[Objective]The community structure and species diversity of natural secondary forests in West Hubei Province were studied in order to provide a basis for further understanding of the successional dynamics, community assembly rules, and vegetation restoration of the secondary of the mixed subtropical evergreen-deciduous broadleaf forests in China. [Method]Based on 48 forest dynamic plots (FDPs) in size of 20 m×20 m in Xingdoushan National Nature Reserve of the western regions of Hubei Province, community types were classified by using the clustering method and the indicator species were identified in each community type. Then, the community composition, species diversity and community structure were compared among different community types.[Result]The FDPs in Xingdoushan National Nature Reserve were categorized into three community types:Fagus lucida community (distributed from 1460 to 1670 m), Cornus controversa community (distributed from 1230 to 1500 m) and Carpinus fargesiana community (distributed from 1360 to 1450 m). The Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) results showed that there was the greatest difference in community composition between C. controversa community and F. lucida community. On the contrary, the species composition of C. fargesiana community was more close to the other two community types. The tree stem density in C. fargesiana community was significantly higher than those in C. controversa community, but there was no significant difference from F. lucida community. The basal area in C. controversa community was the lowest among the three community types but there was no significant difference between F. lucida community and C. fargesiana community. The species richness in C. controversa community was higher than that in the F. lucida community, but it did not show significant difference from C. fargesiana community. The deciduous species dominated all three-community types and reached at maximum percentage in C. controversa community. Among the three community types, more trees of greater than 10 cm in DBH (diameter at breast height) or 10 m in height occurred in F. lucida community. However, smaller tree stems were distributed in C. controversa community and C. fargesiana community.[Conclusion]The three communities were different in species composition and community structure. The F. lucida community was more similar to the originally distributed community in this region. C. controversa community was the secondary forests naturally restored after strong human disturbances. The C. fargesiana community was identified as an intermediate between C. controversa community and F. lucida community and might have greater potential for restoration.

[Objective]Soil water content is a primary limiting factor in inland desert wetland ecosystems and plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions of the vegetation. Relationships between soil water content and other ecological characteristics were further studied to reveal the influence of soil water content on plant diversity distribution, in order to provide a theoretical basis for plant diversity conservation, restoration and sustainable management.[Method] Based on the basic survey of soil moisture, plant height, plant species and coverage at Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve in Gansu, the characteristics of vegetation and soil properties were analyzed, and also the influences of soil water content on distribution pattern of plant diversity in the ecosystem were investigated.[Result]Overall, all indices of species diversity were relatively small, and the maximums of Shannon-Wiener, Margalef and Simpson indices were 1.38, 0.72,and 0.72, respectively;the averages of plant coverage, abundance, height and density were ranged from 39.26% to 70.19%, 15.50 to 80.11 plant·m^-2, 49.65 to 124.63 cm, 0.039 to 7.204 plant·m^-2,respectively. On vertical direction, the soil water content increased with soil depth across all sample sites and ranged from 3.87% to 41.23%, but changed little on the horizontal direction, for soil layers with depth of 0-60 cm, 60-200 cm and 0-2 m, the soil content ranged from 4.67% to 14.59%, 6.45% to 25.33% and 65.6 to 248.2 mm respectively. The effects of soil water content at deep layer on species diversity of trees and shrubs were higher than that of herbaceous, and the effects on species richness were larger than on abundance. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between the soil water contents at deep layers and the species abundance. But the species diversity of herbaceous relied more on soil water contents at shallow layers, indicating a significant positive correlation between them. There was a significant positive correlation between soil water contents in each layer, also a significant positive correlations between water content in each soil layer with moisture storage in 0-2 m soil layer and plant coverage, but soil water contents in 0-80 cm layer had a negative effects on plant height and density. The soil water contents at all layers of 80-200 cm depth were positively related to plant height, and soil water contents storage at 0-2 m had a significant positive correlation with plant coverage, plant height and density. In addition, the plant coverage had a significant positive correlation with plant height and density, and there was a negative correlation between the plant height and density, but plant height was negatively related to plant density.[Conclusion]The species diversity indices of plant community and soil water contents were relatively smaller in the study area. The species diversity of trees and shrubs depended on soil water contents at deep layer, but herbaceous plants on shallow layer. The soil moistures in deep layer and 2 m depth may be the dominant factor affecting the vegetation characteristics. Different plant species and genera were inter-restricted and closely interacted with each other, but also independent from each other to a certain extent.

