With the total area of 381 hectares, the Vatica mangachapoi forest in Sanfenqu of Jianfengling National Nature Reserve is one of the best protected forests over the whole Hainan Island. Based on the sample plots data (total plots area is 1.38 hectares), there are more than 300 tree species recorded and the mean timber volume is 469.773 m³·hm^-2, the mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees is 28.6 cm and the maximum DBH is 143.3 cm; V. mangachapoi (Dipterocarpaceae) is the dominant and key stone species in the forest ecosystem, and the population density (DBH 12 cm) is 48 individuals per hectare and the population important value (Ⅳ) is 16.8 (the total Ⅳ of all populations is 300). The population age structure of V. mangachapoi now presents as steady increasing population, the tree number is gradually decreasing with the tree DBH increasing. Based on the results of cluster analyse, the V. mangachapoi forest belongs to the tropical monsoon forest and mainly distributes between 300 to 650 m above sea level. The sub-dominant species of V. mangachapoi forest are Koilodepas hainanensis, Amesiodendron chinensis and Litchi chinensis var. euspontanea. 8 national key protected species are recorded in Sanfenqu, Hopea hainanensis (Dipterocarpaceae) is the first grade of the national key protected species.

The Dawei Mountain is one of the national nature reserves, which has the richest rare endangered plants and the most abundant biodiversity. The results from this study showed that there were 3 299 species of the wild vascular plants belonging to 1 121 genera and 238 families in this area, accounting for 65.38%, 34.92% and 12.15% respectively of the species, genera and families of vascular plant resources in China, among which there were 3 027 species of seed plants belonging to 994 genera and 188 families. The antiquity, rarity, diversity and integrity of seed plants in the reserve were very representative. There were 4 distinct features for the flora of the seed plants: 1) species composition is complex, while the number of species in genera is small and species differentiation in genera is weak; 2) the origin of flora is ancient, and the age_old and particular genera are abundant; 3) many floras converge in this area, and the families distributed in the tropics are dominant; 4) the floras here have close affinity with Indochina floras especially for the North Bay floras, mean while which also with East_Asia floras.

Studied the soil fertility on south slope in Qinling Mountains,the spatial distribution and variation pattern and its relation with altitude. The results showed that the spatial distribution range of soil fertility in Qinling forest area on south slope was soil pH volue 5.97～6.89,organic matter 6.6～50.1 g·kg^-1, total N 0.5～3.8 g·kg^-1 ,available N 33.6～257.3 mg·kg^-1,available P 0.81～5.8 mg·kg^-1,available K 38.9～262.4 mg·kg^-1,clay particle content 11.3%～18.1%,capacity of exchangeable base 68.5～310.2 mmol·kg^-1 respectively; The spatial variation degree of available P, organic matter, and total N was big,whereas clay particle content and active acid pH value was small;the spatial variation degree of soil pH value, organic matter, available P, clay particle content, and capacity of exchangeable base decreased with the deep of soil,whereas soil total N、available N, and available K increased. The horizontal spatial variation degree of soil available K、available P and capacity of exchangeable base influenced much more by altitude,whereas soil pH value and clay particle content influenced less. The soil pH value decreased with the altitude, whereas organic matter and available P、K increased;The soil fertility spatial variation decreased as the altitude went up, which may have something to do with mankind disturbance strength lowering and forest type inclining to sameness.

The characteristics of the absorption, distribution and utilization to ¹⁵N-urea fertilizer before bud-break were studied using four-year-old pot-cultivated Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis ‘Zhanhua_Dongzao’ tree. The main results were as follows: ¹⁵N-urea applied before bud-break had the feature of the effect of stored N in dongzao trees. That is to say, ¹⁵N absorbed by root was distributed firstly and mostly to the storage organs (including the trunk, the perennial branch and the large root), then to the construction of the new organs (including the deciduous spur and leaf, neonatal branch, fine root and fruit), and began to flow back to the storage organs after fruit harvest. The ¹⁵N-urea applied before bud-break was mainly translocated to the growth centre. Analysed during the leaflet, Ndff% of ¹⁵N-urea was highest in the large root and xylem of the trunk. During full blossom, Ndff% of the leaf of deciduous spur (including flower) became the highest. During the rapid fruit growth, Ndff% of the fruit became the highest. And analysed after fruit harvest, Ndff% of the root became the highest. With the development of the tree, the ratio of utilization to ¹⁵N-urea increased gradually, in the rapid fruit growth phase it was the highest,and after fruit harvest it decreased appreciably.

