[Objective] As one of the important factors of stand structure, stand density has an important effect on forest ecosystem function. By analyzing and evaluating of soil quality indicators of Phyllostachys edulis forests under different long-term managements of stand density, the study was aimed to reveal the causes and mechanisms of the effects of stand density on forest sustainable productivity, and to provide theoretical basis for proper stand density management.[Method] In this paper, four P. edulis stands with stand densities of 1 200, 1 800, 2 400 and 3 000 individual·hm^-2 were selected and 18 soil quality indicators (including soil physical properties, pH-value, nutrient contents and enzyme activities) were examined in Huangshan, Anhui Province of China. One-way ANOVA was conducted to test the significance of the indicators, while the least significant difference (LSD) was applied for multiple comparisons. The indicators under different stand densities were calculated using fuzzy mathematics and multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the soil quality.[Result] No consistent pattern of changes with stand densities were found for the soil physical properties. Soil bulk density of the stand density of 3 000 individual·hm^-2 was the largest (1.10 g·cm^-3) among the four stand densities. Soil bulk density increased with the increase of soil depth for the same stand density. Soil moisture and total porosity of the stand density of 2 400 individual·hm^-2 were the largest and decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil pH-value and total nitrogen (N) content increased gradually with the increase of stand densities, while the content of soil organic matters, total phosphorus (P), total potassium (K), available N, available P and available K first increased and then decreased slightly; the activities of five soil enzymes, including urease, sucrase, protease, catalase and acid phosphatase, also showed a similar pattern of changes with stand densities, namely increasing first and then decreasing or stabilizing. Under the same stand density, soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities were also correlated to soil depth. The content of soil organic matters, available N, available P, available K, total P and the activities of enzymes declined with increasing soil depth. The comprehensive analysis indicated that, at the soil depth of 0-60 cm, the comprehensive evaluation index also increased firstly, and then decreased with the increase of stand densities, and the index for the stand density of 2 400 individual·hm^-2 was the largest (0.585 3) among the four stand densities, suggesting that optimal stand density could contribute to improving the soil quality in P. edulis forests. At the soil depth of 0-20 cm, the soil quality was significantly higher than the other two layers beneath under the same stand density.[Conclusion] Stand density control was an important measure for forest management. A long-term management with an appropriate stand density can be helpful for optimizing the stand structure, fully utilizing the environment factors within forest ecosystems, and improving the growth of understory vegetation and litterfall and nutrient cycling. In this study area, the soil quality differed significantly among different stand densities in P.edulis forests, and a proper density of 2 400 individual·hm^-2 would be beneficial to improve the soil quality.

[Objective] This research was carried out to quantify the variation of biomass carbon density of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Liupan Mountains of Ningxia, NW China, and to detect the influencing factors, e.g. tree age, stand density, canopy density, diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height. The results can guide the rational management of forests to enhance their function of carbon sequestration.[Method] Sample stands with various ages, slope positions, stocking densities were selected in the semi-humid small watershed of Xiangshuihe and the semi-arid small watershed of Diediegou to measure the biomass carbon density. Besides the newly measured field data, the accumulated data from past investigations at the Liupanshan Forest Ecological Station were also used in this study. The biomass and its components were calculated based on empirical relations from the parameters of stand structure. Then, the biomass carbon density, or called as vegetation carbon density, was calculated using the carbon content of different biomass components.[Result] The biomass carbon density of L. principis-rupprechtii plantation was averaged at 30.96 t·hm^-2, with a variation range of 0.70~74.10 t·hm^-2. The biomass carbon density increased with the increase of stand structure (tree density, canopy density, DBH, tree height, and tree age), until certain thresholds were reached; thereafter it increased slowly or stabilized. The corresponding threshold was 1 300 individual·hm^-2 for tree density, 0.7 for canopy density, 14 cm for DBH, 12 m for tree height. The biomass carbon density increased first slowly with increasing tree age before the age of 18 years, and increased rapidly when it aged between 19~27 years, and then increased slowly again when it was older than 27 years. The biomass carbon density maintained a continuous increase in recent 10 years, with a significantly higher increment rate of 5.57 t·hm^-2a^-1 at the semi-humid area than the rate of 2.58 t·hm^-2a^-1 at the semi-arid area (P<0.05).[Conclusion] Based on the integrated analysis of the research results and the consideration of stand structure for other forest services, the ideal stand structure of multifunctional plantation of L. principis-rupprechtii in the region of Liupan Mountains should have a canopy density of around 0.7, and a stand density of not more than 1 300 individual·hm^-2. Such ideal stand structure will be helpful to realizing the multiple goals of forests simultaneously, including the higher carbon sequestration, more water yield, maintaining of natural regeneration and stable stand structure.