[Objective]The objectives were by investigating Halostachys caspica populations with three underwater depths:shallow (<2.5 m), middle (2.5-4.5 m) and deep (>4.5 m) in the sample plots, alluvial fan of south Junggar basin to study spatial pattern and spatial association of the populations among three underwater depths and at development stages, and to explore the impacts of underground water depth on the formation of spatial patterns and mechanism of maintaining H. caspica populations. [Method]Three 1 hm² permanent sample plots were established and grid method was used to investigate population distribution in south Junggar basin. Ripley's K function was employed to study spatial pattern, intraspecific association and their relationships with underground water depth.[Result]The number of regenerated young seedlings decreased severely with the increase of underground water depth. The population structure changed obviously due to increased dead standing trees. At different developmental stages, all H. caspica populations displayed aggregated distributions at small scales in all the three habitats. With the increase of scales, aggregation intensity weakened at different developmental stages. It was found that aggregated distribution was at 50 m scale in areas with shallow and middle underground water depth, while the population spatial pattern tended to be random distribution in areas with deep underground water. The population aggregation intensity increased with underground water depth, and young seedlings of H. caspica appeared to have obvious aggregation distribution and maximum aggregation intensity. The aggregation intensity and the scale of H. caspica population decreased from seedlings to adult trees. At small scales, intense positive association occurred in areas with shallow and middle underground water depth, while negative association was found among different population developmental stages in areas with shallow underwater depth. No association or weak negative association at big scales in areas with middle underground water depth. The populations all tended to have no association among different developmental stages in areas with deep underground water depth.[Conclusion]Underground water depth has important effect on spatial pattern and intraspecific association of H. caspica population in south Junggar basin. Especially, the deep underground water depth severely restricted the spatial pattern of the populations. In areas with middle underground water depth, the populations may be recovered by artificial measures to maintain the stable spatial pattern.

[Objective] To elucidate the regulating mechanism of exogenous SA on Phyllostachys edulis under different water stresses, we investigated the growth and physiological parameters of P. edulis grown under different water treatments. [Method] This experiment was designed in random block. In the experiment, we set five treatments i.e. treatment with normal water supply(CK),drought(D),drought with 0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA(DS1),drought with 1.0 mmol·L^-1 SA(DS2),and drought with 2.0 mmol·L^-1 SA(DS3). By determining physiological indexes such as protection enzymes activity, osmotic regulation substances content, leaf water content, leaf electrolyte leakage rate and chlorophyll content of P. edulis seedlings, the article explored the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) on physiological and biochemical characteristics of P. edulis seedlings. Under drought stress, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, peroxidase(POD) activity, chlorophyll content, leaf water content and plant biomass significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while electrolyte leakage rate increased significantly (P < 0.05).[Result] Under drought stress, after treating with 0.5-2.0 mmol·L^-1 exogenous SA, soluble sugar content and POD activity, chlorophyll content, leaf water content and plant biomass of P. edulis seedlings significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing content of SA. Meanwhile, the electrolyte leakage rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and catalase (CAT) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity slightly declined in a short period. Under drought stress, after treating with 0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA, electrolyte leakage rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while other physiological and biochemical indexes had no significantly change. The results showed that, under moderate drought stress, SA relieved the damage by drought stress to P edulis seedlings by increasing the activity of protective enzymes (especially activity of POD). Meanwhile, exogenous SA increased physiological activity and biomass accumulation of P. edulis by keeping its relativity high level of leaf water and chlorophyll content. Thus, SA improved P. edulis' drought-resistant ability. Within 0.5-2.0 mmol·L^-1, the effect of SA had been increasing with concentration. Under the same concentration, the treating effect of SA was firstly increased and then decreased with time increasing. [Conclusion] Thus,we could conclude that certain concentrations (especially 2.0 mmol·L^-1) of exogenous SA can effectively improve the drought-resistant ability of P. edulis seedlings in a certain period,and relieve the damage under drought in its growth period. Meanwhile, we speculate that SA could have positive effect on increasing the survival rate of afforestation and drought resistant ability of bamboo forests.

[Objective]This experiment was done to analyze the changes of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of olive trees(Olea europaea) during floral induction and flower-bud differentiation, and to investigate the regulation of endogenous hormones on olive flower bud differentiation and alternate fruit bearing. [Method]On the base of dividing period of floral induction and flower-bud differentiation, we analyzed dynamics of endogenous hormones in lateral buds of 16-year-old 'Ezhi 8' and 'Leccino' olive trees during their flower buds formation.[Result]The time of floral induction of 'Ezhi 8' olive was from September 23 to February 18 in the following year, lasting about 150 days, and the 'Leccino' olive was from August 21 to February 18 in the following year, lasting about 180 days. Though the starting date for floral induction of 'Ezhi 8' and 'Leccino' olive trees was somehow different, the critical period and the ending date of floral induction were closely coincided. During the floral induction and flower-bud differentiation, the free abscisic acid (ABA) content in lateral buds was kept stable for the'on'-year trees and peaked for the 'off'-year trees, and the ABA content in the 'off'-year trees was significantly higher than that in the'on'-year trees during the critical period. During the floral induction, the Zeatin Riboside (ZR) content in lateral buds displayed a downward trend for both varieties. During the flower-bud differentiation, the 'on'-year trees showed a slight increase and the 'off'-year trees showed a gradual increase in the variety 'Ezhi 8' and a slight declining after reaching a higher level in the variety 'Leccino'. The ZR content was significantly higher in the 'off'-year trees than in the'on'-year trees during the initial period of floral induction and the whole period of flower-bud differentiation. Gibberllins (GA₃) content in lateral buds displayed a downward trend during the floral induction, and a trend of rapid increase followed by a slight decrease in the 'on'-year trees and a slight increase in the 'off'-year trees during the flower-bud differentiation. GA₃ content was significantly higher in the 'off'-year than in the 'on'-year trees during the initial period of floral induction and whole period of flower-bud differentiation. The content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in lateral buds displayed a general stable trend in 'Ezhi 8', and a rise-decline trend in 'Leccino' during the floral induction with a peak appearing during the critical period. During flower-bud differentiation the IAA content showed an increase trend in the'on'-year trees for both varieties, and in the 'off'-year trees a stable trend for 'Ezhi 8' and a slight increase for 'Leccino'. The IAA content was significantly higher in the 'off'-year trees than in the'on'-year trees during the floral induction, but significantly lower than in the flower-bud differentiation. During the critical period of the floral induction, the ratios of ABA/GA₃, IAA/GA₃ and (ABA+IAA)/GA₃ in the lateral buds were significantly higher in the 'off'-year than in the'on'-year trees for both varieties. During the flower-bud differentiation, the ratios of ZR/GA₃, ZR/ABA and ZR/IAA in lateral buds were significantly higher in the 'off'-year than in the'on'-year trees for both varieties.[Conclusion]Higher levels of ABA, IAA, ABA/GA₃, IAA/GA₃ and(ABA+IAA)/GA₃ benefit the floral induction of olive trees, and higher levels of ZR, ZR/GA₃, ZR/ABA and ZR/IAA benefit the flower-bud differentiation.

