[Objective] In this study, biomass changes in Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forests along an altitudinal gradient (from 2 700-3 300 m) were studied. The results will be helpful to the prediction of water yield in Qilian Mountains and the integrated management of vegetation, soil and water in Heihe Basin. [Method] In Pailugou small watershed, located in the middle section of the northern slope of Qilian Mountains, vegetation was investigated by setting up sample plots in selected representative stands with good growth along the altitude gradients. A total of 15 plots in a size of 20 m×20 m were set up at the altitudes of 2 700-2 800, 2 800-2 900, 2 900-3 100, and 3 100-3 300 m. The forest biomass and its distribution among different size classes were calculated using the existing equations on the relationship among biomass, tree height and tree diameter on breast height (DBH), which were built up for the study area. Key factors attributing to the forest biomass and its changes along the altitudinal increase were analyzed. [Result] The total biomass of Qinghai spruce forest was (128.61±50.25) t·hm^-2, which came from the middle-sized trees (12.5 cm22.5 cm). The biomass of the middle-sized trees (12.5 cm22.5 cm) evenly accounted for 44% and 35% of total forest biomass, respectively. The contribution of saplings (5 cm-2, respectively. Along the altitudinal increase, key contributors to forest biomass shifted among tree size classes. At the altitudes of 2 700-2 800 m, middle tree size class was key contributor to the total biomass of spruce forest with the biomass of 63.54 t·hm^-2, which accounted for 48% of the total forest biomass. At the altitudes of 2 800-2 900 m, the biomass of middle-sized trees increased and reached 90.53 t·hm^-2 (accounting for 59% of the total). Nevertheless, at the altitudes of 2 900-3 100 m, the key contributor to forest biomass shifted to big tree size class with a biomass of 54.46 t·hm^-2 (45% of the total). At the altitudes of 3 100-3 300 m, the biomass of big trees reached 71.46 t·hm^-2 (71% of the total). The forest biomass (128.61 t·hm^-2) in the study area was close to that in Haxi Forest Farm of Qilian Mountains (132.90 t·hm^-2), the average biomass in Qilian Mountains (169.80 t·hm^-2) and the national average of forest biomass (156.66 t·hm^-2). However, it was less than the biomass of forests at Sunan County, Gansu Province (282.54 t·hm^-2), Sidalong Forest Farm of Qilian Mountains (217.41 t·hm^-2), and the average forest biomass of 209.24 t·hm^-2 at the northern slope of Qilian Mountains. [Conclusion] The change of forest biomass along altitudinal gradients strongly relies on stand density, temperature and precipitation. The altitudes of 2 800-2 900 m is the most suitable area for Qinghai spruce forests in the study area.

[Objective] The differences of chemical constituents and content of rhizospheric soil extracts between Pinus massoniana and Liquidambar formosana were studied to understand the allelopathy mechanism of the species, and to provide basic data for further studies in chemical ecology of the species. [Method] Rhizospheric soil samples of P. massoniana and L. formosana were collected from pure forest of P. massoniana and mixed forest of L. formosana-Schima superba for extraction and separation of the chemical constituents using ethanol and ethylacetate. The chemical constituents of rhizospheric soils were analyzed by GC-MS, and their relative contents were determined by area normalization. [Result] In P. massoniana rhizospheric soil, 109 compounds were identified from ethanol extraction with 6 compounds' content>2%, and 56 compounds were identified from ethylacetate extraction with, 14 compounds' content >2%. The relative content of dehydroabitetic acid was the highest, accounting for 28.98% of the ethanol extraction and 20.36% of the ethylacetate extraction. The common organics of the two extractions from rhizospheric soil were dehydroabitetic acid and octadecanoic acid. Accordingly, 96 and 63 compounds were identified from the ethanol and ethylacetate extraction of L. formosana rhizospheric soil, each with 8 and 9 compounds more than 2% in relative content. The relative content of octadecanoic acid and lupeol were the highest, accounting for 21.81% of the ethanol extraction and 19.01% of the ethylacetate extraction. The common organics of the two extractions from rhizospheric soil were octadecanoic acid and Phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl). Moreover, the common organics of ethanol extraction from P. massoniana and L. formosana rhizospheric soil were dehydroabitetic acid, octadecanoic acid and stigmasterol, 22, 23-dihydro. The relative contents of dehydroabitetic acid and octadecanoic acid were the highest, accounting for 29.98% and 21.81%, respectively. The common organics of ethylacetate extraction were octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, phenol, 2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl) and stigmast-4-en-3-one.The relative contents of dehydroabitetic acid and lupeol were the highest for P. massoniana and L. formaosana, accounting for 20.36% and 19.01% of the total compounds respectively.[Conclusion] The ethanol extraction of rhizospheric soil from the two tree species were higher than the ethylacetate extraction in terms of the number of chemicals constitutes. The contents of organic acids were the highest, and that from P. massoniana was significantly higher than that from L. formosana. The major components of P. massoniana rhizospheric soil extraction were dehydroabitetic acid, octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid. Dehydroabitetic acid content was the highest, accounting for 28.98% of the total of all chemical constituents, 7 times higher in P. massoniana than in L. formosana.

