0.10),12.52%(0.37), 20.86%(0.80),27.85%(0.35),34.38%(-0.39),40.01%(0.33),50.61%(-0.51),59.92%(-0.01),67.25%(-0.65). The higher the score, the better the management.[Conclusion] The management effect with thinning intensities of 20.86% was the best among the larch forest plots in Great Xing'an Mountain. The evaluation results provide references and guidance for the management of larch forest in Great Xing'an Mountain.

[Objective] Foliar water content of walnut was monitored quantitatively by the spectral technique to provide the technical support for water-saving agricultural production and water management in artificial oasis in southern Xinjiang basin.[Method] Based on both spectral reflectance measurement by UniSpec-SC portable spectrometer and foliar water content measured by dry-weight method in laboratory, the foliar water content estimation models for Juglans regia ‘Wen185’ at the fruit setting period, fruit rapid-growth period, fruit hard-core period, fruit fat-change period and fruit near-mature period were established with monadic linear regression model, stepwise multiple linear regression model, principle component regression model and partial least squares regression model. The six water indexes of spectral indices:water index (WI), water band index (WBI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), the ratio index (WI/NDWI), center wavelength water index (Ratio975) were used for constructing the estimation models. The accuracy of these models was tested and evaluated by independent samples.[Result] The results showed that the spectral reflectance of J. regia ‘Wen185’ increased with leaf water content increasing in visible waveband, while weaken with the foliar water content increasing in the near infrared wave band. In addition, the green light, yellow light, red light and near infrared light were the sensitive spectral bands for the J. regia ‘Wen185’. There were significant correlations (P<0.01) between foliar water content and spectral water index but with different values of correlation coefficients. The results also showed that stepwise multiple linear regression model was suitable for fruit setting period, fruit rapid growth period, fruit hard-core period and fruit fat-change period with R² all above 0.82, while principle component regression model had the highest determination coefficient R² of 0.877 4 at the fruit near-mature period. Independent samples were used to test the 2 regression models, and the results showed that the root mean square error (0.613 7 g·kg^-1≤RMSE≤5.774 6 g·kg^-1) and relative error (0.818 2%≤RE≤2.977 5%) were relative smaller. The models were all tested by means of confidence ellipse test and the model estimated values were consistent with the measured values. The accuracy of simple linear regression model and partial least squares regression model was lowest with relatively high root mean square error (1.021 0 g·kg^-1≤RMSE≤11.205 6 g·kg^-1) and relative error (1.109 7%≤RE≤3.680 8%), indicating that the model estimated results were poor.[Conclusion] The screened leaf water content SMLR spectral estimation model near mature at the fruit setting period, fruit hard-core period, fruit fat-change period and fruit near-mature period, and the leaf water content PCR spectral estimation model at fruit rapid-growth period have good stability and high estimation accuracy. The foliar water content models constructed by spectral water index can be applied in walnut foliar moisture monitoring quantitative in artificial oasis southern Xinjiang basin. The results also suggest that the spectrum technology possesses great application potential in monitoring foliar water content status of J. regia.

[Objective] Dalbergia odorifera is one of the rare tree species for timber forest in our country,and there is an increasing demand for its seedlings. Aiming to explore the influence of shade on growth, development, morphology and physiological characteristics of D. odorifera seedlings, this paper could provide a sound theoretical foundation for the control of light environment on forestry seedling cultivation.[Method] Five shade treatments including 0%(T₀), 40%(T₁), 60%(T₂), 80%(T₃) and 95%(T₄) were set to annual D. odorifera seedlings for four months. Growth index (i.e. ground diameter, seedling height, and leaf number) of D. odorifera seedlings were measured every 15 days during the experiment. The plant biomass, specific leaf weight, chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthesis rate (P_n), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration coefficient (Tr) were measured at the end of the treatment.[Result] The results showed that the ground diameter, seedling height and biomass of D. odorifera seedlings descend gradually with the increase of shade degree and the extension of treatment time, indicating the weakened growth of D. odorifera seedlings. The increment of seedling height and ground diameter in T₄ treatment was 7.7 cm and 1.0 mm and which was 39.2% and 35.6% of T₀ treatment respectively during the test process. The dry matter accumulation, specific leaf weight, quality index and root/shoot ratio were significantly decreased with the increase of shade degree, indicating that shade inhibited the growth and development of D. odorifera seedlings. On the contrary, the shade markedly increased the Chl b and Chl a content of leaf and water content for all plant organs, while the Chl a/Chl b and P_n were decreased. These results demonstrated that the increase of shade level could cause a decline of photosynthetic use efficiency, and then leading to a slower growth and development rate and a descend in the deposit rate of D. odorifera seedlings.[Conclusion] The results and relevant studies showed that the D. odorifera seedlings were suitable to breed under the full light in seedling stage based on comprehensive analysis on the growth and physiological morphology indexes.