According to the counting the chromosome numbers of 18 species of leguminous trees(Leguminosae), the chromosome numbers have relationship with nodulation in some degree in the leguminous trees.The chromosome numbers of 10 species of leguminous trees which are not nodulade in the field except for Cassia occidentalis are all 28 and can be divided integrally by 7. These trees are Cassia sophera, C. canymbosa, C. bicapsularis, C. hirsnta, C. suffruticosa, C. siamea, Zenia insignis, Gleditsia sinensis in Caesalpinioideae and Sophora japonica in Papilionoideae. The chromosome numbers of C. occidentalis which is in Caesalpinioideae is 26. Each of the chromosome number of 8 species of leguminous trees which can be nodulated is not 28. These 8 species of leguminous trees which can be nodulated are as follow: chromosome numbers of Albizia julibrissin, Acacia dealbata, Acacia cunnihami and Acacia mangium in Mimosoideae are all 26, chromosome numbers of Sophora davidii in Papilionoideae is 18, chromosome numbers of Amorpha fruticosa in Papilionoideae is 40, and chromosome numbers of Robinia pseudoacacia and Cajanus cajan in Papilionoideae are 22. These chromosome numbers all are not divided integrally by 7.

Two major anthocyanins of the flower color pigment of Prunus mume‘Nanjing Hongxu’ were isolated with MeOH-HOAc-H₂O (10∶1∶9, V/V), and purified by paper chromatography and subsequent column chromatography. Specific chemical reactions, TLC, PC, UV-Vis spectra, HPLC, GC, ¹H NMR,¹³C NMR and FAB MS analyses indicate that the anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-galloyl-3″-O-β-glucopyranosyl-β-glucopyranoside) respectively. In addition to contributing to the mauve flower color, the anthocyanins may improve the ability of P. mume ‘Nanjing Hongxu’ to survive in cold.

Via sequential single-gene transformation strategy, antisense phospholipase Dγ(Anti-PLDγ)gene and chitinase (CH5B) gene were introduced into Populus deltoides (G2) in proper order by Agrobacterium tumefacien mediated so as to enhance salt-tolerance and disease resistance. Firstly, the optimal media of P. deltoides (G2) for bud differentiation and rooting were established. The sensitivity of explants to kanamycin and hygromycin were tested separately in order to decide a reasonable selective pressure for transformation. Anti-PLDγ gene was introduced firstly. 21 kanamycin-resistant rooted plants were obtained through successive selection in shoot and root induction stage under high level kanamycin pressure. PCR and PCR-Southern analysis showed that 13 of 21 kanamycin-resistant rooted plants were positive. This meant that Anti-PLDγ gene was successfully integrated into the genome of these 13 plants. Salt-tolerance test demonstrated that 4/13 plants were enhanced to some extent. The No.4 plant was selected again to introduce chitinase (CH5B) gene. After successive selection in shoot and root induction stage under high level hygromycin pressure, 6 hygromycin_resistant rooted plants were gained. PCR and PCR-Southern analysis showed that 6 of these rooted plants were positive. This meant that CH5B gene was also successfully integrated into the genome of P. deltoides (G2). The CH5B gene and reporter gene GUS are in the same open reading frame (ORF), so via histochemical staining of GUS gene test, demonstrated that 6 plants can express CH5B gene normally.