[Objective] To study the function of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter (NHX) in vacuolar membrane from mulberry tree Morus notabilis, and to explore the mechanism of salt tolerance in mulberry, and to provide an excellent candidate gene for the screening of plant resistance gene engineering. [Method] In this study, a Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene named as MnNHX 1 was identified based on the M. notabilis genomic database and other homologous sequences. The MnNHX 1 was cloned using the cDNA from M. notabilis leaves as template. The analysis of the primary structure and functional domains from MnNHX1 was completed by the bioinformatics analysis. The phylogenetic tree was generated to analyse the relationships between mulberry NHX 1 and other species. Quantitative PCR was conducted to analyse the expression profiles of mulberry NHX 1 in different tissues of M.multicaulis ‘Husang No.32’ and treatment time under NaCl stress. The overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The seed germination rate, the growth of roots and the survival rate of seedlings of the transgenic A. thaliana were analyzed under NaCl stress. Furthermore, the transgenic A. thaliana was continuously irrigated with the nutrient solution containing high concentration of NaCl to study the functional effects of MnNHX 1 gene in the transgenic A. thaliana. [Result] We cloned a Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene designated as MnNHX 1 (GenBank accession No. KJ720637). The open reading frame (ORF) of MnNHX 1 is 1 644 bp and encodes a protein of 547 amino acid with a Na⁺/H⁺ exchange pump. At the upstream of this pump, there are some domains such as inhibitors amiloride binding sites (LFFIYLLPPI) and glycosylation sites. The analysis of the online program of TMHMM showed that MnNHX1 have 12 obvious transmembrane region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MnNHX 1 was firstly clustered with Prunus persica from the Rosaceae family, which is consistent with morphological classification and genomic phylogenetic analysis of mulberry. Quantitative PCR showed that expression of mulberry NHX 1 was detected in roots, stems and leaves of M.multicaulis ‘Husang No. 32’ without NaCl treatment. The expression levels of mulberry NHX 1 were significantly increased followed by a drop in roots and stems after 12 h salt treatment, and in leaves after 24 h treatment. The seed germination rate of transgenetic A. thaliana overexpressed MnNHX 1 was lower than that of the wild plants under the salt condition, but root length, growth of lateral roots and survival rate of seedlings were higher than those of the wild plants. When the transgenetic A.thaliana seedlings irrigated with high concentration NaCl, they grew better than the wide type plants. [Conclusion] MnNHX 1 is a excellent candidate gene for improving the salt tolerance and can be constitutively expressed in mulberry tree. However, its induced expression pattern showed tissue specificity under salt condition. Furthermore, overexpression of MnNHX 1 in A. thaliana can significantly improve the salt tolerance of the transgenic A. thaliana.

[Objective] The TIR1/AFB F-box proteins are auxin receptors, which directly involve in auxin perception by degrading Aux/IAA proteins, thereby regulating biological processes of stress responses and development. In order to reveal the auxin signal transduction and regulation mechanisms of AFB genes in poplar, AFB gene family members of poplar were cloned and their expression patterns under non-host pathogen, plant hormone and drought treatment were analyzed.[Method] Using PCR and RACE methods, AFB gene family members were cloned from a poplar hybrid clone NL-895 (Populus deltoides ×P. euramericana cl. NL-895). Online softwares and databases were used for gene predictions, conserve domain prediction, tertiary structure prediction, multiple-sequence alignments, and phylogenetic analysis. Real-time RT-PCR was conducted for gene expression pattern analysis of poplar AFB genes.[Result] Four AFB gene family members in NL-895 were cloned and named PeAFB2-1,PeAFB2-2,PeAFB3 and PeAFB 5 respectively. The full-length cDNA sequences of the PeAFB genes were 2 461, 3 115, 2 441,and 2 818 bp and the corresponding lengths of ORF (open reading frames) were 1 546, 1 716, 1 716 and 1 914 bp. AFBs are usually leucine-rich proteins, and the 4 PeAFBs also show high leucine content (10%-13.4%). The analysis of deduced protein sequences showed that 4 PeAFBs all contained a typical conserved F-box domain (IPR001810) and five LRR-rich repeats (IPR006553). A phylogenetic analysis using the 47 AFB proteins from land plants revealed that all AFB proteins fell into four clades, and the 4 PeAFBs resided in the first clade. Furthermore, four PeAFB genes' expressions were down-regulated under Pseudomonas syringae DC3000, MeJA(500 μmol·L^-1), and PEG(20%, m/V) treatment.[Conclusion] Four PeAFB gene family members in poplar NL-895 were cloned,and their phylogenetic relationships were revealed. Four PeAFB genes' expressions were down-regulated under biotic and abiotic stresses, which indicate the four genes may play a role in negative regulation of poplar abiotic/biotic stress responses.