[Objective] The study was to evaluate the inner and external health pressure of mangrove wetland, to analyze coordination (contradiction or harmony) between health components and their circumstance and future development trends, and to discuss the influential mechanisms of inner health, therefore to develop a scientific model of protection and reasonable use of the mangrove wetland.[Methods] Based on the TM images of 1987, 2000 and 2010, geographical map, topographic map and survey data of community plots, the inner and external health pressure of study area was evaluated. On this basis, using medical health quotient theory for reference and dynamic research methods, the whole health developing trends of mangrove wetland were studied.[Result] 1) The results of inner health were as follows: the community of Excoecaria agallocha + Bruguiera ymnorrhiza showed very healthy; the communities of Rhizophora apiculata + Xylocarpus granatum, R. apiculata and R. apiculata + Bruguiera sexangula showed healthy; the communities of Ceriops tagal, B. sexangula, C. tagal + B. ymnorrhiza, R. apiculata + Sonneratia alba showed basic healthy; the communities of Lumnitzera racemosa + C.tagal and S. alba showed general ill. The comprehensive index of inner health was 0.599 9 indicating basically a healthy and t stable community structure; 2) The influence order of all types of interference on wetland was as follows: forest land loss > sea dyke construction > original habitat damage > Beach enclosure for fish farming > sea level rise > heavy metal pollution in soil. And their contribution rates were 31.37%, 29.41%, 23.53%, 11.76%, 2.94%, 0.98%, respectively. The human interference intensity was much higher than natural disturbance intensity. The heavy metal pollution in soil did not threaten the inner health of mangrove wetland. The interference degree of sea level rise was increasing year by year. The pressure index of external health was 0.816 0, ranked as extreme. 3) The coordination between inner health and external environment: the quotient of overall wetland health (HQ_W=0.735 2) <1, indicating that negative effects of external interference on the mangrove wetland were dominant. [Conclusion] The environmental factors influencing the whole health of mangrove wetland were mainly human disturbance, among which the beach enclosure for fish farming and the sea dyke construction were the most prominent influential factors. Human disturbance directly resulted in the reduction of mangrove resources, the destruction of original beach habitat, the change of topography and geomorphology. These led to the lack of system integrity, the decrement of stability, the reduction of biodiversity, the risk of the extinction for some mangrove species. The impacts of health pressure on the inner health of mangrove mainly exhibited the degradation of mangrove community structure. In horizontal structure, the species number decreased and a part of community types degraded to single species community. In vertical structure, it mainly presented the simple of community level structure and the degradation of height growth. Previous trees and small trees degraded to high density shrubs with the height below 1 m. The environmental conditions were against healthy development of the mangrove wetland. The mangrove wetland tended from basic healthy to general ill. The key measure for the conversion from contradiction to coordination between mangrove wetland and environment was to reduce and control human disturbances such as beach enclosure for fish farming and sea dyke construction.

[Objective] To explore the influence of tree species on rhizosphere-associated fungal community in an agroforestry ecosystem, and to provide new insights into agroforestry practice, the fungal community structure in rhizosphere and bulk soil in Melia azedarach-Triticum aestivum agroforestry ecosystem was investigated by 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE.[Method] After the fungal DNA was extracted from extraction of nonrhizosphere and rhizosphere-associated soil, and the targeted fungal 18S rDNA was amplified using universal primers GC-FR1 and FF390. And then the amplified DNA fragments were analyzed by density gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Similarity among different groups was analyzed using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) method, and the fungal diversity was evaluated with species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener index (H) and the equitability index (E). Finally, dominant DGGE bands were excised, sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. [Result] Results showed that the structure and diversity of rhizosphere-associated fungi community were much more complex than that of the bulk soil, and more dominant bands were observed in DGGE profiles of rhizosphere soil samples. The DGGE profiles were further investigated by cluster analysis using the UPGAMA method, revealing that the similarity among the three replicates of each treatment was more than 70% except for the rhizosphere soil of M. azedarach. In clustering diagram, all the samples were grouped into three clusters with a similarity of 51%. The highest similarity (72%) was found between the rhizosphere-associated fungal community from wheat and wheat grown under M. azedarach, which indicated that M. azedarach had minor influence on the rhizosphere-associated fungal community of wheat. In addition, only 51% similarity was noticed between the rhizosphere-associated fungal community of M. azedarach and the other groups. The principal-component analysis (PCA) also demonstrated that all the treatments was divided into three groups. There were no obvious differences in species richness among rhizosphere-associated fungal communities and nonrhizosphere fungal communities. However, the species richness of rhizosphere-associated fungal community from wheat grown under M. azedarach and M. azedarach were higher than nonrhizosphere fungal community. There were significant differences in Shannon-Wiener indexes among rhizosphere-associated fungal communities, while the difference was not significant among nonrhizosphere fungal communities. Additionally, no significant differences were present in equitability index among rhizosphere-associated fungal communities or nonrhizosphere fungal communities, whereas, the equitability index between rhizosphere-associated and nonrhizosphere fungal community of wheat grown under M. azedarach was significantly different, and the same as M. azedarach. Finally, sequencing of eleven dominant DGGE bands showed that 3 of the 11 sequences were uncultured fungi and the rest 8 sequences belonged to Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota or Deuteromycota. [Conclusion] The species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and equitability index of rhizosphere-associated fungi from wheat grown under M. azedarach were higher than that of monocultured wheat, which indicated that diversity of rhizosphere-associated fungal community of wheat was enriched by trees grown in this agroforestry ecosystem. Our results may provide new reference for agroforestry practice.

[Objective] Fractional vegetation cover(FVC)can reflect the status of land use/cover enougth, especially the arid areas where are sensitive to vegetation change degree significantly. Xinjiang belongs to arid areas, because of the influence of human activities and climate change vegetation cover in Xinjiang has changed in recent years.Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and investigate the change of Xinjiang vegetation cover dynamically, which would provide a reference for improving regional ecological environment. [Method] Based on the NDVI data from 1998 to 2012 of Xinjiang and the FVC data obtained by using dichotomy, this paper studied the characteristics of vegetation changing trend and its spatial clustering distribution through Sen + Mann Kendall trend analysis and spatial auto-correlation analysis. [Result] The results show that: 1) The vegetation cover declines slightly among 15 years in Xinjiang. 2) Sen + Mann Kendall analysis reflects the spatial distribution characteristics of FVC changing trend in Xinjiang. Improvement areas of vegetation cover are mainly distributed in the north slope of Tianshan Mountain, and degradation areas are mainly distributed in the ecotone of mountains and plains, degradation degree is particularly severe in Ili region. Meanwhile, the areas with very low vegetation coverage remain unchanged basically, and degradation areas are mainly distributed around the low coverage region. 3) The spatial auto-correlation analysis further verifies the results of Sen + Mann Kendall analysis. Vegetation cover exhibits apparent agglomeration phenomenon in Xinjiang.Partial correlation analysis shows that vegetation coverage is given priority to "high-high concentration" and "low-low concentration".[Conclusion] It can be seen that the relatively high vegetation coverage areas are easier to be improved, while low coverage areas or areas without coverage are more difficult to be improved, and present obvious degradation. According to the clustering characteristics of vegetation coverage, vegetation coverage presents obviously "H - H gathered" and "L-L gathered" pattern. This phenomenon has potential links with the regional climate, water resources distribution and the influence of human activities. In order to understand the driving mechanism of vegetation change in arid areas, we can analyze the affecting factors on the changes of vegetation cover in the future. Due to the influence of human activities on vegetation coverage change in a short period is more significant, the space analysis can provide corresponding guidance for improving vegetation in arid areas. [Other] This paper explains the characteristic of vegetation changes from the perspective of vegetation spatial clustering. On the one hand, it validate the results of Sen + Mann Kendall trend analysis, on the other hand, it would provide a basis for the overall analysis of characteristics of the vegetation changes.

