An analysis has been made of the intraspecific variation in characters of 116 herbarium specimens and 620 seedlings from 14 populations which represented the natural range of E.tereticornis from Papua New Guinea to the South of the Australian continent,using the method of multivariate analysis.(A population of"Mysore hybrid" from India was also included). It was found that there were some correlations between the patterns of geographical variation in characters of the species and latitude.The variations represent responses to changes of environmental factors,especially annual temperature and rainfall. There were significant differences in morphological characters and growth rate of seedlings raised under uniform growing conditions.The degree of variation in seedling characters between populations was much larger than that of characters in adult trees.The patterns of variation in seedlings may be genotypic variation in the different geographical localities.It seemed probable from the patterns that there is both ecological divergence and hybridism also interspecific with the related species among the populations of E.tereticornis.

In this experiment,chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins were isolated from poplar reciprocal hybrids (Poplus siminii×P.pyramidalis;P.pyramidalis×P.simonii) and willow hybrids (Salix babylonica×S.fragilis),as well as their parents,and also several poplar representive species including female and male plants.The polypeptides were separated by SDSPAGE.The polypeptide patterns obtained were analysed and compared between hybrids and their parents,female and male plants,and among the representive species.Results obtained are as follows: 1.poplar thylakoid membrane proteins were separated into more than 40 polypeptides varied with different species.According to this difference.these tested species of Poplus can be divided into three groups:Aigeiros (P.deltoides Bartr CL.'Lux' and P.deltoides Bard CL 'Harvard') and Tacamahaca (P.simonii Carr) possessing 50kd,and 27kd polypeptides,are in the same group,Leuce (P.alba L.) which has no these two polypeptides belongs to the second group.The third group is Leucoides (P.lasiocarpa Oliv.) in which,50kd and 27kd bands are very faint. 2.One 44kd polypeptide band was observed in the hybrid poplar when it is possessed in their female parent but not in their male parent.It means that 44kd polypeptide may be maternal inheritance and be used as a genetic marker in poplar breeding. 3.The patterns of thylakoid membrane polypeptides of willow hybrids were coincided with its parents in morphological characters.Therefore,we can deduce that there are some relations between thylakoid membrene polypeptides and morphological characters. 4.There were no common pattern of thylakoid membrane polypeptides between female and male and male plants in all tested species,But the male plant of P.simonii Carr.has one more polypeptide band than female plant.This band is very stable and good repeatability in our experiment and can be used as a marker to distinguish the male plant of P.simonii Carr.in poplar breeding.

The male inflorescence bud is mixed type,dropping as a whole after anthesis. The male flower is minute,apetalous,calyx 2-lobed,stamens 4. As it is in flower,the calyx lobes open only at the sides and meet at the top but seldom open fully. The anther wall comprises an epidermis followed by a layer of endothecium,1 middle layer and a single-layered tapetum.The epidermis withers as the anther splits.The endothecium develops fibrous thickenings and the middle layer is ephermeral.The cells of the glandular tapetum become 2-nucleate and degenerate at the 2-celled pollen stage.On the inner tangential walls and radial walls are studded Ubisch bodies stripe-like"bridge" appear between Ubisch body and pollen wall. Meiosis of microspore mother cells is synchronous or unsynchronous. Simultaneuous cytokinensis in the microspore mother cells follows meiosis and the microspore tetrads are tetrahedral or isobilateral.The changes in the callose accumulation during microsporogenesis start on the corner and the periclinal walls of the microspore mother cell close to the vascular bundle of the filament,and gradually extends to the far end of the bundle. Pollen grains are 2-celled when shed,about 22.5μ in diameter.In SEM micrograph,the pollen grain is spherical,with an annular ridge around the equator which seems to divide the pollen into two halves and each half is tricolpate.The colpi bulge to form three beaks meeting at the equator.Pollen wall is decorated with warty dots.