[Objective] Leaves are photosynthetic organ of plants. Part of their photosynthetic products (carbohydrates) is transported to the trunk through the phloem, and stored in parenchyma cells of the trunk. The accumulation of these endogenous carbohydrates may result in an increase in cold resistance in various higher plant species. Leaf structure affects its water retention, and hence affects the distribution pattern of carbohydrates in the trunk by affecting the photosynthetic rate. On the other hand the trunk is one of the most susceptible parts to low temperature. The relationship between peach leaf anatomical structure and cold resistance of the trunk was explored in this paper. [Method] In this study, 13 anatomical structure indexes were measured on 16 peach cultivars by using blotting methods and paraffin section methods combined with a field investigation of cold resistance of the trunk. Leaf anatomical structure indexes were screened via coefficient of variation, analysis of correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis, and comprehensive evaluation on cold resistance for each cultivar was conducted by the subordinate function. [Result] 1) Peach leaves were typical bifacial leaf without trichomes, and the epidermal anticlinal walls showed slightly sinuate. The stomata only distributed in the lower epidermis, and belonged to anomocytic type. The leaf had 2-3 layers of palisade tissue cells. The 13 anatomical structure indexes all reached to a significant level difference among the 16 cultivars (P<0.01). 2) Leaf thickness, the total stomatal perimeter per unit area, the ratio of the palisade tissue to the spongy tissue, and midrib xylem area were the main factors related to the hardiness, while those indexes, such as thickness of upper epidermis, thickness of lower epidermis, thickness of palisade tissue, thickness of spongy tissue, tightness of leaf palisade tissue, palisade tissue and spongy tissue ratio, midrib xylem area and midrib vascular bundle area ratio, stomatal density and stomatal perimeter, did not showed much effect on cold resistance. 3) The cold resistance for the 16 cultivars was in order of Hunchun>Ruiguang No. 27>Yingxue>Zaoxialu>Nongzi No. 6>Zaochun>Wanxifei>Dajiubao>Zhaohui>Xiuzhenzaopan>Zaohualu>Huayulu>Huayu>Yingshuang>Chinese birthday peach>21th century. 4) According to the cold hardiness, the cultivars could be divided into 5 groups: Hunchun, Ruiguang No.27 and Yingxue with high cold resistance, Zaoxialu and Nongzi No. 6 with cold resistance, Zaochun, Wanxifei, Dajiubao, Zhaohui and Xiuzhenzaopan with medium cold resistance, Nongzi No. 6, Zaohualu, Huayulu, Huayu, and Yingshuang with lower tolerance, Chinese birthday peach and 21th century without cold resistance. 5) The result of cold resistance type division according to the statistical evaluation of the structural characteristics of the leaf was consistent with that of field investigation.[Conclusion] According to statistical analysis and field investigations, the main anatomical structure indexes affecting trunk cold resistance were leaf thickness, the total stomatal perimeter per unit area, the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue, and midrib xylem area, and the differences in these four indexes, to some extent, reflected the variation of cold resistance of tree trunk in 16 peach cultivars. However, the accurate hardiness evaluation of peach trees still needs to consider other factors, including some physiological and biochemical indicators of cold resistance, the harmfulness of peach trees, and the recovery state after being injured by low temperature.

[Objective] In this study, we investigated the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of leaf colorization of Zelkova serrata in autumn to provide theoretical foundation for the breeding of colored-leaf trees, and reference for cultivation and management strategies for improving ornamental characteristics and extending ornamental period of Z. serrata leaves. [Method] The pigment composition, contents of carbohydrate and mineral elements in red, yellow and green-colored leaves from the individual tree of Z. serrata were investigated. [Result] 1) The pigment composition of different individual trees was different. Chlorophyll content maintained a relatively high level in the green-colored leaves as compared with red and yellow-colored leaves (P<0.05), and the ratios of anthocyanins to chlorophyll and carotenoids to chlorophyll were lowest. Anthocyanins content increased significantly in red-colored leaves, and the ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll was higher than that in the other two colored-leaves. Carotenoids content was stable in yellow-colored leaves, and the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll was highest among the three colored-leaves. The ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll was between that of green and red-colored leaves. The results suggested that differences in leaf color of Z. serrata were combined effects of ratios of anthocyanins to chlorophyll and carotenoids to chlorophyll. 2) The correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll chla and total chlorophyll in the green-colored leaves (P<0.05), indicating that stable chla content played a primary role in colorization of green-colored leaves. In addition, the content of anthocyanins and the ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll was negatively correlated with temperature, starch and nitrogen content. In the red-colored leaves, the ratio of anthocyanins to chlorophyll was positively correlated with the content of anthocyanins (P <0.01) and slightly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content (P>0.05). It was showed that increase in the content of anthocyanins was the main reason for the red color of red-colored leaves. Moreover, negative correlations were observed between anthocyanins content and temperature and nitrogen (P<0.05), while the anthocyanins content was positively correlated with the concentration of sucrose, phosphorus and potassium. Additionally, a significantly positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll content and the length of daytime. There were positive correlations between carotenoids and the contents of carbohydrate and nitrogen in the yellow-colored leaves. [Conclusion] The leaf color of the individual tree of Z. serrata in autumn was controlled by several factors, among which changes in pigment composition and contents were the direct cause, while temperature, contents of carbohydrate and mineral elements were important internal and external factors. The study may provide reference for cultivation and management of Z. serrata.