[Objective] To provide a theoretical basis for utilizing the resources of Chimonanthus plants, the volatile components among 5 species of Chimonanthus were compared to understand genetic relationship and system classification of them.[Method] The samples were treated by head space solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and the pretreatment conditions were optimized. Combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology, the volatile components from dry flowers of 5 species of Chimonanthus were determined, and the difference of them was compared. Then, SIMCA-P+11.0 software was applied to conduct the principal component analysis (PCA) of the 5 species of Chimonanthus dry flowers. According to the score diagrams, the relationship among the 5 species of Chimonanthus was visually presented.[Result] By optimizing treatment conditions of the samples, the best extraction conditions of SPME were 1.2 g of sample weight, 45 min of adsorption, 3 min of desorption, 70℃ of heating temperature. By GC-MS qualitative analysis, 46 volatile components were identified from the 5 species, and Ch. praecox contained 37 components, and there were 41 components existed in both Ch. grammatus and Ch. nitens, Ch. zhejiangensis and Ch. salicifolius contained 43 and 36 components respectively, and there were 24 common components among the 5 species. For the identified components, terpenoids were the main volatile composition of the Chimonanthus flowers, including oxygen derivatives (terpenes, terpene alcohols, terpene esters) and a handful of aliphatic compounds. The compounds of acetic acid linalool ester, denderalasin, caryophyllene oxide from Ch. praecox flower were the main components; The main compounds of Ch. nitens, Ch. salicifolius and Ch. zhejiangensis flowers were α-myrcene, eucalyptol, hedycaryol. As for Ch. grammatus, the components of eucalyptol, denderalasin, isoaromadendrene epoxide were rich. According to the PCA results, the 5 species of Chimonanthus were obviously divided into three categories. As for Ch. nitens, Ch. salicifolius and Ch. zhejiangensis flowers, the composition and contents of the volatile components were similar, so these 3 species were grouped in the same category. In addition, the composition of the volatile of Ch. praecox and Ch. grammatus differed a lot, so they were divided into the other two different categories. The PCA results were consistent with the results of previous studies of systematics of the 5 species.[Conclusion] The main volatile components of flowers of the 5 Chimonanthus species are terpenoids, and the differences among the 5 species were great. The volatile components from Ch. nitens, Ch. salicifolius and Ch. zhejiangensis flowers are similar, so they possess the same use value. However, the aroma of Ch. grammatus and Ch. praecox is different, and the volatile components of them were distinctly different from those of the other 3 species, so the use value of them should be discriminatory. This study provides a theoretical basis for classification of the 5 species of Chimonanthus and for the development and utilization of Chimonanthus flowers.