In this paper a matrix model is developed to analyze the growth and structure of uneven-aged forest stands and a linear programming technique is used to determine sustained-yield regulation regimes including the residual stock,harvest,stand structure,and cutting cycle,which would maximize the timber volume,or timber value,or present value of periodic harvests.The method was applied to Abies nephrolepis uneven-aged stands in Mudanjiang forest region in Heilongjiang Province as an illustration.

The studies on fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis showed that the fermentation beer produced by 7 strains of this bacterium grown in one fermentation medium and the fermentation beer produced by 1 strain of this bacterium grown in seven fermentation media represented different toxicities against the test insect.The toxicity against the test insect was related to the sensitivity of insect and to different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis,and also to the composition of fermentation media.However the toxicity was not correlated with spore count. Varies of N.C and C/N of media during fermentation process did not relate to the toxicity of fermentation production against the test insect. Therefore,the potency of the fermentation production of Bacillus thuringiensis can be determined only by bioassay.

The origin and the migration of Monochamus Guér on the earth,the origin of Chinese Monochamus fauna and its biogeographical relation to other areas,and geographical distribution of five species which do serious damages to the forests in China are discussed.It is indicated as follows: (1) Monochamus is a typical tropic and subtropic group.The global distribution of this genus shows that 59.3% of all species are distributed in Ethiopian,26% in Oriental,8% in Neoarctic,6.7% in Palaearctic and none in both Australian and Neotropic. (2) Monochamus should originate from Ethiopian during Middle to Late Cretaceous.Some of Monochamus species migrated from Ethiopian into Oriental during Early to Middle Tertiary through Arabian and Iranian areas covered with tropic rain-forests then.Since Late Tertiary,the immigrants in Oriental had spread gradually into Palaearctic through the east of China.And ancestors of Neoarctic species should immigrate from Eurasia through the Bering Land Bridge during Cenozoic,but the exact immigrating time hasn't been determined yet. (3) Since Early to Middle Tertiary,the immigrants in Oriental had tended to spread up to the north. (4) Monochamus fauna in China has evolved from:(a) Endemic components.They evolved from China,but their ancestors immigrated from Ethiopian through India and Indo-China during Early to Middle Tertiary. Some of China endemic species had spread into the north of China.(b) Indian and Indo-Chinese components.The species originated from India and Indo-China immigrated into South China during Late Tertiary to Quaternary,some of which spread into North China. (5) Biogeographically,China Mainland is closely related to Japan,China Taiwan,India,Indo-China,Siberia and Europe.All Monochamus species of Siberia and Europe are also distributed in China.China Mainland and Japan as well as China Mainland and Taiwan share some of Monochamus species. Japanese endemic species (Palaearctic species) may probably do damages to the forests of North and Northeast China,and endemic species (Oriental species) of Taiwan are also dangerous to the fcrests of South China (Mainland).There are a lot of species which are the same between South China,India and Indo-China,but endemic species of India and Indo-China might be carried into South China and do damages to the forests there due to (3) above.Therefore,import log and timber from Japan,China Taiwan,India and Indo-China must be in strict quarantine. (6) There are five species that do serious damages to the forests in China.M.bimaculatus,whose northest distribution border is at Nan Lin (about 25°N),belongs to typical Oriental components.This species mainly bores broadleaved trees in South China.M.alternatus is also an Oriental species,but its northest distribution border is at Chin Lin (about 33°N) in West China and at Beijing (about 40°N) in East China.M.alternatuslives on broadleaved and secondary coniferous trees,but mainly on masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb.in China.The opposite is the case with M.urussovii,it belongs to a typical Palaearctic species,whose southest distribution border is at Chin Lin.This species bores coniferous trees.The similar pattern is found to be the case with M.sutor and M.saltuarius.