[Objective] Hickory(Carya cathayensis), one of the most important cash forests in Zhejiang province, plays an important role in improving economic conditions for local people and government. Currently, the hickory plantation area is mainly calculated from the estimation of hickory owners, but this area amount is often inaccurate and lack of spatial distribution information. Remote sensing with its unique characteristics in data collection and presentation has become the primary data source for mapping land cover distribution in a large area. However, mapping hickory plantation using remote sensing data remains a challenge because of the fact that hickory is a broadleaf tree and its plantation is often confused with other broadleaf forests in spectral signatures. Therefore, this research selected region of western Lin' an county, Zhejiang province, as a study area to explore the approach to map hickory distribution. Two Landsat 8 OLI images with leaf-on and leaf-off seasons in 2013 were used.[Method] Firstly, spectral mixture model (LSMM) was used to unmix Landsat multispectral imagery into three fraction images-green vegetation, shade and soil. Secondly, because hickory plantation has slightly different forest stand structure comparing with other broadleaf forest, their compositions of green vegetation, shade, and soil will be various. Based on this feature, three new indices, those are, vegetation-soil index, vegetation-shade index, and normalized multi-fraction index were proposed. Field survey data covering hickory plantations and other broadleaf forests were used to conduct a comparative analysis of these fraction images and newly proposed indices for the separation between hickory and other broadleaf forests. Thirdly, a decision-tree classifier was constructed by taking into account of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and new index for mapping hickory distribution. Finally, the land-cover types of the research area were divided into two categories: hickory-others. The accuracy assessment of classification map was obtained by using field inventory data and high-resolution image of Google Earth.[Result] This study indicated that the normalized multi-fraction index could enlarge the difference of hickory from other broadleaf forests and could be successfully used to extract hickory plantation in this study area. The accuracy assessment result indicated that an overall accuracy of 88.67% with kappa coefficient of 0.76 was obtained in this study and implied that the LSMM based approach was promising in mapping hickory plantation.[Conclusion] Comparing with commonly used classification methods, the proposed normalized multi-fraction index has advantages in physical meaning, easy use and understanding, and the requirement in sample plots, thus, this new approach has the potential to provide a better classification accuracy than traditional classification algorithms. Furthermore, this approach may be used to map other plantations such as bamboo forest spatial distributions.

[Objective] Zeaxanthin plays an important role in light protection for plants under light stress. β- carotene hydroxylase (BCH) is a key enzyme in catalyzing β-carotene to form zeaxanthin via β-cryptoxanthin. To reveal the role of BCH in light protection for bamboo under stress conditions of high light intensity and provide new genetic resource for the breeding of new varieties, the study of bamboo β-carotene hydroxylase gene (PeBCH) structural features, expression and functional characteristics will be carried out. [Method] Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was used for the isolation of PeBCH by homologous cloning method, the structural characteristics of PeBCH was analyzed using bioinformatics software, the analysis of gene expression in different tissues was performed with real-time quantitative PCR, gene function was identified through the phenotypic and physiological analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with overexpressed PeBCH.[Result] A homologous gene of BCH was obtained from P. edulis and named as PeBCH. The full length cDNA of PeBCH was 1 385 bp including an open reading frame (ORF) of 927 bp, which encoded a 308 aa protein with the characteristic domains, PD095142 and PD011050 of BCH family. The genomic sequence corresponding to the ORF was 1 563 bp containing five introns and six exons, which was in full compliance with the intron splicing principles of GT-AG. There were four transmembrane domains in PeBCH, which comprised three kinds of second structures such as random coil, extended strand and α helix, of which the random coil covered the largest number of amino acid residues. Tissue specific expression showed that PeBCH was differently expressed in root, young stem, leaf, sheath and node, with the highest level in leaf. The expression of PeBCH was affected by light treatment in a trend of upward followed by downward with increasing light intensity. The expression was in an upward trend with the light intensity no more than 1 000 μmol·m^-2s^-1, and reached the highest level (about 1.5 times of the control) after 2 h treatment with 1 000 μmol·m^-2s^-1. However, it was inhibited significantly after 2 h treatment with 1 500 μmol·m^-2s^-1, which was only 5% of the control. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PeBCH was expressed in the transgenic plants of A. thaliana. Compared with wild type, transgenic plants were vigorous, the content of pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoid, β-carotene and lutein were all increased compared with those of wild-type plants. Meanwhile, the values of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of transgenic plants were all increased under the laboratory light intensity (145 μmol·m^-2s^-1) and the intensity of 530 μmol·m^-2s^-1, and the difference between the stable values of NPQ reached a significant level (P <0.01). [Conclusion] PeBCH was constitutively expressed in moso bamboo, and it was induced in leaf by high light intensity (<1 000 μmol·m^-2s^-1). The overexpression of PeBCH was helpful to improve heat dissipation capability of transgenic plant to resist high light stress, indicating that PeBCH will be an important genetic resource for molecular breeding of plant resistence in future.