[Objective] Curculio chinensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most serious pests of oil-tea Camellia fruits.Screening of Metarhizium anisopliae strains with high virulence against this pest is important for using fungi as biocontrol agent to suppress this pest.[Method] Colony growth and sporulation of 7 strains of M. anisopliae were measured and their virulence against C. chinensis larvae were investigated in laboratory by using two inoculating methods ( Being dipped on larvae with conidia suspension of 10⁷ spores·mL^-1 and being mixed in soil with 10⁵spores·g^-1). The infection effects in field were evaluated through spraying conidia suspension of two superior strains. [Result] Bioassay results showed that larvae of C. chinensis were susceptible to different M. anisopliae strains. The larval mortalities reached 100% on the 13th day after inoculation using dipping inoculative method and the 9th day for conidia-soil mixing inoculative method. The median lethal time (LT₅₀) of dipping inoculative method was 1.65 days to 4.26 days, and that of conidia-soil mixing inoculative method was 1.96 days to 3.51 days. The FJMa201101 and FJMa201205 strains of M. anisopliae were the most virulent against larvae of C. chinensis. When larvae inoculated with FJMa201101, the LT₅₀ was 1.65 days, and the infection rate was 86.6% when using dipping inoculative method, while the LT₅₀ was 2.11 days and the infection rate was 94.5% respectively for conidia-soil mixing inoculative method. When inoculated with FJMa201205, the LT₅₀ was 1.71 days with the infection rate of 91.1% by using dipping inoculative method, whilst it was 1.96 days with the infection rate of 88.9% with conidia-soil mixing inoculative method. In field test, there was no significant difference in infection rate between the two superior strains, but the infection rates of larvae introduced to soil after spraying conidia suspension were significantly higher than those introduced before spraying. Meanwhile, the two strains were excellent at growth performance. [Conclusion] Therefore, the two strains of M. anisopliae, FJMa201101 and FJMa201205, could be the promising candidate in controlling C. chinensis larvae.

[Objective] Micromelalopha sieversi (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is one of the most serious leaf-eating pests of poplar trees in China and has caused environmental damage and economic losses severely. The sex pheromone is an important means for monitoring and controlling the pest, thus, the study on adult reproductive behavior could provide a reliable basis for the extraction and identification of the sex pheromone and for its practical application. [Method] The emergence, calling, and mating behavior of the moth were observation, and the transfer dynamics of sperms was analyzed during mating process. [Result] Results showed that the female moth had a clear circadian rhythm of calling behavior with two peaks of 4:00 and 21:00, and in light period, there was no calling behavior. The successful mating was a complex process, including flying, crawling and wings flapping when it was gradually the dark, ovipositor and pheromone gland extending, body posture adjusting later. In some cases the 1d old female moth could also complete the process through a brief flying and crawling without releasing sex pheromone. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in calling rate and mating rate among several treatments of different ages. The durations of calling, mating and sperm ejaculating significantly reduced as the age in days increased (P<0.05). The total number of eupyrene sperm bundles, which stored in seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct of male moth, increased as the age increased until 3rd day, and the ejaculatory amount among different ages had no significant differences.[Conclusion] The sex pheromone of Micromelalopha sieversi plays an important role in contacting and promoting the chemical communication and reproductive behavior. Furthermore, Micromelalopha sieversi takes the differential reproductive behavior strategy dependent on variant physical condition, population size and female-male proportion.

[Objective] Poplar canker is one of the major biological disaster of poplar plantations in China. Techniques of biological control to restrain poplar canker are sustainable and effective. Trichoderma aureoviride strain YGF9 and Fusarium equiseti strain LX6F2 are two biocontrol strains which were isolated from poplar tissue and soil, respectively. They may have the potential to prevent from and control poplar canker. In order to explore the mechanism of these strains in controlling disease, biocontrol efficacy of the strain YGF9 and the strain LX6F2 on poplar canker caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea were investigated with its antagonism enzyme and inhibition of pathogen's growth. [Method] Production of chitinase, cellulose enzyme, β-1, 3-glucanase and protease by the two strains was determined through the reaction and growth status of the two biocontrol strains grown on chitin medium, cellulose medium, β-1, 3-glucan culture medium and casein medium. Effects of the two biocontrol strains on the pathogen hyphal growth and spore germination were observed through a microscope. [Result] The results showed that the strains YGF9 and LX6F2 could make β-1, 3 glucanase medium's blue color disappear in metabolic process, indicating that the two strains could produce β-1, 3-dextranase. The two strains had the ability to form hydrolyzed circle on casein medium, suggesting that the two strains had the ability to produce protease; The hydrolyzed circle and transparent circle were not generated by the two strains in chitin medium and cellulose hydrolysis medium, inferring that the two strains were not able to produce chitinase and cellulase. The strain LX6F2 hypha grew parallelly to pathogen hyphae, winded or interspersed with pathogen hyphae, so as to make the pathogen hyphae distortion, deformation and enlargement abnormal. The strain YGF9 hypha made pathogen hyphae folding, deformity, fracture, thereby preventing pathogen hyphal growth. The fermentation products of the two biocontrol strains could lead to spores of poplar canker pathogen B. dothidea deformity, and change in the spore internal structure, thus the pathogen spores couldn't germinated normally. The antifungous substances could make germ tubes shorter and twist deformity, so that germ tubes couldn't stretch forward. The inhibition rate of the biocontrol strains to pathogenic spore germination could reach to more than 94%. [Conclusion] It was found that the two biocontrol strains could produce antagonism enzymes and inhibit pathogen's growth, which can interpret why the strain YGF9 and strain LX6F2 could prevent from poplar canker. Chitinase and cellulase produced by the two biocontrol strains were not found in the present experiment, for which, the further study is required by using different experimental methods for validation. In addition, the present study only studied the ability of the two biocontrol strains producing antagonism enzyme in qualitative analysis, the amount of enzyme production, the separation and application of these antagonism enzymes, as well as quantitative analysis of the amount should be studied later.