[Objective] The objective of this study was to reveal the genetic variation in parents and progenies and the effects of mating patterns on genetic diversity of the progenies. Furthermore, it also provides a scientific basis for the genetic management of the seed orchard of Schima superba.[Method] The study site is located in Lanxi nursery, Zhejiang province. A total of 44 parent trees and 328 open-pollinated progenies from 11 clones in the seed orchard of S. superba were analyzed using 13 polymorphic SSR loci.[Result] We detected 5-9 and 5-11 alleles (N_a) respectively in parent and progeny population, with an average of 6.286 and 7.786, respectively. The effective number of alleles (N_e) was 3.097 and 3.751 in parent and progeny population, respectively. The N_a and N_e in progeny population was 1.500 and 0.654 larger than those in the parent population, respectively. The progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population, and one to five alleles not detected in the maternal population. The level of genetic diversity of the progeny population (H_e=0.600) was slightly smaller than that of the parent population (H_e=0.632). The observed heterozygosity (H_o) was higher in the progenies than in the parents, but not significantly different. The results indicated that the genetic uniformity and the proportion of observed heterozygosity in the progenies displayed an increase compared to the parents, but not at a significant level. The Shannon's information index (I) and Nei's genetic diversity (h) was 1.152 and 0.611 in progeny population, respectively. The value of I and h were all basically consistent with the parent population. There was an obvious heterozygosis excess in progeny population (F=-0.143). Results from multilocus mating system analysis revealed that the multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1.000 and the single-locus outcrossing rate (t_s) was 0.939, and there was no significant inbreeding between parents (t_m-t_s=0.061). A slight biparental inbreeding was detected in this seed orchard. We found a small number of effective pollen donors (N_ep=2.3). The D-value between multilocus correlation of paternity and singlelocus correlation of paternity (r_p(s)-r_p(m)) was 0.012>0, indicating that only few pollen donors were close relative relationship. The difference of correlation of paternity (r_p) between the 11 families was from 0.210 to 0.762. And the number of valid pollen donor was 1.3-4.8, showed that the degree of correlation was inconsistent among paternal parents, the highest was clone 31, and the lowest was clone 48. However, outcrossing rate was not significantly different among parents (t_m:0.092-1.073), and a few selfing events were detected in some families (No.31:t_m-t_s=0.107;No.9:t_m-t_s=0.117).[Conclusion] There was a high outcrossing rate, and a lower biparental inbreeding in this seed orchard. Gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient, and genetic diversity in the progenies was kept as high as in the parents.

[Objective] The difference between real and plastic leaves in the retention of fine particles (PM_2.5),inhalable particles (PM₁₀),total suspended particulates(TSP) and other atmospheric particulates was studied to distinguish ‘dust-retention related to leaf structures(DRLS)’ and ‘dust-retention unrelated to leaf structures(DULS)’. This study provides a scientific basis to explore the contribution of trees to alleviating the pollution of atmospheric particulates and to optimize the configuration of different tree species.[Method] Six typical afforestation tree species of Beijing were selected for the study. Dynamic foliage absorption was continuously detected for the four quarters of a year, baseline samples and leaf samples with accumulated particles were collected in a ten-day rainless period. Besides, the smooth plastic leaves(made of PTFE, friction coefficient is 0.04)were used as control to simulate the DULS and elution-weighing-particle size-analysis (EWPA) was used to measure the amount of dust adhesion per unit area of each tree species, DULS and the retaining amount of different sizes of particles within the 10 days.[Result] 1) Platycladus orientalis had the strongest dust detention. The total retention amounts per unit leaf area of P. orientalis was (124.76±19.27) μg·cm^-2, 2.24 times of the lowest retention by Acer truncatum with (16.92±2.61) μg·cm^-2. 2) DULS accounted for only 19.65%-42.29% of total dust-retention, while DRLS accounted for 57.71%-80.35%. 3) P. orientalis had the strongest ability of DRLS, comprising 80.35% of the total stagnation. While A. truncatum had the weakest retention ability and its DRLS accounted for 57.71% of the total dust. DRLS of conifer species made up 77.42% of the total dust-retention on average while broadleaf species accounted for 63.96%. 4) Among the different size classes of particles retained by conifer species, PM_2.5 accounted for 13.83%±0.19% of total and PM₁₀ accounted for 56.82%±1.07%. Among various sizes of particles retained by broadleaf species, PM_2.5 accounted for 8.09%±0.94% of total dust and PM₁₀ accounted for 70.29%±3.56%.[Conclusion] Tree leaves play a specific and significant role in retaining atmospheric particulates. The ability of dust adhesion of conifer species tested was significantly higher than that of the broadleaf species. The conifers was strong in retaining small particles in the atmosphere, while the broadleaf trees was better in retaining big particles. The study proved that afforestation species makes great contribution to pollution alleviation of atmospheric particulates and provides a scientific basis for a reasonable choice of tree species to mitigate atmospheric particle pollution.