[Objective] Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play central roles in the signal transduction networks from external stimuli to the intracellular responses. A typical MAPK cascade consists of three subsequently acting protein kinases, a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) and finally, the MAP kinase (MAPK). Poplar is not only the model organism of forest research, but also the important economic tree species of China. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on the MAPK signal pathways of poplar under various stress conditions. To date, a complete MAPK signal pathway has not yet been established in poplar. PtMKK4 has been shown to be involved in mediating the drought signal in Populus trichocarpa. It will provide insights into the molecular mechanism of MAPK cascades regulating the plant stress responses to identify the downstream PtMPKs target of PtMKK4. [Method] In this study, yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)were performed to screen and verify of the PtMPKs, which interacted with PtMKK4. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of the identified PtMPKs under drought and high salinity conditions. [Result] pGBKT7-PtMKK4 bait plasmid and pGADT7-PtMPKs prey plasmids were constructed, respectively, and co-transformed into the yeast Y₂H competent cells. The results showed that only the Y₂H cells transformed with pGBKT7-PtMKK4 and pGADT7-PtMPK6-1 plasmids could grow in the nutrient deficient media SD/-Ade/-Trp/-Leu/-His and SD/-Ade/-Trp/-Leu/-His/X-α-gal, and furthermore the yeast colonies in the SD/-Ade/-Trp/-Leu/-His/X-α-gal medium were blue. The BiFC results also confirmed that PtMKK4 interacted with PtMPK6-1. Besides, the identified PtMPK6-1 could be induced by 20% PEG and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl, which was similar to PtMKK4. [Conclusion] These results above indicated that PtMPK6-1 may be the downstream target of PtMKK4 in P. trichocarpa.

[Objective] In this study, quantitative characteristics of leaf photosynthetic pigments indexes of plant species in Karst rocky mountains in Guilin were analyzed to dig up the main shade tolerance indicators by using multivariate statistical method. Furthermore, the different plant species were classified based on the degree of shade tolerance to investigate the physiological characteristics of photosynthetic pigments by which the different plant species adapt their sites in the Karst rocky mountains. Thus, the study would provide a corresponding theoretical basis in restoring the degraded Karst rocky mountain habitat. [Method] A total of 50 common plant species growing in Karst rocky mountain of Guilin were selected to measure the leaf photosynthetic pigment indicators, including chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), Carotenoid (Car), Chl (a+b) contents and Chl a/b. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Duncan test were used to test the significance of difference in each photosynthetic pigment indicator among the 50 plant species. Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between one photosynthetic pigment indicator and another. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to find the main variables among the photosynthetic pigment indicators. The optimal partition of ordered sample method was used to divide the degree of shade tolerance among the 50 plant species based on the PCA ordination of shade tolerance. [Result] The average values of Chl a, Chl b, Car, Chl (a+b) and Chl a/b of the 50 plant species were 2.89 mg·dm^-2,1.19 mg·dm^-2,0.59 mg·dm^-2,4.07 mg·dm^-2, and 2.47, respectively. There were significant differences in all the 5 photosynthetic pigment indicators among the 50 plant species. There were significantly positive correlations among Chl a, Chl b, Car and Chl (a+b), and a negative correlation between Chl a/b and Chl b, and no significant correlation between Chl a/b and Chl a. The main differences of photosynthetic pigment indicators among the 50 plant species were the Chl (a+b) and chl a/b. The 50 plant species were divided into 3 types: type I with strong shade tolerance, type II with the characteristics combining shade plant and heliophyte, and type III with the characteristic of heliophyte or mesophyte. [Conclusion] The shade tolerance of the 50 plant species, which was decided based on the leaf chlorophyll content and Chl a/b ratio, was overall in accordance with their performance in the field, and the leaf chlorophyll contents and Chl a/b ratio were the important indicators which can reflect the shading resistance of plant. These research results would provide a reference on species selection in carrying out vegetation restoration and reconstruction in this area.

[Objective] This research investigated the effects of water stress, provenance and their interactions on leaf functional traits of Salix gordejevii, and explored the effect of climate on provenance differences. [Method] One-year-old S. gordejevii seedlings were collected from six locations, and water stress experiments on the six provenances were conducted at four levels: mild, moderate and severe waterstress, and the control. A Li-Cor6400 photosynthesis measurement system was used to determine the photosynthetic indexes. The climate data of six locations were extracted from the WorldCLIM global high resolution (1 km×1 km) climate database using ArcGis9.2, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) were calculated using these climatic data. The response of leaf functional traits of six S. gordejevii provenances under different water stresses were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effects of climate of origin, provenance and water stress on leaf function traits were examined using general linear model (GLM), and Pearson correlation was used to analyse the relationship between climate (MAT, MAP) and leaf functional traits. [Result] 1)net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE) and relative water content (RWC) of S. gordejevii were significantly affected by water stress. 2)Provenances had significant influence on all traits, but the strength differed among traits. For P_n and E, the effect of provenaces was weaker than water stress; For WUE and RWC, provenance mainly influenced their responses to water stress; SLA was mainly affected by provenaces but not water stress. 3)Provenance climate had a significant impact on the provenance differences of P_n, E and WUE, and provenance differences of P_n was led by climate and non-climatic factors of the seedling's origins. However, provenance differences of RWC and SLA were mainly caused by non-climatic factor. [Conclusion] There were significant differences for leaf functional traits of S. gordejevii among different provenances and under different water stress, but the influence strength of provenance and water stress on leaf functional traits was differented. Provenance climate could explain a part of the effect of provenance on leaf functional traits of S. gordejevii. However, there was remarkable difference in influence of provenance climate on different leaf functional traits. Therefore, the differences in leaf functional traits of S. gordejevii not only reflected the physiological and ecological responses of different provenances to different water stress, but also revealed to ecological adaptability of different provenances due to differences in geographical environment.