[Objective] Copper azole (CA) as a new generation of environmentally friendly water-borne wood preservative, its treated wood tends to accelerate the corrosion process of mental. To provide technical basis for reducing metal corrosion issue in wood preservation, the effects of adding paraffin wax emulsion into CA preservative on the metal corrosion of treated wood was investigated.[Method] In this work, two concentrations of CA(0.3% and 0.5%)were combined with three concentrations of paraffin wax emulsion(0.5%, 1% and 2%)to treat sapwood of Pinus spp. with the size of 19 mm(T)×38 mm(R)×89 mm(L), using a full-cell process. Weight percent gain(WPG)and retention of copper in treated wood were calculated. Furthermore, the metal corrosion of 304 stainless steel, hot dip galvanized steel and Q235A steel contacted with CA /paraffin wax emulsion compound system treated wood were tested according to the American Wood Protection Association Standard AWPA E12-08, respectively.[Result] 1) The retentions of copper in CA treated wood were (1.81±0.12)kg·m^-3 and (3.80±0.03)kg·m^-3 respectively, reaching use category C3(≥1.7 kg·m^-3) and C4A(≥3.3 kg·m^-3). 2) Q235A was the most prone to corrosion with a large area of red copper element on the surface. Hot dip galvanized steel showed mild corrosion and 304 stainless steel was almost not corroded. 3) All corrosion rate of 304 stainless steel was 0; corrosion rate of Q235A steel contacted with CA treated wood was twice or three times as much as the control, adding paraffin wax emulsion could obviously reduce the metal corrosion rate; the tendency in corrosion of hot dip galvanized steel was similar to that of Q235A steel, but its corrosion rate was much lower.[Conclusion] 1) Corrosion rate of the three metals contacted with treated wood was exhibited in the following order: Q235A steel>hot dip galvanized steel>304 stainless steel. 2) After CA treatment, wood presented much more serious corrosion for Q235A steel and hot dip galvanized steel. The corrosion rate of Q235A steel contacted with solely paraffin wax emulsion treated wood was lower than that of the control. However, there was no significant difference in the corrosion rate of hot dip galvanized steel between the two groups. 3) Adding paraffin wax emulsion to CA preservative could inhibit the corrosion of both Q235A steel and hot dip galvanized steel contacted with the preservative treated wood, and the metal corrosion rate decreased with the increasing of paraffin wax emulsion's concentration.

[Objective] Most flavonoids possess a variety of medical and biological activities such as anti-free radical, antioxidant, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, etc. They are widely used in pharmaceutical, health products and cosmetic fields. The objective of this paper was to establish a HPLC method for simultaneously qualitative-quantitative analysis of 13 flavonoids (isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, apigenin, luteolin, tricin, 7-methoxy-tricin, tricin-7-O-glucopyranoside, apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside, demethyltorosaflavone, apigenin-7-O-glucopyranoside-6″-O-rhamnoside and 6-trans-(2″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) in bamboo leaves, and leaf flavonoids in 10 species of Dendrocalamus (D. latiflorus, D. giganteus, D. strictus, D. membranceus, D. farinosus, D. minor var. amoenus, D. yunnanicus, D. fugongensis, D. brandisii and D. hamiltonii) were comparatively analyzed by the established method with the aims to provide a guidance for qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids, the development and utilization of Dendrocalamus bamboo leaves and the selection of bamboo species for flavonoids extraction. [Method] The flavonoids were separated by HPLC gradient elution method, and the validation was guaranteed by accuracy of equipment, LOD, LOQ, intraday/interday precision and recovery rate. Bamboo leaves were extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol-water by ultrasonic extraction, and then tested by HPLC after petroleum ether extraction. [Result] A good separation was found for each flavonoid, the retention times were ranged from 13.23 to 54.67 min. The standard curves showed a good linearity in the corresponding ranges between 0.01 and 500 mg·L^-1(R²≥0.999 6). The equipment accuracy RSD were 1.06%-2.55%, LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 mg·kg^-1, and from 0.03 to 0.34 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The RSD values of instrument accuracy, and intraday/interday precision indicated that it was reasonable to analyze the samples within 5 days. The RSD of intraday and interday precisions were 0.15%-0.67% and 0.44%-5.61%, respectively. Recovery rate for 7 kinds of flavonoids in spiked D. latiflorus were higher than 70%, and that for the other 6 kinds of flavonoids were ranged from 39.76% to 68.75%. The established HPLC method was valid in application for 10 species of Dendrocalamus. The results exhibited differences in flavonoids content among the bamboo leaves. As luteolin, 6-trans-(2″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)ethenyl-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone and demethyltorosaflavone were observed in some bamboo species, the other 10 flavonoids were detected in all 10 kinds of bamboo leaves. The concentrations of total 13 flavonoids were in the range of 419.94 to 5 155.84 mg·kg^-1. The maximum content of total flavonoids was found in D.minor var. amoenus, and the minimum was in D. fugongensis. [Conclusion] The established HPLC method for simultaneously qualitative-quantitative analysis of 13 flavonoids in bamboo leaves was simple, sensitive and accurate. The flavonoids content was rich in leaves of 10 bamboo species in Dendrocalamus genus which are potential resources for exploitation and utilization.