[Objective] In order to evaluate the typical vegetation types used for reforesting formerly cultivated land from the microbial point of view, the main planting tree species of Caragana korshinskii, Robinia pseudoacacia, Pinus tabulaeformis, Platycladus orientalis and Populus alba var. pyramidalis on the sloping land in Mizhi County of Shaanxi province were selected to study the soil microbial metabolic diversity. The purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and cultivating forests with reasonable structure and favorable ecological function in this area.[Method] The five types of forests were targeted with the nearby abandoned farmland served as the control. Soil samples were collected from all the sloping land. The soil microbial metabolic activity (AWCD), the soil microbial metabolic diversity index (Shannon index, Simpson index and McIntosh index) and the utilization characteristics of soil microbial community to different carbon sources (carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polymer, polyphenols and amines) were studied by using the Biolog-ECO micro-plate technique. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to analyze the carbon metabolic characteristics of soil microbial community in the different types of stands.[Result] The soil microbial metabolic activity was significantly increased in the five forests. The AWCD values of soil in the different types of stands followed the order of C. korshinskii > R. pseudoacacia > P. tabulaeformis > P. orientalis> P. alba var. pyramidalis > the abandoned farmland. The soil microbial metabolic activity of C. korshinskii forest was the highest. The Shannon index, Simpson index and McIntosh index of soil microbial community in five types of stands were significantly higher than that in control. Both the Shannon index and Simpson index of C. korshinskii forest were higher than the other four forests (P<0.05). The McIntosh index of soil microbial community of R. pseudoacacia forest was the highest (P<0.05). The utilization rates of carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, polymer, polyphenols and amines by soil microbes in the five forests were higher than that in the abandoned farmland, and different carbon sources utilization ability varied among the different forests. The main carbon sources utilized by soil microbes in the five forests were carbohydrates, followed by amino acids, carboxylic acids and polymer, while the utilization rates of polyphenols and amines by soil microbes were very low. PCA analysis indicates that the numbers of carbon sources in relation to PC1 and PC2 are 20 and 17 respectively. Carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids played a major role in the separation of principal component. The soil microbial community of P. tabulaeformis forest, P. alba var. pyramidalis forest and the abandoned farmland had similar characteristics of carbon sources utilization, while soil microbial community in the other three forests had their unique carbon utilization modes. Moreover, the C. korshinskii forest distributed in the positive direction of PC axis, which demonstrated that the carbon sources utilization ability of soil microbial community in C. korshinskii forest was the best.[Conclusion] The plantations were more beneficial to improve soil microbial metabolic activity than the abandoned farmland in the hilly-gully regions of Loess Plateau. C. korshinskii was better in improving soil metabolic functional diversity than the other studied artificial forests. This study provides to a certain degree a scientific basis for forest species selection and forest cultivation in the project of converting farmland into forest in the hilly-gully regions of Loess Plateau from the aspect of the soil microbial metabolic activity.