[Objective] Inter-specific association is a kind of measurement which depicts the spatial coexisting patterns of one species pair or many different species in a certain space region,and it is a statistical judgement method based on binary qualitative analysis. [Method] Based on Square-Plot method and the 2×2 contingency table of species presence/absence data collected from 50 permanent plots in Kunyushan region, the VR analysis, ²-test, association coefficient, Ochiai association index, Dice association index, point correlation coefficient, Cramer index, as well as percentage co-occurrence, were used in quantitative analysis of the inter-specific correlation of Kunyushan web-spinning sawfly (Cephalcia kunyushanica, the defoliator) occurrence and adjacent Tree layer plants of natural forests in Kunyushan region, and the importance values of those plants were also evaluated. [Result] Seven species, including Pinus densiflora, P. thunbergii, P. koraiensis, P. armandii,P. taeda, P. banksiana and P. resinosa, were found to be the host of C. kunyushanica, and the summation of the importance values of the seven plants accounted for 49.1% of the total importance values of all tree species. The results also indicated that there was a significant positive correlation of overall association existing among C. kunyushanica and other 57 neighboring tree species (P<0.01). The result of ²-test showed positive associations for 26 species-pairs and negative associations for 31 species-pairs, and the ratio of negative pairs was higher than positive ones. Furthermore, the insect showed extremely significant positive inter-specific correlation with P. densiflora (P<0.01) and P. thunbergii (P<0.05) respectively, while negative ones were found between the insects and Hovenia acerba (P<0.01) and Rhus chinensis (P<0.05), respectively.[Conclusion] According to the statistical results, we selected the four plant species mentioned above as the key species, using as future judging species of C. kunyushanica. Moreover, we discussed the reasons of spatial coexisting patterns of the specific insect herbivores-hosts-non-hosts model, and evaluated the application of each index. Given that C. kunyushanica, the specific insect herbivores, occurs only in Kunyushan region, the research would have indication to reveal the long time interaction and synergism evolution between the specialist pest and hosts.

[Objective] The coconut caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) is a serious pest to the coconuts (Cocos nucifera) in tropical and subtropical countries. It is native in southern India and Sri Lanka, and has been introduced into Bangladesh, Burma, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia Pakistan, and Singapore successively. In August 2013, O. arenosella was reported in 9 cities in Hainan, Zhongshan and Shunde in Guangdong, and Fangchenggang in Guangxi, with the pest population outbreaks in some areas. This pest has the potential to spread many areas in southern China, and it was listed as the dangerous forest pest by State Forestry Bureau in 2014. Predicting the potential distribution of newly introduced species is the priority task for invasion monitoring and spread management.[Method] Ecological niche modeling has been widely used in biological invasion with a premise that ecological niche is conservative. In this study, we first compared the climate space occupied by native and introduced Chinese populations. We then integrated the planting zone of coconut into the spatial prediction of ecological niche model. Both Maxent and GARP models were used to generate the potential distribution.[Results] Difference was observed bin the occupied climate spaces between the two populations, and nonetheless, the climate niche was conservative during its invasion. Thus, the observed difference was due to a geographic background effect. Although there were significant differences in the results estimated by the two niche model predictions, they were consistent in the southern China prediction. Both Maxent and GARP suggest that the potential distribution of O. arenosella in China includes: Guangdong, Guangxi, coastal Fujian, and most areas in Hainan, and the central and southern Guangxi also showed high suitability to O. arenosella. These suitable areas are fallen in the planting areas of coconut in China, and were heavily influenced by human activity.[Conclusion] It is concluded that O. arenosella has the potential to spread into these suitable areas.A special attention should be paid to the field survey in these suitable areas; and the subsequent management action could therefore effectively target on the spreading.This study would provide a reference for the potential distribution and risk analysis of O. arenosella invasion.

[Objective] Huping jujube is widely cultivated in northern China. A resveratrol synthase (STS) gene, PcPKS5, contains all functionally divergent plant specific type III PKSs and is involved in resveratrol synthesis. The resveratrol synthase genes are expressed in many transgenic crops such as rapeseed and wheat, successfully generating transgenic plants that have enhanced anti-fungal functions.To allow resveratrol accumulation in fruit organs and improve resistance of jujube to fungal pathogens, the PcPKS5 was transformed into Huping jujube under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, and the obtained transgenic plants were tested if they increased resveratrol accumulation. This study aimed to assess the effects of heterologous overexpression of the resveratrol synthase gene (PcPKS5 ) in Huping jujube plant resistance and nutritional quality. [Method] Stems with leaves and shoot tips of Huping jujube were infected with agrobacterium carrying PcPKS5 and GUS, and three positive plants were identified. [Result] The PcPKS5 gene previously cloned from Polygonum cuspidatum in our laboratory was amplified in the TOP10 bacterial strain and ligated to the pMD 18-T vector. Two primers were designed based on the gene bank sequence EU647245 and synthesized by Sangon Biotech Shanghai Co. Ltd. to clone the STS gene for plant expression plasmid construction.Agrobacterium strain EHA105 harboring the pCAMBIA3301-121 plasmid with the PcPKS5 genes controlled by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and termination sequences was used as the vector system for transformation. The infection lasted 15 min, a high percentage of GUS positive leaves was observed. The optimized conditions for transformation were 15 min infection and 2 days co-culture in the dark. The control bacterial concentration was OD₆₀₀ 0.6 as well, and AS was added at 60 mg·L^-1. Experimental result showed that a total of 197 plants regenerated from nearly 20 000 buds were obtained during the glufosinate-ammonium resistance screening. However, only three actual resistant transgenic plants were finally acquired by rescreening after rejuvenation. Thus the genetic transformation rate was 1.52 %. GUS staining was positive for these three plants, indicating that the GUS gene was integrated into Huping jujube's genome. Also, a band corresponding to the PcPKS5 gene was detected from both genomic DNA and cDNA from the transgenic plants, further indicating that the PcPKS5 gene had been integrated into the genome. Transgenic plants of line 2 were selected for further studies and successfully produced resveratrol. Resveratrol showed an elution time of 16.92 min in HPLC analysis, which was used to identify the presence of resveratrol in transgenic plants. The resveratrol content was calculated to be 0.45 μg·g^-1 fresh plant material, using standard curve analysis of the peak at 16.92 min, according to Y=67 354X+62 755 (R²=0.999 8). The m/z value of the compound collected by HPLC for this peak was 228.9 as determined by LCMS. This is in complete agreement with the m/z of the resveratrol reference standard. These findings demonstrated that the product isolated from the transgenic plants was resveratrol.[Conclusion] Here, we successfully transformed the STS gene PcPKS5, which was cloned from Polygonum cuspidatum, into Huping jujube. With a constitutive promoter, transgenic Huping jujube plants produced resveratrol. It is noteworthy that resveratrol production was relatively low in transgenic Huping jujube compared with other plants. One possible reason for this is that resveratrol may exist in other forms in the transgenic plants, e.g. resveratrol glucoside. New metabolic pathways have the potential to affect disease resistance. Therefore, the metabolic pathway of resveratrol derserves for further study. Although it takes long to obtain fruits from the transgenic Huping jujube plants, we finally obtained a new germplasm with insect and fungal resistance, establishing a new jujube variety. This study provides a basis for improving the quality of the jujube and adjusting resveratrol levels in the fruit.

