Using the methods of field plot investigation and sample tree plot harvesting, biomass in 18 plots of Quercus aquifolioides shrub communities, distributing along altitudes from 2 720 m to 3 120 m, studied at Balangshan Mountain in Wolong Nature Reserve. The results showed: 1) The preferred model, which estimate the organs' biomass of individual with diameter (D) or height (H), was an exponential model or a power function model, and the latter was the best with relative coefficients ranging from 0.941 to 0.998; the preferred model, which estimate the organs' biomass of individual with D²H, was a linear model or an exponential model, and the former was the best with relative coefficients ranging from 0.982 to 0.996; 2) The average total biomass of Q. aquifolioides shrub community was 25.22 t·hm^-2, the biomasses in different layers were Q. aquifolioides layer > ground litter > the associated shrubs layer > moss> herbage, and their biomasses accounted for 72.20%,23.71%,1.80%,1.66% and 0.63% of the total biomass respectively; 3) The total average biomass of Q. aquifolioides population was 18.21 t·hm^-2, the biomasses in different organs were stem > branch > leaf > bark, and their biomasses accounted for 43.28%,26.88%,19.82% and 10.02% of the total population biomass respectively. For the aboveground biomass of the populations distribute from 2 720 m to 2 920 m, stem∶branch∶leaf∶bark was 4∶3∶2∶1; and for the aboveground biomass of the populations distribute from 3 020 m to 3 120 m, stem∶branch∶leaf∶bole bark was 4∶2∶2∶1; 4) There was a decline trend in base diameter, height, and biomass of Q. aquifolioides with the increase of altitude. Aboveground biomass of individual was spindle distribution for the Q. aquifolioides from 2 720 m to 2 920 m, and it distributed mainly from 2.0 m to 3.0 m of the stem, accounted for 60%～70%; for the Q. aquifolioides from 3 020 m to 3 120 m or in drought habitats in lower altitude area, aboveground biomass of individual was pyramid distribution, it increased with the height of the tree, it distributed mainly from 0.0 m to 1.0 m of the stem, accounted for 62%～83%, and the biomass from 0 m to 2.0 m of the stem accounted for 94%～99%.

Using the method of water-balance, watershed experiment technique and located observation, based on the data and information collected from May, 2000 to June, 2003, the water balance of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem in Dagangshan Mountain is studied. The results showed: Average annual precipitation was 1 772.7 mm,mainly in April to June,and 48.2%,48.1% and 3.7% of which allocated to total runoff(854.3 mm), evapotranspiration (852.5 mm) and change of soil water storage(65.9 mm);Precipitation distribution has obviously seasonal change in crown level in 2002, in rain season(April—September),its crown interception ratio(16.5%) is less than drought season(October—next March);Average annual output gross of watershed is 854.3 mm, the pathway of runoff flow is 48.2%. Mainly of this underground runoff flow is 853.1 mm, and the earth’s surface runoff flow is 1.2 mm.

Eddy covariance (EC) technique has become a standard method to measure the carbon, water vapor and energy flux in the heterogeneous area, and the energy balance closure (EBC) is an important mean to test the reliability of EC technique. At the same time the EBC is an important content in the flux research. To evaluate the EBC, the methods of linear regression, the energy balance ratio (EBR) and the energy imbalance standard deviation were adopted in this paper. In this study site the sum of available energy and turbulent energy in a whole year were 2 798.28 and 2 332.70 MJ·m^-2, respectively. In the whole year, the EBR was 65%, and the values of each month were 52%～76%, the minimum was appeared in January, and maximum in June. Generally, the EBR in summer was better than that in winter, and in daytime, which could reach 80%, it was better than that in nighttime. For the EBR varied with the friction velocity, it concluded that there had a significant relationship between the turbulent fluctuation and EBR. The energy closure increased with friction velocity increased when the latter was less than 0.4 m·s^-1. In many case studies the ratio of EBR is always less than 1, it indicate that the turbulent energy is underestimated and the available energy is adverse, from this point, it may educe that the CO₂ flux is underestimate under the weak turbulent condition and low photosynthesis activate radiation condition. The main reasons which resulted in the imbalance of EBC were the advection ignored and the difference of footprint between turbulent energy measurement and available energy measurement.