[Objective] This paper used forest region in Heilongjiang Province as an example to investigate certain regularity and characteristics of the changes in forest woodland area during 1981—2010, and analyzed the developmental trend in the future to get valuable conclusions. The research conclusions can provide a certain reference for the establishment of related management policies and basis.[Method] Following indicators were used to reflect the actual changes in forest area: forestry land area, forest land area, open forest land area, non-forest land area, not into woodland area, non-forest area, natural forest area, plantation area, forest land use efficiency, productivity of woodland. Based on the inventory data from 1990 to 2010 and using the theory of grey GM (1, 1) model, the forest stock volume per unit and forest land area of 2025 were predicted with the help of MATLAB software. [Result] 1) The total area of the forest management and forest land area shows the tendency of double down in the forest industry region of Heilongjiang Province during 1981—2010, a huge number of forest land were illegally occupied in forest region. 2) Forest land area in forest industry region of Heilongjiang province e increased from 686.75×10⁴ hm² in1990 to 804.45×10⁴ hm² in 2010, the increasing rate was 17.14%. 3) Forest land area reached a minimum point in the second forest resources review and then increased rapidly, finally leveled off after the fourth review, the results indicated that the positive effects of national forestry policy were gradually revealed. 4) Open forest land, not into woodland, non-forest land area was greatly reduced during the past 30 years. Forest land use efficiency increased from 73% to 96% between the first and the eighth review of forest resources. 5) Forest land use efficiency in the second forest resources review reached the lowest, then rised rapidly, until leveled off. A significant increase in forest land use efficiency was found, however, the important indicators of forest land productivity, the forest stock volume per unit dropped from 116.52 m³·hm^-2 to 77.5 m³·hm^-2 between the first and the fifth review of forest resources, the decreasing rate was 33%. It began to slowly rising after the fifth forest resource review. 6) Forest productivity showed lagging compared to the other indicators, reached its lowest point at the fifth forest resource review. 7) The prediction results showed that the forest stock volume per unit and forest land area would be reached 106.99 m³·hm^-2 and will reach 831.41×10⁴ hm² in 2025, respectively.[Conclusion] The pressure of behavior in altering the forestry lands into other uses could not be overlooked, forest right management system need further improved. Once the forest resources were damaged, though the forest resources protection policies such as natural forest protection project were implemented, the recovery also needed a long time to go. It also reflected the importance of forest land resources protection, and nip in the bud is the most important.

[Objective] Forestry specialized cooperatives (FSC) is one of the new combining forms of production factors, the quantity had got a large increase after cooperative law took effect, the operating efficiency of FSC focus upon public attention when the FSC was encouraged by policy. This paper tries to provide the first hand material and data about FSC by diagnosing the input, output and efficiency of FSC in Fujian province, which can also provide the decision basis for the development of FSC and forestry. [Method] Based on the theory of " Triple Bottom Line" proposed by John Elkington, this paper takes example by triple bottom line index model of forestry specialized cooperative offered by Jiarong Zhao, then evaluates an output indicator system of FSC; takes example by production function of Douglas, then builds an input indicator system of FSC from labor, land, capital, technique and institution. This paper adopts data envelopment analysis (DEA) proposed by A. Charnes and W. W. Cooper to analyze the economic, social and ecological efficiency of FSC. This paper choose those cooperatives which set timber forest as their management object, these cooperatives usually located at Nanping and Sanming city, then collected the data of FSC which were chose through step sampling by using questionnaire. [Result] The analysis of input indicator shows that the FSCs face several problems, which are the outflow of labor force population in country, the increasing of fund demand, few technology input, the difficulty of getting the cutting quota and forest land circulation. The analysis of output indicator shows that there are three benefit of FSCs, The FSCs present obvious social benefits and ecological benefits. The measurements of three efficiencies of FSCs show that the mean value of economic efficiency is 0.834, 36.76% of FSCs are at the stage of increasing returns to scale, their average economic efficiency is 0.549. The mean value of ecological efficiency is 0.99, ecological scale efficiency is 0.99; the FSCs that did not reach DEA effectiveness are at the stage of increasing returns to scale. The mean value of social efficiency is 0.877, social scale efficiency is 0.877, 32.35% of FSCs are not DEA valid, their average social efficiency is 0.619, and are at the stage of increasing returns to scale. [Conclusion] The results of this research show that the three benefits are not unified, the ecological and social efficiencies are higher than economic efficiency. If they can't be internalized to economic income of FSCs, the ecological and social performance will be damaged. The three benefits can only been reached when the three performance were unified and effective system had been established. The government should increase the support of public finance to internalize the ecological and social performance of FSCs.