[Objective] Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an important timber species distributed mainly in southern China. Current genetic analyses of this species lag behind other conifer species due to the limitation of available molecular markers. Accordingly, transcriptome sequence data were used to improve the efficiency of SSR development for the species. [Method]Utilizing Chinese fir transcriptome sequences from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database of NCBI. CLC and CMiB software were used to assemble sequence reads, to mine SSRs and design PCR amplicon primers for contigs that contained SSRs. Four universal fluorescent labeling primers and multiplex PCR were used to accomplish genotyping for polymorphic loci. [Result]De novo assembly produced 35633 contigs, the total length was 31.5 Mb, of which mini-and max-contigs were 155 bp and 23794 bp, respectively, with an average length of 884 bp. In total, 2156 SSRs were identified distributed in 1822(5.11%) contigs, with threshold repeat numbers of 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2 for di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-and hexa-SSRs, respectively. 256 contigs contained one or more SSRs, and the numbers of compound SSR contigs was 118. The average SSR density was 68.4 SSRs·Mb^-1. The most common SSR types were tri-SSRs (41.7%), followed by hexa-(29.8%), penta-(12.7%), di-(11.1%) and tetra-(4.7%). EST-SSR markers based on the 1822 SSR-containing contigs were developed, of which 1582 contigs could design primer pairs. Of the 35 primer pairs designed, 29 produced clear PCR fragment patterns with one or two bands. Polymorphic genotypes were obtained for 28 loci (80%) with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 12 for the 16 studied individuals. The average PIC value was 0.573, which indicates that the identified EST-SSR markers have a high degree of polymorphism. Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCA) showed that these EST-SSR loci can be used for identifying the provenances, even individuals of Chinese fir. [Conclusion] Combined SSRs mining and multiplex-PCR methods, we established the flow chart of EST-SSR markers development from transcriptome sequences of Chinese fir, and developed 28 polymorphic EST-SSR loci. These markers have been used in our ongoing analysis of genetic diversity in Chinese fir. Compared with traditional methods of SSR markers development, our method significantly improved PCR efficiency and dramatically reduced project costs. The new technologies will promote molecular genetics studies in Chinese fir, and also provide a basis for SSR marker development in other species.

[Objective]The landforms of mountains are complex in the south of China, most genetic trials of forest species were established in hilly areas where the consistency of environmental conditions was relatively poor, spatial interactions exist among adjacent individuals. Spatial analysis can help us decrease experimental errors and enhance the accuracy of estimation of genetic parameters. [Method]The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values and variance components for controlled-pollinated family group(G8) and open-pollinated family group(G5) from first-generation seed orchard of Pinus taeda were compared using different models of spatial analysis, and the genetic parameters for height (H), DBH, stem straightness (STR), and clear bole height (CH) were estimated using the best spatial analysis model (AR1η+Rep·Fam). [Result]The best spatial analysis was applied to G8 and G5 using individual-tree models, which improved the additive genetic variance, decreased experimental errors and increased genetic gains. In contrast to the results from base design model, the spatial analysis of field data for G8 and G5 indicated that the autocorrelations were high, and they were consistent between rows and columns. For G8, the additive variance for H was increased by 9.1%, and residual variance was reduced by 7.3%; the additive variance for DBH was increased by 0.7%, and residual variance was reduced by 1.6%; the additive variance for CH was kept the same in the two models, and residual variance was reduced by 18.2%; the additive variance for SSTR was increased by 50%, and residual variance was reduced by 1.9%. Heritability for SSTR was increased by 30.7%, and heritability for H, DBH and CH were reduced by 24.4%, 38.7% and 18.7% respectively. For G5, the additive variance for H was kept the same in the two models, and residual variance was reduced by 4.9%; the additive variance for DBH was increased by 3.2%, and residual variance was reduced by 2.9%; the additive variance for CH was increased by 100.0%, and residual variance was reduced by 20.8%; the additive variance for SSTR was increased by 33.3%, and residual variance was reduced by 2.5%. The narrow-sense heritability of H and DBH for individuals were respectively reduced by 42.1% and 34.2%, and the narrow-sense heritability of CH and SSTR for individuals were increased by 61.5% and 5.8% respectively. For the controlled-pollinated family group(G8), the six top families at a selection rate of 15% of all the tested families, were identical between the groups with and without spatial analysis. For the open-pollinated family group(G5), five of the top six families were identical between the groups with and without spatial analysis. Increased gains for DBH from selection with rate at 15% were 7.2% for G8 and 24.5% for G5.[Conclusion]Compared to the mixed linear model, spatial analysis reduces residual variance and increases genetic gains of various characters, but we cannot ignore the field experimental design, appropriate combination of field experimental design and spatial analysis can reduce the environmental variance, improve the accuracy of estimation of genetic parameters, and improve the efficiency of forest genetic trials.