Rhynchaenus (Tachyerges) empopulifolis Chen,sp.nov. Black or blackish brown,rostrum and antennae and legs yellowish brown,dorsal surface thinly covered with long blackish and short yellowish brown hairs,scuttellum densely covered with white scales.Forehead between eyes linear.Rostrm short,2.0 (male) or 2.8(female) times as long as wide.Antennal insertion index 37 (male) or 35 (female),scape as long as club and as long as basal two segments of funicle combined,funicle with 7-segments.Pronotum and elytra without erect setae at sides.Hind femora thicker than the anterior ones,2.3 times as long as wide and simple. Length 2.3—2.7mm.breadth 1.3—1.5 mm. Holotype ♂,allatype♀,Liao Ning Province (Kalaqin Zuoyi Mengguzu Zi Zhi Xian) 7.Ⅵ.1986,colleted by Zhang Lian-xiang,Paratypes:56♂♂♀♀,7—10.Ⅵ.1986,the same locatity,by Zhang Lian-xiang,ChenYuan-chao and Chen Yuan-qing.19♂♀♀,Liao Ning (Heshan Xian),2.Ⅴ.1952;4♂♀♀,Beijing city,22.Ⅴ.1954,collected by Institute of Entomology.1♂2♀♀,Shanxi (Anze Xian),Ⅴ.1975,by Pang Zhen. This new species is elosed to R.(Tachyerges) subbifaciatus Faust.But differs from it by elytra without haired bands or marks,hind femora yellowish brown except the apex,scuttellum densely covered with white scale s.

Effect of temperature on drying rate and the course of wood temperature changes and internal deformation in wood during drying were inves tigated.Besults obtained are as foll cws: 1.Drying rate of Korean pine board increased as drying temperature elevated,and this effect is more significient for board of 30 mm than for board of 15 mm in thickness. 2.The typical high temperature drying process must have a period in which the core temperature of the board maintains at 100℃.In order to practise a typical high temperature drying process,the drying temperature must be above 110℃ for board of 30 mm and above 120℃ for board of 15 mm in thickness. 3.The regularities of internal deformation of wood samples dried at different temperatures were the same,but the elastic tensile deformation in the out layers reduced,while the plastic tensile deformation in the out layers and elastic tensile deformation in the internal layers both increased as drying temperature elevated.

The developement and achievement of forest site classification in China since the liberation in 1949 were reviewed in respect of the combined approach,environment approach and environment-site index approach.Discussion was conducted as to what's the difference between the concept of site classification and site evaluation,what's site classification in relation to forest land category and tree species as well as relationship between regional and local differentiation.With analysis,the developing trend of forest site classification system and its application in forestry were pointed out.

In order to conserve forest resources and make multiple uses of the forest,it is necessary to seek a minimum lumber requirement,or critical value of timber yield without affecting normal development of national economy. Based on this Critical Value,combined with the situation of forest resources,timber yield can be determined. In this paper,using the method of guantitative analysis and helped by computer,the author probed into the method to set up the critical value of timber yield and set up the critical values of timber yield with a hundred millions of value in China during each period from 1988 to 2000.

With the contrast material from 15 olive-producing sites of foreign countries,the olive vernalization days,damage temperature friquencies,damage index,ect.were studied in 15 olive planting sites in China,a model describing the thermal characteristic in the olive vernanization period was established.The result shows:Although the thermal model of the olive vernabization period in Chinese olive planting sites is different from that of the check sites,the thermal adaptability is quite to that of the check sites;spring freeza is the most important temperature factor that limits China's olive production;damage index plays a decisive role to differentiate the olive thermal adaptability of Chinese Olive planting regions;selecting varieties with early mature and resistance to frigidity is a significant method for the olive developing in China.In addition, the potential region for the olive growing in China is also discussed.

The effects of water supply on wood production were studied in 1983 and 1984 in a young poplar plantation (Populus deltoides Bartr.cv."Lux" ex.Ⅰ-69/55).The results reveal that the growth of poplar plantation can be greatly promoted by artificial irrigation under the same site condition and cultural measures and the growth increases with the rise of water supply level.In comparison with the control (rainfall only) the.average height of tree increased by 17.2—24.6%,the average D.B.H.increased by 10.7—22.1% and the average volume increased by 22.0—42.6%.The volume increment is caused by the extension of the branches and the expansion of leaf area and crown space under irrigation.In accordance with the cost accounting the economic benifit of irrigation is significant.