To investigate the gene expression and to separate clones which are important genes related to oil synthesis and so on during transforming peak of seed oil in Camellia oleifera, cDNA library was constructed using the nearly matured seeds of two clones, I.e. XL-1 and XL-4, and 2 327 clones were randomly selected for sequencing on the 3′-end to construct the EST library, and 1 979 sequences which are unabridged and without X or N were performed homology comparison with nucleic acid NR database. 763 cDNA sequences were highly homological to cDNA sequences of other plant species in database of NCBI, 266 kinds of genes have been identified and 1 216 clones of cDNA were unknown function of gene sequences. In the cDNA library of seeds of C. oleifera, different genes expressed different abundance. The genes related to storage protein, to expression and regulation, to resistance, to seed maturation and to embryo development were expressed in high abundance, while the genes related to metabolism of fatty acids etc. were expressed in medium abundance. The other genes responsible for many fragments and many genes unknown functions were expressed in different extent. The number and trends of expressed genes are suitable for the phase of C. oleifera seeds near to maturation.

In this paper, two progeny trials of F₂ hybrid larch(Larix) in 14 years old from Qingshan Forest Farm, including the materials of Larix kaempferi×L.gmelinii, L.kaempferi×L.olgensis and L.gmelinii×L.kaempferi, were studied in order to know their separation in F₂ generation and growth heterosis in later stage. The result shows that there is no great separation in height growth of F₂ generation compared with F₁ generation, and the average of their variation coefficient only increases 2.3% and 5.8%. That means the hybrid larch is good in both of heterosis stability and growth potential. Therefore, establishing F₁ hybrid seed orchards is a good way to produce hybrid seeds with higher genetic gain in cold area of China. Also, some differences in height, diameter and volume for each family exist among 7 F₂ families, whose variation coefficient decreases along with the tree age, with 17.6%, 22.1%, 23.9% and 24.3% in 14, 8, 7 and 6 years old separately. This heterosis is also in existence among 15 hybrid families, although it is lower. The height growth of hybrid F₂ in 14 years old is 18.5% lower compared with that in 8 years old, and 10.3% lower compared with materials from seed orchards of L. olgensis, whose heterosis decreases 2.4%. Taking Xiaobeihu provenance as control, the growth potential of hybrid F₂ in 14 years old is obviously higher, whose growth in height, diameter and volume exceeds Xiaobeihu provenance in 28.1%、43.8% and 123.8%, and exceeds seed orchards of L. olgensis in 7.8%, 15.7% and 33.8%, whose heterosis is 7.1%, 4.1% and 12.1% respectively. Higher heritability can be seen among 7 hybrid families, who have gotten 10% genetic gains in height and diameter growth and 33% genetic gain in volume. For this reason, it is possible to use hybrid larch in second generation in forestry production.

In the intermediate cutting intensity experiment of the Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation for 20 years,the change pattern of stand natural thinning through the different intermediate cutting intensities was studied,the relationship between tree number of the natural thinning and the stand intensity & site conditions was revealed,the mathematical equation M=k₁·k₂ of natural thinning lines of C.lanceolata stand density management map was tested,and the diameter,height and canopy structure laws of the stand with different intermediate cutting intensities were put forward.The natural thinning studies indicated that the starting period and peak period of the natural thinning through the CK and slight intermediate cutting were both early,the thinning amount was large and the thinning course possessed continuity.The three stages of the slight thinning period,intensive thinning period and continual thinning period could be divided out according to the thinning amount.The natural thinning would be a very long process without the artificial interference.The thinning starting period and peak period through the middle and strong intermediate felling are both late and assume intermittence.Their thinning stages were not evident.By means of the studies we also found that the stand density and site conditions had important effects on the dead and dying tree number,but the density was more important than the site conditions.Through the test,the relative error of the mathematical equation of natural thinning lines of C.lanceolata stand density management map was 3.91% and the precision was relatively high.The practical test results of the stand with different intermediate cutting intensities and different site indexes showed that the CK relative error was 5.23%,the relative errors of the other tested items were all<5%,which were all the allowable experimental errors.The mathematical equation was comparatively practical.The studies revealed the distribution laws of diameter classes and height classes of the stand with different intermediate cutting intensities.Through the studies we also obtained the growth differences and change dynamics of the under_branch height,canopy length and canopy relative height of the stand with different intermediate cutting intensities and various related pattern with the increase of stand age and put forward the mathematical model relating to the stand age and the single_tree volume periodic increment.