Dioecious sexual system is widespread in woody plants. There are many researches about male and female differences, which has been a hot research topic. In order to provide a reference for the selection of male and female plants in production practice and theoretical study, this article reviewed differences of woody male and female plants in morphology and anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, and chemical defense. In morphology and anatomy, some perennial male plants show taller plant type, bigger leaf and biomass, less damaged organelle under the condition of stresses, and more obvious architectural feature for adapting adverse environment, all of which endow them a growth advantage; However, some female plants possess bigger aboveground biomass, and more obvious xeromorphic leaf, which are important characters in growth. In physiology, most of plants do not behave significant sexual differences in physiological performance under normal condition, but the differences can be significant under adversity condition. Most of male plants show higher photosynthesis, regulating function, protective enzyme activities than female plants under stresses. Endogenous hormones (such as abscisic acid and gibberellin) contents are significantly different in two sexes, and the difference is closely related to growth stage; abscisic acid content is higher in female plants under adversity condition and female plants are sensitive to adversity. In molecular biology, male plants could up-regulate genes expression levels and high expression of some key proteins in response to adverse environment; And most of the genes are related to hormone biosynthesis, photosynthesis, enzyme system of active oxygen removal, and the proteins, involving in electron transfer, photosystem stability, redox equilibrium, and stress response, have higher abundances. Molecular markers of sex-linked genes have been found in some species, and they can be used to sex determination of dioecism. In chemical defense, it has been recognized that defensive substances such as phenols generally are higher and the leaves are tougher in female plants, therefore they have stronger resistance to herbivores. In the sexual difference research, in natural populations the male and female plants have greater genetic differences, and there exist to some degree genetic variation within a family, thus the best materials are the hybrids with fixed parents. Currently, majority of researches on sexual differences principally focus on a certain growth and development stage, and it has been proved that sexual differences are strongly linked to developmental stage. Thus it is necessary to conduct study on different developmental stages to understand the differences more comprehensively. Moreover, sexual differences in physiological and molecular levels should be enhanced, so as to supply theoretical basis for sex determination of dioecious plants.

As a natural renewable resource material, cellulose and its derivatives play an important role in the national production. With the development of nano-technology, one-dimensional nano-scale nanocellulose has emerged by chemical, physical and enzymatic methods. As a matrix material, nanocellulose has a rapid development in the field of flexible, transparent terms of screens, sensors and storage devices because of its property of high strength, high surface area, and low thermal expansion coefficient and easily woven into a mesh structure. According to the different preparation methods (mechanical, oxidation and hydrolysis method), it can be got two types of nanocellulose with different physical morphology and chemical modification group, that is cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals. According to different storage mechanisms, the conducting electroactive materials include conductive polymer (polypyrrole, polyaniline, etc.), metal oxide (manganese dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc.) and carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.). Because of the morphology differences of nanomaterials, nanocellulose and the conducting electroactive materials can be formed of electroconductive composites with different micro-scale and structural characteristics. In the research field, the conducting polymer/nanocellulose electroconductive composites are mainly used for electrochromic devices, electrochemical sensors, drive, and supercapacitors, especially for the pseudo-capacitance supercapacitors with better capacitance. Electroconductive composites combined nanocellulose with carbon nanotubes and graphene can be used as a flexible electrode for flexible batteries, and flexible supercapacitors. Metal oxide nanoparticles have unique magnetic, optical and piezoelectric properties, thus the metal oxide nanoparticles/nanocellulose electroconductive composites can be used for photovoltaic materials and solar cells. As the carrier material or skeleton supporting material with excellent structural stability and mechanical properties, nanocellulose could combine with a variety of inorganic or organic conductive nanomaterial to produce special functional materials with a high conductivity, photoelectric conversion and the electrochemical oxidation-reduction characteristics. This is because nanocellulose is liable to form film and gel and has good characteristics of high water absorption, swelling and biocompatibility. From the progress of the preparation method, conductive polymer not only can be used to form a conductive film material by dispersing it into the solution of nanocellulose, but also to obtain the conductive polymer/nanocellulose electroconductive composites by in-situ polymerization methods. Carbon nanotubes, graphene sheet and a particulate metal oxide can be mainly formed to a stable dispersion or hydrogel by dispersing them into the solution of nanocellulose, and further to obtain a film or aerogel material with good conductivity by solvent evaporation, filtration and freeze-drying or supercritical drying. They can also form a transparent conductive film material by the layer-by-layer self-assembly technology. There are large development potential of nanocellulose in the flexible electronic storage devices. In the future, the complex way, uniformity of dispersion, microstructure control, interface compatibility and interaction mechanism between nanocellulose and conducting electroactive materials will be studied deeply and play the role of nanocellulose platform for conducting electroactive materials further. Hope this review could provide some research ideas for further function and application research of nanocellulose.