In order to study the effects of copper and zinc on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, the PPO activity of 3-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtii seedlings under four treatments (control, zinc, copper, copper + zinc) in different growth periods was analysed. Five organs were leaf, branch, trunk, main root and lateral root. The results showed that the PPO activity patterns of various organs were quite different, the highest could reach 225.2 U·g^-1 in trunk (March) and the lowest was 57.3 U·g^-1 in leaves (May). PPO activity in leaves increased during growth season and reached the maximum in October, PPO activity in branch, trunk, main and lateral root had an orderly change, which was higher in July than in other time. Copper andor zinc affected significantly the PPO activity of various organs, which was closely related to growth periods. Copper could improve the PPO activity in different organs, especially in branch, and copper treatment increased by 95.1% compared with the control in October. Zinc made the PPO activity increase in main root and decrease in other organs, and zinc treatment decreased by 35.5% compared with the control in trunk (October). Copper and zinc were cooperative to improve the PPO activity in trunk and main root. There was significant positive correlation between copper content and PPO activity in L. principis-rupprechtii. Copper and zinc had effects on PPO activity, so as to affect the resistant ability of cold and the growth of seedlings.

The change of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching characteristics in leaves of 8～11 years old of seven coniferous and broadleaved species was measured in different light intensities by a LI-COR photosynthesis system. The results showed that the changing patterns of photochemistry quenching (q_P) and non-photochemistry quenching (NPQ) could be expressed by equation y=a+b[1-EXP(-cx)] (x: light intensity; y: q_P or NPQ). q_P was negative relation with NPQ. It was suggested that the turning point of NPQ-light response curve could be regarded as the initial point of photoinhibiton, and the corresponding light intensity could be regarded as an index for estimating the capability against photoinhibition and the adaptability for strong light. The greater value of turning point stood for the higher capacity against strong light damage. The order of the adaptability to strong light from weak to strong among seven species was Picea meyeri, Hippophae rhamnoides, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Populus alba cv. Pyramidalis, Ulmus pumila.

The after-ripening physiology and roles of endogenous hormones of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) seeds were studied in this paper. The results showed that seed embryo uncompleted differentiation and uncompleted development were the main reasons for Ginkgo seeds dormancy; the after-ripening was a process of embryo differentiation and growth of Ginkgo seeds. After morphological ripening, the seeds must go through a series of physiological and biochemical changes in order to finish embryo development and endogenous hormones balances. Some plant endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA and ZRs acted an important role in the every stage of seed dormancy and germination. GA₁₊₃ had a decisive role during dormancy and germination of Ginkgo seeds. ZRs could induce the growth of fruits, but was not the necessitate factor of dormancy and germination. The relative ratio of GA₁₊₃ABA and ZRsABA may play a more important role than their absolute level during the seed development and embryo after-ripening.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of l5 provenances from main natural range of Schima superba, an effective biological fire-resistance and high-quality timber species in South China, were analyzed using RAPD markers. It was indicated that there existed a high degree of genetic diversity for S. superba. Nei's gene diversity was 0.363 6. Shannon's information index of provenances was significantly and negatively related to the latitudes of the seed sources. The southern provenances had higher genetic diversity than the northern ones. The natural distribution area at latitude of approximately 25°N may be the central distribution zones of S. superba. Genetic differentiation among provenances was found to be high, and 27.14% of genetic variation existed among provenances. Based on the Nei’s unbiased genetic distance, the whole natural range of S. superba might be obviously divided into North provenance zone (the south of Anhui Province and the north of Zhejiang Province), Middle provenance zone (the north of Nanling mountain and the south of South Zhejiang) and South provenance zone (the south of Nanling mountain). The South and Middle provenance zone could all be further subdivided into East and West sub-zones.

Tissue culture of young and mature bamboo of Dendrocalamus sinicus was studied systematically from aspects of explant collection, disposal, in vitro; and shoot inducement, proliferation, rooting; and plantlet hardening and so on in this experiment. The best media for every stage were discussed by orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the dosage of hormone BA and the shoot multiplication were proportioned positively. But if the dosage of BA enlarged or a long time's culture made in high thick of BA, flower buds would be seen. So BA had the function of making cells become progenitive performance from nutritious performance. Hormone KT was the main factor in height growth of shoot multiplication, which could make nodes elongate, make buds grow well and make cells become nutritious performance from progenitive performance. Coconut water (CW) had function of enhancing growth. Hormone IBA was the main factor in rooting. A few hormone NAA in combination with IBA could make rooting well and growing well. And the plantlets showed highly survival rate in hardening. The successes of explants in vitro and induced multiplication of shoots were related to the collected time and collected section etc. of the explants.