Based on the existing state of bad results from introducing Pistacia vera for many years in China, the relationships between the growth, development, and propagation of P.vera and microclimate and soil conditions were studied by micro-computers with the software system BEM-1 developed by authors for 8 years in Beijing. In the introducing experiment of P.vera, two improved varieties of Kerman and Peters introduced from the United States of America from 1996 to 1998, and the Chinese Pistacia from Xinjiang used as control, were planted in three different growth conditions(large greenhouse, small greenhouse, and field in Beijing Agriculture College). The investigation results showed that the biggest difference in weather conditions was the larger rainfall from July to August and the lower temperature from December to January in Beijing compared with the weather in the origin of P.vera. The vast amount of precipitation resulted in higher relative humidity in atmosphere,reaching 60% in average in Aug. and 70% in rainy days,which was benefit to the survival of grafting plants,but causing serious diseases at the same time. The biggest change in the atmospheric temperature was found at 100 cm above ground with the lowest temperature -9.18℃ and the highest temperature 42.63℃ in one year. The lowest temperature was -5.85℃ found at the soil surface in field and -4.25℃ and -5.15℃ were recorded in greenhouses. Therefore, necessary measures were needed to protect the young trees of P. vera from cold injury in winter using simple ways. The daily variation in light intensity was similar for three treatments. The light intensity varied with weather, time and facilities (large greenhouse or small green house) and the effect of weather was the most important. The concentration of CO₂ was 300～330 μmol·mol^-1 in morning, 230～250 μmol·mol^-1 at noon, which was not enough for photosynthesis requirements. The field soil was alkaline with more organic matter and total N, but low available P. P. vera grew well in sandy soil with pH 8.66～8.80 and normal blooming and fruiting were observed under the condition of introduction area, while the fruiting age was influenced mainly by variety.

Based on the field investigation and indoor analysis, soil nutrients, soil structure and proporties and soil enzyme activities were studied with 18-year-old and 8-year-old Caragana korshinskii. The results showed that the shrub(C. korshinskii) would improve the content of soil organic matter, rapidly available nitrogen, rapidly available potassium, decrease soil pH and soil density. It would also increase the contents of soil water-stable aggregates(>5 mm) and microaggregates(>0.01 mm), improve the soil nutrient conditions and change the soil structure, improve the soil ability to service nutrients and water. It would also accelerate the clay soil to form the accumulation, prevent soil degeradation and protect eco-environment.

To explore the mechanisms of pine wilt disease, in vitro toxin production of a bacterium strain, GcM5-1A (Pseudomonas fluorescens) isolated and identified from Busaphelenchus xylophelus, was examined. Toxicity of the cell free filtrate of the liquid medium after culturing the bacterium was assayed by the fluorescence microscopic bioassay. Results of the bioassay showed that toxicity of the cell free filtrate of the liquid medium was increased with culturing days. Toxicity of the cell free filtrate reached a relatively stable phase from the 4^th day during a 7-day experiment. Therefore, 4 days can be the duration of the culturing time, when the toxins of the strain are going to be isolated and identified. The cell free filtrate of the liquid medium after 4 days' culturing was dialysed with DM-36 dialysed into two parts, the interior part of the dialayser and the exterior part. Bioassay results indicated that toxicity was existed in both the interior and the exterior parts, because there was significant differences between the interior, the exterior parts and the control respectively in the toxicity of their cell free filtrates by t_test. The result demonstrated that a single compound did not cause toxicity of GcM5-1 strain, rather than multi-components, in which there were both macro-molecules, like proteins, peptides, enzymes, and small organic molecules.