The analysis of growing procedure of tree height, diameter breast height and volume have been made using 350 dominants, 175 mean trees and 28 sample trees in 35 sample plots of Korean pine plantation which are 17-50 years of on 10-16 set index, and the optimum mathematical models to correspond biological characteristies were given. The growth of Korean Pine plantation is slower during before 7 years old, and it becomes faster following the age increasingly. The growth is stable during 30-50 years old, and it becomes slower again after 50 years old. The peak of current annual increment occurs ahead on the high set index. The growth of diameter breast height is faster during 10-20 years old. The volume becomes increasingly apparent after 30 years. Four stages of growth of Korean Pine were divided. They are: Young tree period (before 8 years old), fast-growing period (8-30 years old), volume fast-increasing period (about 30-70 years old), and solw-growing period (after 70 years old). The are Korean pine, Chinese pine, Japanese larch, and Korean larch in order of timber-volume when site type, forest age (50 years old) and density are at the same in Caohekou.

This paper revealed the effect of poplar Ⅰ_{(72 58),Populus pekinensis,P.opera,P.tomentosa,P.deltoides var.shanhaiguan on the pest Clostera anachoreta.The result of rearing larvae with different poplar leaves showed that there were differences not only in survival rate and development of larvae but also in the weight of pupa and the number of eggs laid per female.Poplar Ⅰ(72/58) was the best for development and growth of Clostera anachoreta Poplus opera and P.tomentosa were found favorable,with the other two in between.The reason for these differences was found to be different chemical composition of various poplar species.}

The present paper deals with the spatial distribution patterns of Anoplopora nobilis Ganglbauer in poplar tree land.Several methods were used to test the distribution pattern of A.nobilis.These methods are:the comparative method of frequency distribution the aggregated index methods.The results are as follows: By measuring and testing the distribution pattern of eggs.Larvae and pupae,we found that all were of the aggregated distribution pattern to be more exact of the negative binomial pattern and the degree of aggregation increases with the development of the beetle. The distribution of A.nobilis in the trunk is related to the diameter of the tree and the relation between them is when shown on a graph.The maximal values of eggs and larvae are 12.19cm and 11.92cm.The examined section can be taken between 6—8cm or 8—16cm diameter.In the former range about 85% of total beetles may be examined and in the latter 68% of the total.

The rang for selecting type of machine according to operation is put forward;Based on the given examples of value analysis of the three types of on construct machines,(ZL₍₄₀₎) wheel loader,(W₍₁₀₀₁₎) excavator and (R.F150),Seleted in earth loading operation in road building,the methods, processes and points for attention in the application of value engineering to type selection of machines are presented.

The inclined boom with waist cables of rivers of high velocity discharge is a structure of new type.The structure was first initiated by the Chinese technicians in wood water transport.This article deals with the process of a hydrotechnical model test of the inclined boom with waist cables and the measurement results.The experimental data prove that the inclined boom with waist cables is reasonably designed in terms of structures and ensured safely in construction.The design load is basically in conformity with the measured value subjected to the force of the boom. Hydraulic model test by way of the new testing technique and new data-processing method has raised the measuring technical standards of the hydrotechnical model test.

By means of ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis),IR and FTIR (infrared spectrum and fourier transform infrared spectrum),DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and SEM (scanning electron microscope),We dealt with change of the surface chemistry and surface characteristics of basswood veneer and newspaper,which were exposed to outdoor and indoor or were radiated by the ultraviolet light.Through exposing or radiating,the results showed that the surface molecules of sample became photochemical degraded,the layers of cell wall were damaged,the roughness of surface were increased and the colour were changed into dark and gloomy.These information provide very impotant theoretical basis for scientific preservation of sarface of the wood or lignocellulosic material and scientific processing and utilizing them.