[Objective] Two formae speciales of Marssonina brunnea in Populus genus cannot be distinguished easily based on their morphologies and some nucleic acid molecular sequence marks. In this study, we applied combination of the phylogenetic trees with Marssonina ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)sequence and the secondary structures of ITS2 to discriminate the specificities of the two formae speciales. [Method] The twenty-three strains were cultured for fungal spore morphology observation. Genomic DNA was used as a template for PCR amplification on their ITS sequences. The reference ITS sequences of Marssonina were downloaded from the NCBI database.Three phylogenetic trees based on ML, MP and Bayes methods, respectively,were constructed.The ITS2 database was applied to predict ITS2 secondary structure model,and analyze the characterizations of the two formae speciales from the perspective of molecular evolution.[Result] The pathogen spore had a typical morphology of a forma specialis in host leaves in the field,but the spores were quite different in morphology on culture medium. We can't effectively distinguish two formae speciales on the basis of the traditional number of germinated germ tubes. Three kinds of ITS sequences phylogenetic trees according to ML, MP and Bayes approaches showed that there were three species in Marssonina genus. But reference ITS sequences with a formae speciales from M. brunnea can't be accurately located into the other same formae speciales with other strains. With the ITS2 secondary structure prediction model, it was found that Marssonina ITS2 secondary structure was identical in the three species, M. rosae, M. coronariae, and two formae speciales of M. brunnea. But the ITS2 secondary structures have multiple bases sites different among the three species. In the ITS2 secondary structure of M. brunnea leuce biotypes, the 17th base is A in Helix I, the 43th and 44th bases are AC in Helix Ⅱ. The compensatory base change(CBC) sites are the 76th C and 114th G, hemi-CBC site is the 75th U in Helix Ⅲ. In the ITS2 secondary structure of M. brunnea aigeiros biotypes, the 17th base is U in Helix I, the 43th and 44th bases are GU in Helix Ⅱ. The compensatory base change(CBC) sites are 76th U and 114th A, hemi-CBC site is the 75th C in Helix Ⅲ. These base changes are distinguished in two formae speciales in the ITS2 secondary structure.[Conclusion] The Marssonina strains can be distinguished in species level by three phylogenetic trees base on ITS sequences, but cannot be distinguished into subspecies; With comparative analysis of ITS2 secondary structures, the Marssonina genus is obviously different, and there are also compensatory base changes within formae speciales. Application of ITS2 secondary structures combined with phylogenetic trees can be more effective molecular characterizations to distinguish the two formae speciales in M. brunnea.

[Objective]This paper aims at studying the carbon utilization level of the rhizosphere microbials of transgenic poplars (Populus×euramericana 'Guariento') and non-transgenic poplars, and the results would be helpful in the prediction whether the transgenic poplars have significant adverse effects on the soil microorganism system. [Method]The rhizosphere soil was collected from three different lands:land planted with five strains of transgenic poplars (D5-9,D5-19,D5-20,D5-21 and D5-24), land planted with non-transgenic poplars (CK) and land without any plants(NP) at Hancunhe Dongying nursery in Fangshan District. The ecological plate culture method was used to cultivate soil microbes, multifunction microtiter plate reader was used to calculate the carbon utilization, and the collected data were analyzed with Shannon index, Simpson index and Mclntosh index. [Results]After 24 h incubation, soil microbes gradually adapted to the ecological plate environment, and then entered the logarithmic growth phase, and the arerage well color development (AWCD) rapidly increased until 96 h. A strong microbial activity was observed at this time, and carbon sources began to be obviously used, and then followed by slow growth until stabilized. At each culture stage, the AWCD of D5-24 rhizosphere soil was highest, showing that the amount of carbon source used in the microbial community was the most, and the metabolic activity was the strongest. The non-transgenic rhizosphere was second; and the NP soil microbial had the slowest metabolism and the weakest activity. The result indicated that the rhizosphere soil of poplars was rich in carbon sources, and hence promoted metabolic activity of microorganisms. There were differences in utilization on amines, phenolic acids, carboxylic acids, polymers, amino acids and carbohydrates by soil microorganisms. The carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism were relatively strong while acids and amines utilization was weak. The principal component analysis(PCA) for 72 h data indicated that contribution rate of the first 20 factors was 100% in the 31 principal components of variance. The first main component of a variance had 42.31% contribution rate, the principal component 2 had contribution rate of 13.57 percent, and the third to 20^th principal components had smaller contribution, with 1.32%-11.64%. Cumulative contribution rate from PC1 and PC2 was up to 55.88%. Correlation analysis showed that D-cellobiose, the carbon source, had the highest correlation with PC1(0.900), and the carbon source that formed a negative correlation with PC1 was itaconic acid (-0.266). The carbon source that formed the highest positive correlation with PC2 was phenylethylamine (0.668), and the carbon source formed a negative correlation was α-D acid (-0.631). NP and CK were distributed in the minimum and maximum ends, respectively. In the PC2 axis, NP and D5-9 were located in the positive, D5-20 and D5-24 were distributed in the negative, and CK, D5-19 and D5-21 were distributed on both sides. There were significant differences in distribution regions between NP and other clones. [Conclusion]The multi-gene transgenic poplar was not found having significant adverse effects on the soil microorganism system. Differences between genetically clones could be due to the inserted position of exogenous genes, copy number and other differences which lead to changes in physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants and metabolism, not due to the effect of gene expression product itself. Regardless of planting non-transgenic poplar or transgenic poplars can increase the metabolic activity of rhizosphere soil microbes.