[Objective] The thermotolerance transcription factor HSF-1 adjusts various cellular processes in nematode, such as the cGMP, TGFβ-like and Insulin/IGF signaling pathways, in response to heat stress. The cloning and expression analysis of the heat shock transcription factor Bx-HSF-1 would contribute to a deep understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermotolerance in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.[Method] The gene of Bx-HSF-1 was cloned with the method of PCR based on the genomic data of B. xylophilus. The bioinformatics analyses, such as Gene Ontology, phylogenetic and conserved domain analysis, were conducted to the amino acid sequence of Bx-HSF-1. The protein 3D structure and docking were analyzed to predict the target gene. The q-PCR was used to analyze the gene expression of Bx-HSF-1 and target gene. The gene expression location of Bx-HSF-1 was carried out by the method of in-situ hybridization.[Result] The CDS of Bx-HSF-1, which was 1 404 bp, was cloned based on the genomic data of B. xylophilus. The amino acid sequence of Bx-HSF-1 had a DNA binding domain and a bZip domain. The results suggested that Bx-HSF-1 would be involved in the biological process of response to heat, dauer larval development and defense response, and had the molecular function of sequence-specific DNA binding. The hydrophobicity analysis indicated that the DNA binding domain was a hydrophobic core, which was constructed by 3 α helices and 4 antiparallel β folds. Bx-DAF-7 was selected as the target gene of Bx-HSF-1, based on the genomic data. The data of transcriptome and Q-PCR indicated that heat shock or hypothermia promoted the expression of Bx-HSF-1, and suppressed the expression of Bx-DAF-7. The expression of Bx-HSF-1 was negatively correlated with the expression of Bx-DAF-7. The in-situ hybridization showed clear signals of Bx-HSF-1 at the isthmus and intestine.[Conclusion] This study showed that Bx-HSF-1 with a specific DNA sequence binding molecules function. Target gene prediction indicated that the dauer larval forming gene Bx-DAF-7 was the target gene of Bx-HSF-1. Transcriptome sequencing and q-PCR results showed that Bx-HSF-1 was negatively correlated with the expression of Bx-DAF-7. The expression of Bx-HSF-1 was located at neurons, body wall muscle cells and hypodermal cells.

[Objective] The main purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents from the culm of Dendrocalamus farinosus, and to provide a theoretical basis for development and utilization of sympodial bamboo resources.[Method] The analysis of general chemical composition were followed by national standard method. The contents of eighteen kinds of inorganic elements was detected by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP/MS), combining with microwave sample digestion. The 95% ethanol extract from the D. farinosus culm was then eluted successively with distilled water, 30% ethanol, 60% ethanol, and 80% ethanol respectively.The compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and high voltage HPLC separate system. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic and the data reported in literature.[Result] The results showed that the chemical components of D. farinosus were determined as ash content 1.24%, 1%NaOH extractive 30.71%, hot water extractive 11.58%, cold water extractive 9.16%, benzene-alcohol extractive 3.27%, pentosan 19.44%, klason lignin 22.18%, holocellulose 72.70%. The contents of 18 kinds of inorganic elements were Ca(587.13 mg·kg^-1), Mg(448.75 mg·kg^-1), Al(76.51 mg·kg^-1), Fe(66.38 mg·kg^-1), Na(51.4 mg·kg^-1), Zn(16.47 mg·kg^-1), Mn(15.52 mg·kg^-1), Cr(5.26 mg·kg^-1), Ni(3.54 mg·kg^-1), Mo(3.03 mg·kg^-1), Cu(2.48 mg·kg^-1), Pb(2.46 mg·kg^-1), Cd(0.39 mg·kg^-1), Se(0.35 mg·kg^-1), Ag(0.26 mg·kg^-1), As(0.23 mg·kg^-1), Co(0.09 mg·kg^-1), Hg(0.07 mg·kg^-1),respectively. Ten compounds were isolated and identified as isoorientin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, tricin, tricin-7-O-glucopyranoside, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isovitexin, 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoqunone, β-sitosterol. For the first time,these compounds mentioned above were isolated from D. farinosus, compounds 5 and 9 were separated from Dendrocalamus plant.[Conclusion] The fiber property of D. farinosus culm ranged between softwood and hardwood, and it's an ideal material to make paper. Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Na,Zn,Mn,Cr were relative abundant in the bamboo culm, and the amount of other elements ranged from 0.07 mg·kg^-1 to 0.35 mg·kg^-1. In general, the amount and type of secondary metabolic components in D. farinosus culm were less than those in leaves. Furthermore, the flavonoids and phenolic acid compounds were found, which might have allelopathic activity. Therefore,the targeted research was suggested to be carried out.