The seabuckthorn carpenter moth, Holcocerus hippophaecolus is a severe boring insect in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Liaoning, Hebei and Gansu Provinces in recent years, and mainly cause damage to stems and roots of seabuckthorn during larvae stage. Morphological characteristics and biology were preliminarily studied in order to control effectively this pest. The results show that a generation of H. hippophaecolus lasted four years in Liaoning Province, the mature larvae begin to pupate in the first of May under the ground and the moths emerge from the end of May to the early of September with two peaks of eclosion, the middle of June and the last of July respectively. The female moth always laid eggs to the crevice and wound in stem bark, the hatching rate of the egg is 90% and egg stage is 16 d. The larvae have the habit of aggregation with several to hundreds and transfer from the stems to the roots. The mature larvae pupate in soil around the base of stem with the depth of 10 cm and pupal stage is 31 d. The moth emergence occurs in 4:00—7:00 p.m., and copulation peak appears around 9:30 p.m.; the sex ratio of female to male is 1∶0.85 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and 0.912∶1 in Liaoning; the female may laid eggs through all day and night, especially in the next night from 8:30 to 10:00 p.m. after copulation; the logevity of male moth is 2～8 d and female moth is 3～8 d. Larvae overwinter in the stems and roots of seabuckthorn, and the overwintering stages and location were not influenced by the direction of slope and the degree of damage in different woodlands.

Virulence bioassays of the 5 isolates of Beauveria bassiana from different species of insects against Takecallis taiwanus (Takahashi) were carried out. The result showed that all 5 isolates tested were capable of infecting T. taiwanus(Takahashi). The time-dose-mortality model (namely complementary log-log model) was used for the analysis of the data obtained from the bioassay. Time-dependent lg(LT₅₀) and dose-dependent LC₅₀ were estimated respectively. For B₁₂, Bxs, REBb01, Zhe-B and F-263, the lg(LC₅₀) by the 9^th day after inoculation were estimated to be 4.054 9, 4.462 0, 4.626 1, 4.929 0 and 5.158 0 conidia·mL^-1 respectively, and the LT₅₀ at an inoculate dose of 1×10⁶ conidia·mL^-1 were estimated to be 3.63, 3.70, 4.31, 4.34 and 5.20 days respectively. Based on three-dimension figures of cumulative mortality of T. taiwanus(Takahashi) with the changes of time and dose, virulence of each isolate under different time and dose were evaluated integrally. The virulence of 5 isolates in a descending order was B₁₂, Bxs, REBb01, and followed by Zhe-B and F-263.

The relationship between leaf and stem capacitance of Populus×euramericana 'Neva' and its physiological index was studied. The results showed that the leaf capacitance had significant positive correlations with leaf exosmosis electro_ conductivity, exosmosis percentage and leaf absolute moisture content, had significant negative correlations with leaf electrolyte electroconductivity and had no correlations with leaf relative water content (RWC); the stem capacitance had significant positive correlations with DBH(diameter at breast height) and bark relative turgidity (RT). The conception of `unit capacitance' was proposed. There were evident differences between health and debility trees in stem capacitance and unit capacitance. So the research of the leaf, stem and unit capacitance would provide a theoretical basis for the quantitative assessment of the degree of damage and lack of water of trees, the ability of disease-resistance, tree vigor and stands growth condition.

Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor is one of the critically endangered species in the world. From 2003 to 2005, its potential wintering sites around Hainan Island were investigated. Among 50 sites surveyed, three wintering populations were found: 1 individual in Dongzhaigang Nature Reserve of Haikou in 2003 and 2004, and 13 individuals in Houshui Bay of Lingao County in 2003 and 51 individuals in 2004 in Beili Bay of Dongfang. The later two populations are firstly found in Hainan Island. The results show that Hainan Island is a very important wintering site following Hongkong and Taiwan in China, and therefore Houshui Bay and Beili Bay should be listed as Wetland of International Importance. Mudflat exploitation, seafood collecting and illegal hunting are the three local threats against Black-faced Spoonbill and its habitat. The investigation indicated that a special conservation agency for this species should be established, and public awareness should be improved around the wintering sites.