[Objective] Radiation increment caused by forest fire is a vital parameter in using the remote sensing technique. In this paper, to provide reference for forest fire monitoring and research, the ground and artificial satelite syncharonous observation experiment are carried out, and then, radiation increments of MODIS bands at No.20,21,22,31 and 32 are calculated. [Method] Radiation parameters were acquired through the ground observation experiment of artificial fire scene and satellite synchronous observation. First, surface background data were extracted using TM data of 30 meters resolution. Second, the land around the artificial fire was divided into three categories of vegetation, bare and water which were taken as pixel endmember of MODIS data of 1 kilometers resolution. Finally, according to the linear mixed theory, radiation estimation models of MODIS channel No.20,21,22,31 and 32 were constructed without fire scene influence, then the above channel's radiation increments of artificial fire scene were calculated. [Result] 1) Correlation coefficients of MODIS radiance estimation model samples are all over 0.99; 2) MODIS radiance estimation model is used to calculate bright temperature increment. It shows that MODIS bands No.20, 21 and 22 are highly sensitive to surface thermal radiation with increment of 9.35, 7.49 and 8.00 K respectively while bands No. 31 and 32 are insensitive to high-temperature heat source with increment of 1.13 and 0.83 K respectively.[Conclusion]1) Fire scene area of 200 m² (ratio of fire scene area to pixel size is 1:5000) can be detected, it is of great significance for error identification, fire detection and area estimation in further study; 2) Pixel segmentation phenomenon exists in satellite observation and these phenomenon could easily lead to over-calculated fire points and overestimate its area. In our experiment, artificial fire is mainly within No.13 pixels but No.14 pixel is also influenced by the fire with its radiation increment of 4.08 K. Thus, the artificial fire may be within No.13 and 14 pixel simultaneously. 3)Methods and conclusions of this paper are suitable for mid-resolution remote sensing data, such as FY-3.

[Objective]In the context of the global warming, the annual mean surface temperature in China has significantly increased during the past 100 years, being with slightly greater magnitude of temperature increase than that of the globe. The Scheffer index, a parameter calculated with basic climate data on monthly temperature and rainfall, has been proved to be a reasonably useful tool to predict the effects of continent-wide variations in climate on the potential for wood decay. This paper investigated the changes of the Scheffer index value from new 10-year climate data in China, to estimate the climate warming impact on the wood decay and termites hazard zone classifications in China. [Method]The Scheffer index values were calculated with two group climate data (mean monthly temperature and number of days in month with at least 0.1 mm of precipitation)from 2004 to 2013 by 194 reference stations and automatic meteorological observation stations in China, compared with the values from 1996 to 2005. The new China wood decay hazard map based on these updated Scheffer index values was taken. According to the termite species and the damage degree on wood, the China termite hazard zones map was drawn.[Result]The new Scheffer index values of 149 sites out of 194 sites are higher than the published values, except for lower values in 36 sites and remaining unchanged in 9 sites nationwide. The new China wood decay hazard map based on these updated Scheffer index values in this paper showed that the boundaries of decay hazard classifications moved northward. According to the termite species and the damage degree on wood, the China termite hazard zones were divided into low, medium, and high categories. Reticulitermes spp. found at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province rewrote the northern boundary of termite distribution. The integrated of wood decay zones map and termite hazard zones map proposed for four wood decay and termite hazard zones, including low, medium, high and severe zones.[Conclusion]Such changes in climate data were consistent with the scientific consensus that the global climate has been changing. The increased decay index values for most of China meteorological stations and the northward moved boundaries of wood decay and termite hazard classification zones suggest that protect measures for wood against decay and termite should be improved.

[Objective]Decayed wood utilization is significantly important due to environment pressure be growing with increasing the quantity of decayed wood. Analysis of the relationship between sound absorption property and decayed degree was to provide a way for decayed wood utilization.[Method]The impedance tube was used to measure normal sound absorption coefficient of cross section for different decay degree woods and health wood. The changes in the microstructure of decayed wood were examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) was used to analyze pore size and distribution for decayed wood. According to the changes of micro-voids, the mechanism of improving sound absorption property was explained.[Result]The average of sound absorption coefficients for three kinds of decayed woods were 0.35, 0.27 and 0.24, and the maximum sound absorption coefficients were 0.58(1600 Hz), 0.45(3150 Hz) and 0.43(4000 Hz), respectively. With the increase of decay degree, the average and maximum of sound absorption coefficient were both larger,and the maximum sound absorption coefficient moved to low-frequency range. The phenomenon that the destroyed and reopened in pit membrane, the broken down in parenchyma cells and the crack in cell wall were observed for decayed wood. Those microstructure changes led to the porosity and pores connectivity increasing. So much more sound waves could enter into wood when sound wave impacted against the wood surface, and resulted in acoustic attenuation increasing.The results of mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement indicated that the range of 313-2513 nm pores of decayed wood was more than 1.25 mL·g^-1 compared with health wood, however, no significant difference in the range of 9535-45290 nm pores of decayed wood were found. The porosity was increased 24% in decayed wood and the inner pores specific surface areas were three times than those of health wood. The differences of pore distribution for decayed wood were ranged from several hundred nanometers to a few microns compared with health wood. Those micro-voids led to wood pores connectivity increasing,what's more, the pores specific surface area also increased, resulting in internal friction between sound wave and cell wall and acoustic attenuation increasing.[Conclusion]Those micro-voids because of microorganism decomposition improved the connectivity, porosity and pore specific surface area of wood inter-cells, and let more sound waves into wood, increased viscosity loss. So the sound absorption property of decayed wood was better than that of health wood.