[Objective] The current study proposed a measure which sliced the reconstituted sector board after star-sawing in longitudinal direction in order to improve the volume ratio of log.[Method] This study firstly conducted a mathematical model on the ideal log model. Then, established face cut board mathematical model from the short trail direction and the long trail direction. On the basis of the established mathematical model of log and face cut board, the optimal star-sawing pattern and sliced face cut board diagram could be established. Finally, this paper calculated volume ratio of log which sliced under two different processes consisting of star-sawing and sliced directly.[Result] The analysis pointed out that the width of slicing face cut board, which perpendicular to the short trail direction, was greater than that perpendicular to the long trail direction. It was reasonable to slice face cut board perpendicular to short trail direction if the veneer's width was required.However, if the veneer's quality was an important factor, it should be cut perpendicular to the long trail direction. The calculated results showed that the volume ratio of log could be improved by new star-sawing sliced technology.[Conclusion] This study demonstrated the theory that star-sawing method can improve the volume ratio of log provided the theoretical support for the actual selection, the volume ratio of log could be improved to a certain degree by choosing larger size log when slicing veneer.

[Objective] In order to provide the basic data for the rosin industry development in China, the dynamic changes of pine resin resources and its development tendency in recent years were investigated, at the same time, the causes of changes and its existing problems were also analyzed.[Method] Based on the published data of national forest resource continuous inventory in 2002 and 2012, the "diameter class method" was used for calculating and analyzing the China's pine resin resources and rosin storage.[Result] The results showed that the large-scale resin-obtained pine trees were Pinus massoniana, P. yunnanensis, P. kesiya and P. elliottii. The area and wood accumulation of those four forest stands were 985.5×10⁴ hm² and 58 212×10⁴ m³, 447.8×10⁴ hm² and 49 475×10⁴ m³, 55.8×10⁴ hm² and 5 982×10⁴ m³, and 10.5×10⁴ hm² and 515×10⁴ m³, respectively. The total area of pine forest resources available for resin collection in China was 1 499.6×10⁴ hm², which decreased 33.2% compared with that of 2002. The total amount of pine resin storage was 562.1×10⁴ t·a^-1, which increased 118.4% compared with that of 2002. The stand volume and the amount of pine resin storage per unit forest area were 76.1 m³·hm^-2 and 1 090.5 kg·hm^-2a^-1, respectively, which increased 57.56% and 89.1% compared with those of 2002, respectively. The near-mature, mature and over-mature forest area accounted for 35.1% and increased by 13.0%, the stocking volume was 57.0% of the total and increased by 12.8%. The young and middle age forest area accounted for 64.9% and reduced by 13.0%, the stocking volume was 43% of the total and reduced by 12.8%. The total area of forest mainly used for resin collection and fuelwood was 889.7×10⁴ hm², accounting for 59.3% of the total amount and increased by 4.8%, with a decrease of 38.2% compared to that of 2002. The stand volume per unit area was 67.6 m³·hm^-2 with an increase of 52.2% compared to that of 2002. The pine resin storage was 404.7×10⁴ t·a^-1, accounting for 72.0% of the total and dropped by 8.9% with increase of 150.3% compared with that of 2002.[Conclusion] The quality of China's pine forest resources available for resin collection was improved, the total amount of resin resources and resin storage per unit area were both increased, the subsequent mining pine resin resources in young forest decreased largely, the number of P. massoniana declined sharply. The proportion of pine resin resources in the pine tree was increased significantly, the area increased from 22.1% to 35.1%, and the accumulation increased from 44.2% to 57.0%, young and middle age forest decreased significantly. The distribution of scale mining resin pine resources was observed in 17 provinces, municipalities or autonomous regions, and the resources amount and pine resin storage quantity were the most in Yunnan Province. The trend that pine resin resources were transferred from the past mainly in the coastal to landlocked southwestern area exhibited significantly.