[Objective] LBD(LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN) transcription factors play a potential role in plant secondary growth. The aims were to clone the cDNA of LBDs from Taxus chinensis and reveal their potential regulatory role in tissues regeneration after bark girdling by investigating the expression profiles of these LBDs. [Method] According to the sequences of TcLBDs genes obtained from the transcriptome database of the regeneration tissues after bark girdling in T. chinensis, specific primers were designed. The two LBD genes were isolated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Bioinformatic characteristics of the cloned TcLBDs were analyzed using online service. Lastly, the expression profiles of these genes in different tissues and at different regeneration stages after bark girdling were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) respectively. [Result] The results showed that the cDNA of TcLBD1 contained a 549 bp open reading frame (ORF) in length which encoded polypeptide of 182 amino acids, and TcLBD6 contained a 687 bp ORF encoding 228 amino acid residues. The molecular weights of TcLBD1 and TcLBD6 encoded protein were 19.97 kDa and 25.13 kDa, respectively. The sequences analysis showed that the amino acid sequences of TcLBD1 and TcLBD6 contained one specific conserved LOB motifs in N-terminal and were classified into class Ⅰ of LBD transcription factors, both of them shared 55.2% and 57.9% sequence similarity in nucleotide and amino acid, respectively, and had high identity with each other in secondary structure of protein. Phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that TcLBD1 could be clustered together with protein (ABK21479) of Picea sitchensis and they are closest in genetic relationship, TcLBD6 could be clustered with protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2/LBD6 of Arabidopsis thaliana. The analysis of tissues expression patterns showed that the transcript abundance of TcLBD1 was higher in stems and xylem with cambium than that in roots, leaves, phloem with cambium; while TcLBD6 was mainly expressed in roots and stems. Through analysis of the expression patterns in regeneration tissues after bark girdling, the mRNA expressions of TcLBD1 appeared sharply expression after 6 days bark girdling and showed a continuously upregulated pattern, that of TcLBD6 were found to increase notably after 18 days and show a rising trend in the following periods.[Conclusion] Three TcLBDs genes were cloned from T. chinensis, and their expressions were regulated in regeneration processes after bark girdling. Our results demonstrated that TcLBD1 and TcLBD6 might play a regulatory role in bark regeneration after bark girdling in T. chinensis.

[Objective] This paper investigated the differences in photosynthesis characteristics and photo-protection mechanisms between Torreya grandis cv. 'Merrilli' and T. grandis by comparing the characteristics of gas exchange, leaf nitrogen content and chlorophyll fluorescence of the flat young leaves (young leaves) and fully grown leaves (mature leaves) of two species. [Method] We measured the light response curve, photosynthetic pigment content, leaf nitrogen content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of young leaves (10 days after budding) and mature leaves (50 days after budding) of T. grandis 'Merrilli' and T. grandis (15 years old) in a natural forest. [Result] The, young leaves of T. grandis 'Merrilli' had significant lower A_max, LSP and higher SLW than that of the young leaves of T. grandis, and the relative difference value was 40.3%, 33.1% and 29.7%, respectively (P≤0.05). However, the mature leaves of T. grandis 'Merrilli' had significantly higher A_max, LSP and SLW than those of T. grandis, and the relative difference value was 26.3%, 40.9% and 44.8%, respectively (P≤0.05). Furthermore, T. grandis cv. 'Merrilli' had significantly higher leaf nitrogen content than those of T. grandis, and the content was about 32.5% and 44.9% higher in young and mature leaf, respectively (P≤0.05). However, the PNUE in T. grandis cv. 'Merrilli' were about 54.9% and 12.8% lower in young and mature leaf compared to those of T. grandis, respectively. The P_n and G_s in young or mature leaves both of T. grandis and T. grandis cv.'Merrilli' measured at midday (at 13:00 pm) were all distinctly lower than those in the morning (at 9:00 am), the relative difference value of P_n was 33.7%, 26.8%, 35.1% and 44.4% (P≤0.05), and the relative difference value of G_s was 27.7%, 23.5%, 38.7%, 45.0% (P≤0.05), respectively. No significant changes in C_i (P≥0.05) were observed. The young leaves of T.grandis cv. 'Merrilli' had significant higher quantum yield of △pH- and xanthophyll-regulated thermal dissipation (Y(NPQ),), and Car/Chl and Chl a/b ratios (P≤0.05). The mature leaves of T. grandis cv. 'Merrilli' had significant higher quantum yield of fluorescence and light-independent constitution thermal dissipation (Y(NO)) than T. grandis (P≤0.05). [Conclusion] The results indicate that young leaves of T. grandis cv. 'Merrilli' (with lower Amax and LSP compared to T. grandis) mainly dissipate the excess energy through increasing Y(NPQ) and Car, and decreasing Chlb content under high irradiance (at 13:00 pm). The mature leaf of T.grandis cv. 'Merrilli' (with higher Amax and LSP) also needs to increase the Y(NO) to dissipated the excess energy. Significant lower PNUE in leaves of T.grandis cv.'Merrilli' reminds us to pay more attention to the use of nitrogen fertilizer in future.