[Objective]Electrorheological fluid (ERF), having flow properties that can be modified with electric field, is a suspension liquid composite with micron to nanometer particles dispersed in the oil phase. The ERF is thus expected to be used for semi-automated damping system, clutch brakes, and fluid valves. High dielectric Ti-O system is a common ERF material, but it has some problems such as easy sediment, unstable performance, etc. The cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) which can be disintegrated from forest residues, has the advantages of nanoscale morphology, high aspect ratio, large specific surface area, and high surface energy. The combination of CNW and Ti-O system can be expected to improve the performance and stability of ERF, in terms that the hydroxyl groups at the side chains of CNW can effectively adsorb polar molecules, leading to the chain polymerization easily in the electric field.[Method]In this paper, we prepared the CNWs through the hydrolysis with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the composites comprised TiO₂ and CNWs via a sol-gel method. The proportion of CNW in the composite was tailored to 10%, 20% and 30% by adjusting the addition ratio of raw materials. When the CNW-TiO₂ composites were added into dimethyl silicone, some properties including the effects of urea addition, electric field intensity, shear rate and temperature on the shear strength of ERF were analyzed. The anti-sedimentation and recycling uses of the ERF were also investigated. [Result]The results showed that the CNW surfaces were covered by amorphous TiO₂, exhibiting a 10-15 nm diameter fibrous structure. With the addition of CNW, the sedimentation rate of TiO₂ reduced from 46% to less than 20%. With the CNW content increased, lower sedimentation rate of the complex and a more stable performance at high temperature were observed. A certain amount of CNW addition can enhance the performance of ERF shear strength by 1-2 times. Repeatability tests displayed that the electrorheological properties of ERF remained stable, which could effectively avoid the electrical breakdown. [Conclusion]The results confirmed that the addition of CNW making the Ti-O system ERF reduce loss of polar molecules. A significant improvement on the electrorheological performance and service life was achieved.

[Objective]Organization and market of forestry industry cluster has essentially ecological and social of groups, but the spillover effects of "industrial air" on each forestry enterprise which produce innovation performance are different. In this study, 82 forestry enterprises in forestry industry cluster of Fujian Province were taken as research objects, to hackle the mechanism of how cluster network structure generates innovation performance and quantitatively distinguish key factors that cause the differences of enterprise innovation performance. The conclusions are to provide references for formulating innovation policies of forestry industry cluster and achieving the transformation and upgrading of forestry industry.[Method]Firstly, based on the theory of corporate social capital and the characteristics of the forestry industrial cluster, the innovation network structure for enterprises of forestry industry cluster was constructed. The influence mechanism of network structure and network relationship on the enterprise innovation performance was analyzed. Then the social network analysis research paradigm which was widely used by domestic and foreign scholars was adopted to depict the characteristics of innovation activities for enterprises of forestry industry cluster from the network structure and the network relationship, and the research hypothesis was also put forwards. Secondly, using Likert five point table method to design measurement table, the dependent variable (i.e. innovation performance) and the independent variables, including the network structure characteristic variables (i.e. network scale, network density, network openness, network intermediary, network resources richness) and the network relationship characteristic variables (i.e. network relationship stringency, network relationship reciprocity, network relationship stability, network feedback mechanism) were determined. At the same time, the reliability and validity of the measurement table was also test. Then, based on the data of 82 forestry enterprises collected by questionnaire survey method, and analyzed by SPSS16.0 software to take OLS fitting for the regression model, the results showed that regression model present multicollinearity problems, so it was necessary to amend the OLS regression model. Finally, using R software to apply partial least squares regression and construct the model, the key factors which impact on innovation performance differences among enterprises of forestry industry cluster were obtained.[Result]The results showed that:1) From the perspective of innovation network structure of forestry industry cluster, network intermediary (1% significant level) and network resources richness (1% significant level) had significantly positive influences on the enterprise innovation performance. 2) From the perspective of network relationships, network feedback mechanism (5% significance level) also had a significantly positive effects on the enterprise innovation performance, while network reciprocity (5% significance level) had significantly negative effects on the enterprise innovation performance.[Conclusion]With the acceleration of transformation and promotion of forestry industry, forestry enterprise innovation has been increasingly depended on the network environment, the superior network structure of forestry industry cluster innovation would be an indispensable condition for enterprises to carry out innovation activities, especially the intermediate position of enterprises in the cluster network and the rich innovation resources in cluster, including knowledge, information and talent, etc., which will enhance the ability of forestry enterprises in cluster to dominate innovation resources. In addition, good relationship among cluster innovation network is a fine booster for successful innovation evolution. Although the conclusion in this study that network reciprocity has a significantly negative influence on the enterprise innovation performance do not consistent with other industries' results, however, it in a certain extent fit with the development stage of Fujian forestry industry cluster and the characteristics of forestry industry chain. This paper finally gives some advice on how to improve the innovation performance of forestry industry cluster by the enterprise and government aspects, respectively.