[Objective] Continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration (ET) in regional scale is critical for water resource management and understanding of the processes of water and energy cycles. In order to provide support for improving algorithm of ET estimation and to preliminarily clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of ET in northern China, different ET retrieving methods were compared to select suitable method for application in complex surface areas.[Method] In this study, three ET retrieving methods based on feature space were validated and compared by employing remote sensing images acquired from moderate resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer (MODIS) data set, meteorological data and surface ET flux measured by eddy covariance under a coordinated enhanced observation project in arid and semi-arid regions. Based on the suitable method selected from the comparison, spatial distribution and seasonal variation of ET over northern China were simulated and analyzed.[Result] The results showed that:Wang's method resulted a better correlation and less errors than the other methods (R²=0.65,RMSE=0.17) in evaporative fraction (EF) modeling over Northern China. Suffering from decreasing surface temperature along with the increasing elevation, Jiang's and Roerink's methods had overestimated EF in high altitude regions over the west part of Northern China. EF of northern China was calculated from Wang's method and then ET was retrieved. The regression analysis showed a good correlation between modeled and measured (R²=0.57,RMSE=0.78 mm·d^-1). In general, spatial pattern of ET in northern China showed the characteristics as high east and low west. ET reached peak in summer and reduced to minimum in winter. ET in spring is slightly higher than that is in autumn. In winter, ET in most parts of northern China is lower than 0.5 mm·d^-1. In spring, ET increased obviously except for desert region such as Junggar, Qaidam and Tarim in the northwest part of China. ET in most region reached to 0.8 mm·d^-1 or more. In summer, ET in the entire region reached peak and greater than 1.5 mm·d^-1 in most areas. In Autumn, ET dropped to 1 mm·d^-1 or less significantly except in North part of China and the Qinling Mountains which were kept at 1-2.5 mm·d^-1.[Conclusion] Wang's method is thought to be suitable for ET retrieving over northern China, which is not heavily relied on the ground meteorological data. This method can reduce the errors caused by uncertainties from meteorological parameters, indicating an application potential in regions which have great drops in elevation and complex underlying surfaces.

[Objective] Rapid and complete collection of the atmospheric particles retained on leaves is the premise of precisely evaluating the retention of tree leaves to atmospheric particles. In this study Ginkgo biloba as an example and based on the routine leaf cleaning methods, the role of ultrasonic cleaning in quantitative evaluation of the retention of tree leaves to atmospheric particles was investigated. In addition, the optimal ultrasonic cleaning parameters were also determined for Ginkgo biloba leaves.[Method] Routine cleaning methods (soak & stirring and scrubbing) and ultrasonic cleaning procedure were sequentially conducted to leaf samples to collect particles retained on leaves. And then the mass proportion of particles cleaned off through each cleaning step, eluent color changed, amount of chlorophyll a exuded from leaves in all scenarios, and the residue of particles on leaves after all cleaning processes were estimated or observed.[Result] Results showed that:1) under ultrasonic powers of 200, 300, 400 and 500 W, the best ultrasonic cleaning time was 5, 5, 5 and 3 min, respectively; 2) under different ultrasonic powers, soak & stirring or plus scrubbing contributed 33%-50% and 34%-43% to all the particles cleaned off from leaves, respectively; 3) after routine cleaning procedures, further cleaning with ultrasonic under power of 500 W could make the leaves more clean, and washed off at the maximum about 27% of the particles retained on leaves; 4) the observation with a scanning electronic microscope, showed that ultrasonic was able to help to clean off particles within small diameter classes retained in leaf surface gaps efficiently.[Conclusion] Consequently, it is essential to introduce ultrasonic into the leaf cleaning procedure so as to improve the evaluation precision of atmopheric particles retained on leaves. The optimal cleaning procedure was demonstrated to be "soak & stirring-scrubing-ultrasonic power of 500 W for 3 min" for Ginkgo biloba leaves in our laboratory, but its stability and general applicability to different plant species should be further investigated.