[Objective] A newly found brown spot disease widely infests leaves of Acer rubrum 'October Glory' growing in Poyang, Jiangxi, and the pathogen is unknown.In this study the pathogen was identified for the purpose of controlling and futher studying the disease. [Method] Occurrence period and incidence rate of the disease were investigated on the spot, and symptoms of the disease were observed and described. A total of 30 infested leaf samples at different developing stages were randomly collected. Pathogen isolation and purification from the samples were conducted on PDA medium using normal tissue isolation method. In order to fulfil Koch'postulates, pathogenicity test was done by artificially inoculating healthy leaves of A.rubrum 'October Glory' with spore suspension (1×10⁶·mL^-1) of two representative isolates PM-1 and PM-2 respectively, and then the pathogen was re-isolated from the newly produced lesions. The tested isolates were inoculated on the center of PDA plates and incubated in 25 ℃ and darkness conditions for their growth, and the colony characteristics of size, color, shape and texture were daily observed. Slice samples as to pathogen on naturally infected plants as well as on PDA plates were prepared respectively, and they were microscopically observed and measured to get the morphology and size of conidiomata and conidia of the pathogen. The pathogen species was identified based on comparing its cultural and morphological results with corresponding description in related literature. DNA of the pathogen was extracted and used as template to amplify the ITS-5.8S rDNA region by PCR with primer pair ITS1/ITS4, and the PCR products were directly sequenced. For pathogenic identification on molecular level, nucleotide sequence homology was searched in GenBank using BLAST software, and phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. [Result] The brown spot disease of A. rubrum 'October Glory' occurred only on the leaves. It initially appeared in mid-May, and its peak period was in mid-late June with more than 60% incidence of disease. The lesions were circular, oval or irregular, and yellow-brown with black-brown borders which were often surrounded by a yellowish halo. Later, several lesions might coalesce, and severely affected leaves were withered and fell off. Under humid conditions, black spots, i.e. the acervuli and conidia were produced on the lesions. Totally 25 fungal isolates with the same cultural characteristics were obtained, and their colonies were all fluffy, flat and white on front side and light yellow on back side. Pathogenicity test indicated that PM-1 and PM-2 produced the same symptoms as the naturally infected ones. The spore-bearing structures, acervuli, were 108~ 205 μm in diameter. They produced fusiform, straight to slightly curved conidia with size of (19.3-26.8)μm×(5.3-6.8)μm. Each conidium contained 5 cells with three median cells dark brown and 11.9~17.0 μm long. Apical cell was hyaline, conico-acuminate, 6.3~18.3 μm long, with 2-4 non-branched, colorless and transparent appendages. The basal cell was also hyaline and had a short handle with 1.8~7.5 μm in length. ITS-5.8S rDNA sequence of the pathogen was 606 nucleotide long,which shared 100% homology with Pestalotiopsis microspore in GenBank, and had the closest relationship with the fungus in the phylogenetic tree.[Conclusion] Based on morphological and molecular identification results, it is considered that the pathogen causing brown spot disease of Acer rubrum 'October Glory' in Poyang, Jiangxi is Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) G.C. Zhao & N. Li,a fungal species which belonged to genus pestalotiopsis, a anamorph in Ascomycota. This is the first report of Pestalotiopsis microspore paratisizing on Acer rubrum 'October Glory' and causing brown spot disease.

[Objective] The use of the slow/controlled release fertilizer is the development trend all over the world. In this study, wood residues were used as materials to make a slow release fertilizer shell based on its features of porosity, permeability and biodegradability. The fertilizers were loaded in the shell, and then the slow release rules were investigated by artificial rainfall simulation. The influence of shell's characteristics such as the species of wood residues, thickness and density of the shell on fertilizer releasing was studied in order to make the controlled release fertilizer shell which could be applied to the trees, flowers and other plants. [Method] The Pinus massoniana and Toona sinensis wood residues were used as raw materials to manufacture wood residues slow release fertilizer shell. The influence of shell's characteristics including the species of wood residues, the thickness and density of the shell on release rules of fertilizer were studied by artificial rainfall simulation. The artificial rainfall simulation could be controlled well and avoid the uncertainty and contingency of the natural rainfall. [Result] The results showed that the shell could slow down the release of fertilizer and keep a relatively stable release rate. In the control group without the shell, the initial release rate increased sharply and then fell down dramatically. The release rate was about 65.46% at the 90 d compared with less than 39.20% in the experimental group which represented a longer effective period of the fertilizer in the shell. The species of wood residues had great influence on release rate. The release rate was about 93.01% in Pinus massoniana shell at 210 d compared with 74.43% in Toona sinensis shell. Furthermore, the thickness of the shell also had significant influence on release rate. With the increase of the thickness of the shell, release rate of fertilizer presented a decreasing trend. The release rate of three groups with different thickness of 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm were 73.65%, 69.59% and 64.72% at 210 d, respectively. However the density of the shell had little influence on release rate. The release rate of three groups with different density of 0.50 g·cm^-3, 0.55 g·cm^-3 and 0.60 g·cm^-3 were 69.70%, 69.59% and 67.87% at 210 d, respectively.[Conclusion] Wood residues shell had an obviously slow release effect. The influence of the species of wood residues and the thickness of the shell on release rules of fertilizer were as follows: the release rate of fertilizer in Pinus massoniana shell was faster than that in Toona sinensis shell. With the increase of the thickness of the shell, release rate of fertilizer exhibited a decreasing trend. However, the density of the shell had little influence on release rate in this study. By selecting different species of wood residues and making different thickness of the shell, the controlled release fertilizer could be realized to meet the needs of different plants.

The new variety 'Jinjue' was naturally selected from Liquidambars formosana. In spring, the leaves of this variety are golden yellow, and the branches are yellow. In late September, the leaves change to mottled red colors. Due to the seasonal change of colors, the new variety can be widely applied to the sidewalks, parks, gardens, squares and other tourist spots. The main propagations are agrafting and cutting.The concept of spring leaves, red leaves in autumn, and the, than ordinary Liquidambar

The 'Mengyuan' is a new Michelia variety which was selected from crossing Michelia chapensis × M. crassipes. It is an evergreen arbor and the tepals are faint yellow with purple halo at the edge of the upper. The florescence is from March to April. The cultivar can resist high temperature and prefers the warm and humid climate, thus it can be widely planted in the south of the Yangtze river.

The new fast-growing and salt-alkali enduring poplar of Populus simonii×P.euphratica 'Liaohu2', Male plants, was created form the cross between mother plant F1 of hybrids of P.×P.euphratica and father plant P. Nigra. Compared with Populus ×xiaozuanica 'poplar', the indexes of the average tree height, DBH and individual volume of P. simonii×P.euphratica 'Liaohu2'18-years tree increased by 10.1%,26.3% and 115.6% respectively growled in saline-alkali land with salinity 0.25%-0.4% and pH 9.0. Populus simonii×P.euphratica 'Liaohu2' had excellent characteristics: fast-growing, salt-alkali enduring, easy reproduction and cold-resistant.