Drought is a major environmental constraint that adversely affects plant growth and survival. Mild or moderate drought stress would inhibit tree photosynthesis and reduce forest productivity, while extreme drought stress may lead to forest decline. Increases in droughts frequency and intensity accompanied with global climate change will have great impacts on the water and carbon balance of forest ecosystem, with the potential to generate tree mortality. However, it remains in debate that how the water and carbon balance of trees will respond to extreme droughts. Particularly, the physiological mechanisms underlying drought-induced mortality are poorly understood. Therefore, unraveling the mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality is of great importance to accurately predicting forest responses to future climates and is a key scientific question in global ecology and plant ecophysiology. Two non-exclusive hypotheses-"hydraulic failure" and "carbon starvation", explaining the water and carbon processes during drought-induced tree mortality, have recently received much attention. Many studies worldwide have been conducted to test the two hypotheses. However, results are inconsistent and the role of carbon depletion remains to be determined. Due to the scant research on drought-induced mortality in China, this review paper aims to help Chinese readers to improve the understanding of water and carbon processes during drought-induced tree mortality, by reviewing the international progress in this field. Firstly, this paper gave an introduction in water relations of trees during drought stress, discussed xylem embolism and hydraulic safety margin, and explained the basic principle of "hydraulic failure". This paper then discussed the differential impacts of prolonged drought on rates of tree growth, photosynthesis and respiration, as well as the resulting dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates for explaining the potential basics of "carbon starvation". Furthermore, this paper reviewed recent progress in tree mortality researches. According to current results, "hydraulic failure" plays the predominant role in causing tree death during highly intense drought, while whether "carbon starvation" occurs during tree mortality remains to be tested in longer (multi-year) but less intense drought. Finally, future research directions were also proposed as following points. In view of the geographical and tree species limitation of the current study future research needs to be done in native tree species in China and the understanding of how drought would impact water relations and carbon processes of trees can be improved by comparing species with phylogenetic differences such as angiosperms and gymnosperms. Determining the drought impacts on components of soluble sugars and dynamics of plant hormones can provide metabolic basis for understanding mechanisms of drought mortality. To accurately predict forest responses in future climates, it is a new research direction to examine the interactive effects of elevated CO₂ and elevated temperature on drought-induced tree mortality.

[objectice] Dalbergia odorifera is an endemic tree species in Hainan, and listed as the second class rare and endangered species by the state. With the increase of D. odorifera plantation scale in Hainan province, the disease problems of D. odorifera has become increasingly prominent, of which mainly occur on foliage. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phyllachora dalbergiicola are the most harmful pathogens. In order to investigate the occurrence mechanism of the main foliage diseases in D. odorifera and provide a theoretical basis, this research studies the correlation between community structure characteristics and D. odorifera foliage diseases. [Method] Based on D. odorifera distribution and the diseases occurrence in Hainan province, 41 sample plots were set up in Hainan province. Both field survey and plot survey was used to investigate diseases. Eight stand factors were selected as investigation index. They were height, ground diameter, stand age, stand density, canopy cover, herb cover, herb height, and crown. Stepwise regression was used to select dominant factors affecting the foliage diseases occurrence on D. odorifera plantations. One-way ANOVA, two-factor analysis of variance, correlation analysis, multiple comparisons and other methods were used to further analyze the relationships between significant factors and foliage diseases.[Result] Results from regression analysis showed that there were five dominant factors affecting the diseases. They were stand density, stand age, canopy cover, stand herb cover and stand crown. Stand density was the key factor, affecting the disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DIS) significantly (P < 0.01). DI and DIS were positively correlated with stand density (R=0.852,P=0.000; R=0.851, P=0.000). The stand age(1-12 a)significantly affected DI and DIS, and DI and DIS were negatively correlated with stand age (R=-0.797, P <0.01; R=-0.653, P <0.01). Stand canopy cover affected DI and DIS significantly, and DI and DIS was positively correlated with different stand canopy cover (R=0.644, P=0.024; R=0.646, P=0.023). DI and DIS varied in different stand canopy cover. The higher the stand canopy cover was, the much more severe the disease was found. The effect of stand herb cover on DI and DIS showed the same trend with stand canopy cover (R=0.560, P=0.010;R=0.533, P=0.006). DI and DIS varied in Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ level stand herb cover. The higher the stand herb cover was, the much more severe the disease was found. Stand crown affected DI and DIS significantly, DI and DIS was negatively correlated with different stand crown (R=-0.544, P=0.027; R=-0.621, P=0.012). With the increase of stand crown, DI and DIS of stand decreased inversely. These results indicated that stand density was the most important factor to D. odorifera foliage diseases (P < 0.01). [Conclusion] Thus, it is suggested that regulation of stand density, and rational close planting in afforestation are the dominant measures, and simultaneously other four stand factors should also be taken into consideration to reduce the diseases occurrence of D. odorifera.