[Objective] The citrus longhorned beetle, Anoplophora chinensis, is an important trunk borer and has an extensive host range.It is difficult to control the beetle as it is hidden in the truck and has a long larvae duration. A method for rearing the beetle is required to underpin studies of the biology and management, therefore the objective of this study was to compare insect performance on candidate artificial diets and temperature regimes. [Method] A. chinensis was reared on four different diets over three successive generations and the effect of different temperature regimes on development of A. chinensis was investigated.[Result] The results showed that A. chinensis was able to complete life cycle on the four artificial diets but with different pupation rates and emergence rates. Two diets (Diet A and D) based on sawdust of Casuarina equisetifolia and wheat bran gave good performance over 3 generations of A. chinensis. Pupation rates over three generations on Diet A were 100%, 90% and 95%, respectively and emergence rates were 100%, 83% and 90%, respectively. Pupation rates on Diet D were 87%, 78% and 87%, respectively and emergence rates were 87%, 67% and 80%, respectively. In addition,the rearing with these two diets showed that pupation and adult emergence rates were higher and more synchronized under fluctuating (all completed in April to May, the times of pupation and emergence were consistent with those observed in field) rather than constant temperatures. The times of pupation and emergence at constant temperatures were extended and highly variable. The larval weight gain over time was assessed under fluctuating and constant temperatures, showing that larval weight peaked at week 16-20 depending on diet, and then declined until pupation or death. The larval weight under fluctuating temperatures peaked at week 16 (late November) and larval weights on Diet D (2.077 g) were significantly higher than on Diet A (1.685 g). Under constant temperature (28℃), the larval weight peaked at week 16 on Diet D and peaked at week 20 on Diet A.[Conclusion] A. chinensis larvae can complete life cycle with high pupation and emergence rates, when being successively reared on Diet A and D. Temperature conditions affect the determination of the timing of A. chinensis pupation and adult emergence. Although a larval chill period is not essential, it does increase the pupation rate and synchronize development time. These findings provide a valuable resource for culturing A. chinensis, specifically by identifying suitable artificial diets and the temperature effects on larval development.The results could also provide reference for rearing other cerambycid.

[Objective] In order to enhance laccase activity of Lenzites gibbosa significantly,induction effects of different inducers and their optimal levels were studied.[Method] The effects of 12 kinds of inducers on laccase activity was determined under liquid culture through single factor tests. Several single factor screening tests consisting of optimal inducer's concentration, 2 inducers combination, Cu²⁺ concentration, inoculum volume, and static or shaking culture were conducted to gain further optimal conditions.[Result] The effects of biological inducer wheat bran and chemical inducer guaiacol on laccase production were better, and a high laccase activity was obtained when added 0.2 mmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺, the optimum levels of them were 1.5% and 1.00 mmol·L^-1, respectively; when one of them alone added, L. gibbosa laccase activity would reached 1 873.16 U·L^-1 and 1 975.72 U·L^-1, which were 13.0 and 13.7 times than the laccase activity of the initial medium, respectively. When 1.5% wheat bran and 1.00 mmol·L^-1 guaiacol were added simultaneously, the laccase activity was higher than that of each one of them alone added, and the peak value of laccase activity would reached 3 594.46 U·L^-1 on 11 day under 150 r·min^-1 shaking condition, which was 24.9 times than that of the initial medium.[Conclusion] Two inducers combination could enhance laccase activity substantially, the increase in laccase production induced by them was more obvious than that of culture condition optimization.

Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 503’ and ‘Zhongshanshan 703’ are two new varieties, which were selected from progeny of crossing between Taxodium mucronatum×T. distichum by artificial pollination by Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The two varieties have tall and straight tree trunk, and other excellent characteristics, such as fast-growing, salt-alkali tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, a wide adaptability to various habits, and beautiful landscape effects. They can be planted in coastal provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Fujian and inland provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Yunnan, etc.