The arid hardwood forests in mountainous region is distributed in the upper edge of dry-hot valley of Jinsha River in Southwest Sichuan, in which, Castanopsis delavayi is one of the main constructive species. C. delavayi forest is typical arid hardwood forest. By the investigation of seed rain pattern and seed bank dynamics on the earth's surface during seed rain, and the seedling situation in two low density populations of C. delavayi in mountainous area in Southwest Sichuan, the seed productions, seed retentions and their contributions to seedling establishments were discussed. The results showed as follows: 1) the duration of seed rain was above 2 months, but there was a different top time of seed fall between the studied plots. 2) the seed production of C. delavayi was low in the studied area, seed rain had a low dispersing density (2.3 to 2.8 grain·m ^-2). 3) in the whole process seed rain, the decayed and germinating seeds in the seed bank were never found. The sound seeds and the damaged seeds by insects were slightly fluctuated. The retaining density of sound seeds was 0.13 grain·m^-2, on the contrary, there were accumulative effects of cups and aborted seeds on the earth's surface. Therefore, various constituents of soil seed bank had different dynamics. 4) the retention rate was only 8.7% and 2.17% of dispersing seeds, which was the main cause of soil seed bank losing, 91.3% lost in population 1 and 97.83% lost in population 2. 5) three key links I. E., the low seed production, the low seed retention in soil seed bank and difficult establishment of seedling, limit the population regeneration of C. delavayi.

The principle, technique and its application of vector diagnosis were introduced systematically in the paper. The nutrient-limited status, interactions among nutrients and fertilization effect in Eucalyptus grandis plantation in Naxi County, Sichuan, were analyzed here based on the principle and technique of vector diagnosis. The results showed that potassium was the first nutrient-limited factor, phosphorus second one, nitrogen was not limited, and boron was deficient. Moreover, phosphorus fertilizer antagonized the effects of calcium and magnesium fertilizers, but promoted the boron fertilizer effect. On the whole, the fertilization effect would continue for more than three years.

Based on the conserve sequences of Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, two pairs of primers, CYTCYT' and VirD2A/VirD2E were designed and synthesized. PCR was used for the identification and differentiation of several isolates of Agrobacterium spp. And other bacteria. Both 427 bp and 338 bp DNA products were amplified from Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolates causing crown gall of woody plants. Only 338 bp fragment was amplified from A. rhizogenes, while no specific DNA band was amplified from A. radiobacter, Pseudomonas syringae and Paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma. The PCR using CYTCYT' primer pairs could be used for determining the T-DNA transformed plant gall tissues, while VirD2A/VirD2E could be also used for the detection of the infection capacity of engineering A. tumefaciens strains. Six A. tumefaciens strains were isolated and identified from the poplar nursery in Tongzhou, Beijing and peach orchard in Langfang, Hebei Province. However, no typical pathogenic Agrobacterium strain was identified from the Yoshino cherry crown gall tissues and infested soil of Yuyuantan Park, Beijing, where the anti-crown gall disease agents were applied to the disease control for several years. The 427 bp isopentenyl adenosine transferase gene(ipt) fragment from poplar crown gall A. tumefaciens strains CFCC 1001 was cloned and sequenced, finding that CFCC1001 shared 83.64% nucleotide homology with A. tumefaciens Ti15955. Dot blot and northern blot analysis using the cRNA probe prepared by 427 bp DNA labelled with digoxigenin demonstrated that this probe had strong hybridization with the A. tumefacines strains from poplar crown gall disease as well as ones from rose, Yoshino cherry, peach, grapevine etc. Northern blot analysis showed that the ipt gene probe had no distinct hybridization signal with the chromosomal and extrochromosomal DNA of paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma.