[Objective] Natural regeneration of Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) has been observed in conifer plantations, secondary forests containing Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla and mixed hardwood secondary forests. However, successful natural regeneration is unlikely in pure secondary forest of F. mandshurica. The objective of this study was to provide some evidences to explain factors that might improve the survival and growth of planted ash seedlings. [Method] One-year-old manchurian ash seedlings were planted under a secondary forest of manchurian ash located at a low-lying site with seasonal water logging. Site preparation was conducted using mounding combined with clearing of ground covers. A randomized blocks experimental design was used and plots with no site disturbance was used as control. Seedlings were either top-pruned to a height of 8 cm right away after planting, or planted without any stem cutting (average height of control seedlings was 15.8 cm). The survival and growth of the planted seedlings during the first 3 years after planting and the surface soil moisture and temperature of the planted areas at the third year after planting were investigated and analyzed. [Results] Mounding combined with clearing of ground vegetation cover reduced the moisture of surface soil ant the extent of its variation. Mounding and removal of vegetation cover increased the temperature of surface soil especially during the primary growth season (May), and decreased the extent of temperature reduction in late growth stage (September) and therefore, homogenized the surface soil temperature. Mounding significantly increased survival and decreased mortality of the non-pruned seedlings, the increases of survival rates in the first, secondary and third year were 7.17%, 13.37%, and 15.56% respectively and the decreasing rates were 100%, 64.73%, and 20.89% respectively. This treatment significantly enhanced the root-collar diameter and height increment. For non-pruned seedlings, root-collar diameter was increased by 19.37%, 27.13%, 35.80%and height was increased by 100.53%, 50.00%, 64.17% respectively in the first, secondary and third year after planting. Mounding also increased the total biomass, total leaf area and number, and also increased the ratio of stem/root biomass. When planted at mounded sites, the top-pruning had no significant effect on survival or growth of seedlings. However, the survival rate and height increment of the top-pruned seedlings was smaller than those of non-pruned seedlings. At non-mounded sites, top-pruning reduced the survival rate. However, there was no significant effect on either height or diameter increment. The top-pruning increased both leaf-area and leaf number, and increased root biomass and leaf biomass. [Conclusion] Poor situation of soil moisture and temperature and the competition with surface vegetation were the two key reasons for the low survival of planted seedlings at non-mounded sites. Improving soil moisture and temperature conditions and reducing the competition from surface vegetation by mounding could promote the survival and growth of the planted seedlings.

[Objective] In Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) breeding programs, lack of co-dominant genetic markers constrained the development of molecular marker assisted breeding. At present, development of SSR markers based on transcriptome data is still an economic and efficient development strategy of DNA molecular markers. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to develop EST-SSR markers for Korean pine. Distribution patterns of the markers in the transcriptome sequences and their characteristics were analyzed, in order to provide a basis for analysis of SSR diversity and mutation of Korean pine. [Method] A total of 1 757 SSR sites were identified from 41 476 unigenes in Korean pine transcriptome by using SSR searching program. Statistical analyses were conducted for number, distribution and characteristics of the SSR loci. And 101 pairs of SSR primers were designed and synthesized. Agarose electrophoresis was used for initial check and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for separation and detection of the polymorphisms of primers. Then amplification products were collected and sequenced for validation. Finally, 16 pairs of SSR primers and 6 pairs of fluorescence primers were identified. To study the genetic variation, 53 samples of open-pollinated progeny were collected from four seed orchards respectively in Hegang, Linkou, Tieli and Weihe. [Result] The distribution frequency of EST-SSRs (ratio of the number of SSRs to the total number of unigenes) was 4.24%, based on the transcriptome sequences. Mononucleotide dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats were 46.90%, 17.12% and 34.66% of total SSR, respectively. The SSR repeat number of SSR repeat units was between 5 and 24. Twenty-one pairs of primers showed polymorphism among 101 pairs of primer, which accounting for 20.8% of the total number of primer pairs. By sequencing validation, 16 pairs of primers amplified the target sequence. Eighteen alleles were tested from 6 pairs of fluorescence primers. Polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.036 3-0.667 4 and the mean was 0.325 0. [Conclusion] Korean pine has a relatively large genome in gymnosperms. The amplified primers of the polymorphism loci were mainly dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats. The progeny of the Korean pine seed orchard revealed a medium level of polymorphism. This study demonstrated that using Korean pine transcriptome data to develop SSR markers was feasible. The technique of using fluorescent markers to analyze the progeny materials provided a basis for studies of genetic diversity and variation of the Korean pine germplasm resources.

[Objective] This study aims at evaluating the effects of environmental factors and susceptibility of various plant species to pathogens causing Sansevieria leaf spot disease for developing the control methods and strategies. [Method] We investigated the biological characteristics of the HPL06 isolate of Chaetomella sp. that causes leaf spot on Sansevieria trifasciata Prain cv. ‘Hanii’ in China. The fungus was incubated in different conditions (i.e. light environments, temperature, pH, nitrogen and carbon sources). Colony diameters were measured using the CM method. The optimal environmental factors for the fungal growth were analyzed. A host spectrum of the isolate was also investigated on 62 plant species covering 23 families using a detached leaf inoculation technique. [Result] Results showed that the optimal illumination and temperature for hyphal growth were 24 h of fluorescent light and 25-30℃, respectively. The pathogen could grow at pH 4-11, but the optimal pH was 4. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and asparagine, respectively, and the hyphae exhibited optimal growth on PDA plates. A total of 46 species belonging to 20 families were susceptible to Chaetomella sp. HPL06. [Conclusion] The isolate could adapt to various environments. The fungus could not grow below 10℃, or above 40℃. Chaetomella sp. HPL06 can cause diseases in many plants. A number of plants were found to be susceptible to Chaetomella sp. with 74.19% of the total number of the tested 62 plant species. A large number of plants susceptible to Chaetomella sp. HPL06 may exist in nature. In order to avoid even greater economic losses caused by the fungus, further field studies on the occurrence of the new Sansevieria leaf spot disease are needed to establish a science-based disease management strategy.