In recent years, the development of China took on a point-force look to the economy development. In the future 20 years, the power of China economy will dig from the development dividend of megalopolis, while the development of megalopolis will also bring the pressure to the resources and the environment. Based on the research of the eco-security of the megalopolis development, Applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) to form the eco-security index system of the megalopolis from the resource support system, the environment system and the agricultural security respectively.

Litter decomposition is a crucial process in the cycling of ecosystem elements. Enzymes of forest litter and soil play an important role in the process of litter decomposition. This paper summarized the method of determining enzyme activities and influencing factors in the process of litter decomposition. Some important results in the studies included: Developed extractive technique can quantify enzyme content and precisely determine it's activities; Enzyme activity influenced by biotic and abiotic factors and also influenced by it's chemical structure; Microorganism community is a crucial biotic factor, SOM(soil organic material), temperature and moisture are all important abiotic factors that could affect enzyme activity; In the future, studies will be concentrated on interactional mechanism between litter decomposition and enzyme system in the process of litter decomposition.

The degradation of cellulose in food of termites depends on cellulases, which were secreted by termite itself or its symbionts. The GenBank database established by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in U.S.A. showed that, the cellulase genes from nine species of termites, which belong to 6 genera, 4 families, have been cloned, and the sequences of these genes have been determined at present. The analysis of homology indicated that the sequence of genes encoding endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase from termites and its symbionts had high comparability.

Review and introduce the research of the “digital forest" in the world at first. The concept of “digital forest long-term ecological research station" is introduced. Various techniques are fused to construct digital forest long-term ecological research station,such as GIS, RS, computerization, artificial intelligence and visualized. Digital forest long-term ecological research station can mine the fifteen forest stations' mass data and information of long-term position surveying, and realize the digital, networking, visual, intellectual management and utilization of information, and transmit these information to people quickly, accurately, conveniently and intuitively via Internet, and achieve the sharing of data and information, and better service for the long-term relational research of forestry ecosystem. The new concept of “digital forest long-term ecological research station" is brought out and defined for the first time, and the framework, technique fundamental, content of research and realization method are discussed, and the necessary of digital forest long-term ecological fesearch station construction is pointed out. At last, some issues would be concerned in the work of digital forest long-term ecological research station. The construction of digital forest long-term ecological research station is an important symbol of the foundation construction level in the chinese forest ecosystem research, and will be an important step to “digital forestry".

Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the associated nutrient elements can be a significant form of loss from Chinese Fir plantations due to intensive cultural treatments. We studied the concentrations and fluxes of DOC in soil percolating water in recently planted, young and mature Chinese Fir stands in southeastern China. Soil samples were collected from 0～20, 20～40 and 40～60 cm in each stand. Soil percolating water was collected with non-suction lysimeters installed at the mid-slope in a line perpendicular to the slope at the depth of 20, 40 and 60 cm. DOC concentrations in soil percolating water ranged from 6.08 to 21.05 mg·L^-1 (mean:12.76 mg·L^-1), decreasing with increasing soil depth. The DOC concentration of the young stand remained the lowest regardless of measuring time. However, the DOC concentration of the recently planted stand was the greatest in May while the DOC concentration of the mature stand was greatest in July when compared to other plantations. DOC concentrations were highly correlated with soil organic carbon (r² 0.608), total nitrogen (r² 0.369) and free iron (r² 0.598) concentrations while the amounts of DOC were closely related to the amounts of organic carbon (r² 0.829), N (r² 0.721) and P (r~2 0.377), suggesting the important influence of DOC on the transportation of other elements, especially nutrient elements, in the soil.

The intra- or inter-species genetic diversity of 11 strain AMF from five host trees were studied by random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). The genetic diversity among AMF species from different host plants were more abundant than from same host plants. The results showed that the genetic diversity is related to AMF species and host plants, whereas the efficacy of AMF species is higher than that of host plants; the same species AMF having same origination, there were different morphology and genetic divisions because of the choice of hosts and the menace of environment, which leaded to form different affinity between AMF and trees.