[Objective] In this paper, we aimed at studying the impact of soil Pb on the physiological indicators and growth of Populus seedlings. [Method] Potting seedlings of Populus canadensis were subjected to five different concentrations of the soil lead, and the physiological indicators, including the content of chlorophyll、the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), the activity of CAT, POD, SOD, the content of MDA, the height and biomass of plants and the content of Pb, were measured. According to the variation of physiological indicators, the five groups were classified into three categories, no pollution, light pollution and severe pollution. Data were analyzed with the methods of ANOVA, comprehensive correlation analysis, vector comprehensive and correlation analysis as well as discriminant analysis. [Result] Firstly, the growth indicators (biomass and plant height) and positive physiological indicator (chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n)) of the seedlings were decreased as the concentration of Pb was increased, but negative physiological indicators (SOD, POD, CAT and MDA) were subsequently increased. Secondly, there were no significant differences in growth and positive physiological indicators among the five groups when the concentrations of Pb were less than 1045 mg·kg^-1, however, when the concentrations of Pb were more than 1045 mg·kg^-1, the differences were significant. However, the negative physiological indicators (SOD, POD, CAT and MDA) were opposite. Thirdly, The correct discrimination rate of growth index, positive and negative physiological indicators in no pollution, light pollution and severe pollution groups was very high, indicating that the partition of Pb concentration was correct, and can well reflect the variation of growth and physiological indicators. Fourthly, the growth (biomass and plant height) showed significantly positive correlation with the positive physiological indicators (chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n)), but exhibited significantly negative correlation with negative physiological indicators (SOD, POD, CAT and MDA). Fifthly, the concentrations of Pb in the root, stem and leaf of seedlings were all increased as the concentration of the soil Pb increased, especially in the root. The transfer coefficients of Pb in roots, stems, leaves and whole plants were highest when the concentration of the soil Pb was 1045 mg·kg^-1. [Conclusion] The concentration of 1045 mg·kg^-1 Pb in soil was a key critical value, below which Populus can maintain normal growth and keep a higher transfer coefficient with the ability of stress resistance. But when the concentration of Pb in soil is more than 1045 mg·kg^-1, growth of seedlings was inhibited and the transfer coefficient decreased sharply. Combined methods of ANOVA, correlation analysis, and discriminant analysis, applied in this studies, can reveal the comprehensive correlation between seedling growth and concentration of soil Pb.

[Objective]The indoor virulence and field control test results showed that the mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron had synergism to the second and third generation of the larvae of Hyphantria cunea. This paper analyzed the influence on the activity of midgut protease and haemolymph proteins on the 4^th instar larvae of H. cunea for exploring its mechanism of synergism.[Method]The biochemical determination method was used to detect the mixture treatment effect on the activity of midgut protease and haemolymph proteins on the 4^th instar larvae of H. cunea. [Result] In 6 h treatments with 5 concentrations of Bt, chlorbenzuron and its mixture to the 4^th instar larvae, the activity of midgut protease was all lower than that of control, but there were significant differences among treatments. Compared with control the larval midgut protease activity decreased significantly after 24 h treatments with different concentrations, and the activity was negatively correlated with treatment times. Test results indicated that the activity of midgut protease was inhibited significantly by the mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron, which directly affected the feeding of larvae. After being treated for 6 h with 5 concentrations of the mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron, the content of haemolymph protein was 15.8, 18.0, 19.7, 23.4 and 13.9 mg·mL^-1 of the 4^th instar larvae and was higher than the content of 14 mg·mL^-1of the control. The higher content of haemolymph protein in the treated larvae suggested that the larvae initiated defense responses; After being treated for 12 h the larvae were consumed or damaged the content of haemolymph protein, and the content of haemolymph protein decreased significantly, and the treatment concentration were negatively correlated with the treatment time; The content of haemolymph protein of the treated group was 6.2, 8.9, 2.3, 3.2 and 9.0 mg·mL^-1 respectively after being treated for 72 h, and they were all significantly lower than 13.3 mg·mL^-1of the corresponding control. The content of haemolymph protein significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.01). [Conclusion]The inhibition of the mixture of Bt and chlorbenzur on the activity of midgut protease and haemolymph protein of the 4^th instar larvae of H. cunea was stronger than that of the single agent, the mixture has strong inhibition and synergistic effect so as to accelerate and increase the death of the treated 4^th instar larvae of H. cunea.

A new variety of Chinese chestnut, Castanea mollissima 'Mingfeng 2', was derived from a cross C.mollissima 'Yanming'×'Yanshanzaofeng'. It has elite characteristics such as high yield and strong insect-resistance of Oligonychus ununguis. The average individual nut mass is 9.38 g, and the content of sugar, starch and protein is 18.5%, 51.5% and 5.05% of the nut dry weight, respectively. The new variety is capable of growing in mountains and hills of north region of China.

The 'Luoyang 1' is a Larix kaempferi variety that was selected from natural forest seedlings of L. kaempferi. This variety is mainly propagated by cutting. Average height and diameter at breast height of 13-years-old 'Luoyang 1' were 11.33 m and 11.67 cm, which were 69.4% higher and 114.9% thicker than the ordinary L. kaempferi. This elite has the characteristics including fast-growing, strong resistance and the strong ability for adaptation and subsistence.