[Objective] Shivaphis pteroceltis(Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a new aphid species attacking trees of Pteroceltis tatarinowii. It damages leaves, fruits and young branches of the host, and mainly affects the growth of trees and induces the sooty mold of P. tatarinowii and the other plants nearby. This study focuses on the distribution and damage, morphological traits, and biological traits of the insect, and intends to lay the foundation for the further study of its ecological traits and comprehensive control. [Method] Distribution and Damage: The distribution and occurrence of the insect were investigated in the P. tatarinowii natural distribution area in Shandong and Anhui provinces. Morphology: Morphology of each instar state from field and laboratory reared populations were collected and observed, measured and recorded with optical microscopes, dissecting microscope, digital stereo microscope. Biology: The damage characteristics, life history and habits were observed in the field and laboratory and recorded regularly each week from hatching of overwintering eggs in March to production of fertilized eggs in November.[Result] Distribution and Damage: S. pteroceltis was found in Shandong, Anhui and other regions. The mouth needle of the aphid inserted into the phloem of leaves and twigs, sucked juices, which caused the leaves yellow, seeds dysplasia. In addition, its body produced honey dew also induced serious sooty mold. They gathered at the main veins on the back of the blade, and along the base of petiole main veins spreading to lateral veins of leaf edge. Morphology: The fresh eggs were orange yellow, gradually become dark brown to black; and the overwintered egg was bright black with luster; The newly hatched nymph was elliptic in form and translucent without thick wax powder and wax filaments; The nymph molted 4 times and became adult aphid. The adult body bore thick wax powder and wax filaments. The adult body was elliptic in form, yellow-green, bearing thick wax powder and wax filaments; viviparous females had both apterous and alate forms. The oviparous female was wingless while its male had wings. Biology: Fundatrix was produced by the overwintered egg in mid-late March in Zaozhuang area, the 1st instar nymph of fundatrigenia was occurred in April and the viviparous female was produced in May. The sexupara was appeared in early October, after mating in mid-October they produced the fertilized eggs which overwintered. Apterous viviparous females showed stronger hunger-resistance than the alate ones.[Conclusion] It was found that S. pteroceltis only infested P. tatarinowii. The aphid was found right now in Shandong, Anhui and other areas. Its life cycle indicated mono-hosted, living in groups with apterous type predominantly and strong hunger-resistance ability. As S. pteroceltis has characters of fast breeding, numerous in number, fast spreading, it could cause severe damages to P. tatarinowii in many areas.

[Objective] Because of the fragile ecological environment in arid-hot valleys of Jinsha River, Yunnan Province, China, the region has been the hot spots of vegetation restoration for which plantation is the main model. To reveal the diversity status of these plantations, and the potential role in biodiversity protection, the ground-dwelling ant community was studied in 7 different plantations in Jinsha River arid-hot valleys, by comparing the difference of ground-dwelling ant community in terms of species composition and diversity. It would be reference for revegetation and biodiversity protection in the arid-hot valleys. [Method] The experimental sites were in the Desert Ecosystem Observation Station of the State Forestry Administration in Yuanmou County. The sampled plots were set in the following tree plantations: Eucalyptus spp.; Jatropha carcas; Jatropha carcas +Leucaena leucocephala; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachta indica+Acacia auriculiformis; Azadirachta indica+Acacia glauca and Azadirachta indica+Leucaena leucocephala. Investigation of ground-dwelling ant community was carried out by pitfall trappings in all 7 plantations in April (dry season) and August (wet season), 2011,respectively. At each plot, two-three 200 m transects were established for ant collection. The 20 pitfall traps with 50ml 50% glycerol were set along each transect at 10 m intervals at ground level. Pitfall traps were made from plastic containers, 8 cm diameter and 15 cm deep, covered by a stone plate to protect the trap from rain. Traps were set for 5 days. The contents of each transect were placed separately in plastic bottles and deposited in 95% alcohol. [Results] The resultswere as follows: 1) Ant community composition: 4001 ant individuals were collected, representing 36 species in 17 genera and 5 subfamilies. The collected Myrmicinae subfamily had the most abundant genus and species, with 18 species in 6 genera, followed by Formicinae with 10 species in 5 genera, then Dolichoderinae with 6 species in 4 genera, and the last groups were Ponerinae and Aenictinae, each only with 1 sepcies and 1 genus. The genus of Tetramorium had the most abundant species with 6 species, followed by genus Monomorium with 4 species. There were 2 127 ant individuals representing 18 species captured in dry season (i.e. in April), among which, Tapinoma melanocephalum and Monomorium chinensis were the most abundant. In wet season (i.e. in August), there were 1 874 ant individuals were captured, among which, Iridmyrmex anceps and Tetramorium cuneinode were the most abundant. There was significant difference of ground-dwelling ant community species composition between dry season and wet season. The ant community in wet season could indicate that the species composition accorded to the features of the vegetations. 2) Ant abundance and diversity: among 7 plantations, the ant abundance in Azadirachta indica plantation was highest regardless the season, and was significantly higher than that in Eucalyptus spp. plantation and Azadirachta indica + Leucaena leucocephala or Acacia glauca plantation. The ant species richness in Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation was the highest among all plantations, and ant species richness was lowest in Eucalyptus spp. plantation. There was no significant difference in species richness among the plantations in dry season. However, in wet season, the ant species richness in Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation was significantly higher than that of other 6 plantations. There was low similarity of ant community composition among all selected plantations, which suggested higher β diversity. [Conclusion] The results indicated that Azadirachta indica + Acacia auriculiformis plantation has positive role in local biodiversity protection, and should be selected as a good model in restoration. The other 6 plantations also have certain role in increasing the biodiversity in regional level, owing to their different ant species composition.