After the 1.5-year-old Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) seedlings was inoculated with Pine Wood Nematode(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,PWN),the changes of phenylpropanes metabolism in the pine seedlings and the internal relations between the changes and disease development were studied. The results showed that PWN infection had obvious influence on the way of phenylpropanes metabolism of the host plants. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) , peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase(PPO) in the stems of the infected seedlings increased with the elapse of time but decreased after the attack of the disease,the peak of activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL) , peroxidase (POD) in the needles appeared behind that in the stems and were coincident with the development of the disease in the needles. The total phenols content in the stems increased gradually with the extending of the attack time and came up to the top. The increase of the total phenols content was related to the acceleration of phenylpropanes metabolism. The accumulation of phenol substances and the rising of PPO activity might be the main factors to cause the brown stain and necrosis of the cells in the hosts. All these showed that activity changes of the three enzymes were closely related to PWN disease and some changes of the ways of metabolism controlled by them had participated in the occurrence and development of the disease.

The investigations on current status of waterbirds in 50 sites of Hainan Island were conducted consecutively in winter from 2002 to 2004, with the aim of further strengthening the conservation and management of wetlands in Hainan Island. Among 67 species recorded during the investigations, some waterbirds were often recorded such as Tachybaptus ruficollis, Ardea spp., Charadrius alexandrinus, C. mongolus, Pluvialis squatarola, Tringa nebularia, T. tetanus, T. stagnatilis, Actitis hypoleucos, however, some waterbirds were merely observed at few sites such as Anas spp., Chlidonias leucopterus, Gelochelidon niloti, C. leschenaultia, Limosa limosa, L. lapponica, Calidris canutus, C. tenuirostris, C. ferruginea, Limicola falcinellus. In addition, some waterbirds which were extremely common thirty years ago, such as common crane, Green-winged Teal and Coot, were not observed. Because of covering mangroves and many ponds, some wetlands of estuary and bay like Dongzhaigang, Yangpu Port and Beili Bay were selected as feeding and roost sites by many waterbirds. Many inland wetlands like Nanli Lake and Yunyue Lake were destroyed due to economic development, which reduced waterbirds biodiversity greatly. The results of conservation priority area assessment showed that 9 sites should be protected as high priorities for biodiversity conservation, I.e., Dongzhaigang, Houshui Bay, Beili Bay, Yangpu Port, Sanya River, Qinlan Port, Minrenshan and Yinggehai. Some endangering factors in these wetlands have negative effects on, and even great threat to waterbirds and their habitats, such as mudflat exploitation, ocean pollution, seafood collecting, illegal hunting and tourism.

By monitoring the environmental conditions of producing areas and measurement of harmful substances in dry fruits,it is preliminarily concluded that the environments including atmosphere,soil and irrigation water for dry fruit production in China are excellent. The soil qualification for dry fruit production in China is much better than that in some developed countries. However, some difference in environmental quality exists among various orchards, which should be taken into consideration when a new orchard is established or an old planting starts a growing system for harmless food production. In spite of superior environments, strict control over the harmful substances should be made during whole process of production in order to produce safe and top_quality fruit.

This article is main concerned with how to establish an optimized model of the sustainable development of forest resources. Basing on the condition that “at an enough long time, the NPV (net present value) of deforestation is maximal and the forest resources can be sustainable”, and taking the function of forest resources into account, the optimized model is established to calculate the suitable quantity of deforestation.

Investors always expect to invest the item of higher income and lower risk. Plantation income and risk can affect investment quantities. Beforetime, people believe that plantation income is lower. However, in recent years, because of reduction of timber tax and fee and policy to support forestry coming on, plantation income rate have enhanced and private forest have developed speedily. It may be demonstrated in Fujian Province. Bankers and potential investors are afraid of plantation risks, for example fire and diseases and insects, and are short of confidence for plantation investment. To analyze plantation risk of Fujian Province by real data, the paper concludes that from 1993 to 2002, average nature risk loss of plantation is lower in Fujian Province. Nevertheless, if a private forest happens fire or has diseases and insects, he will lose. Therefore, government must establish system to decentralize risks.

Leakage has been one of the issues in the negotiation of forestry project activities under the clean development mechanism (CDM). Based on the definition and types of leakage and on the investigation of case studies on CDM forestry project activities, we analyzed the potential leakages of forest conservation and afforestation project activities from the points of causes, mechanism and ranges that leakage occurs. A decision tree was designed for the determination of leakage and methodology for monitoring leakage was discussed. Some suggestions for understanding and managing leakage of forestry project activities were put forwards. As CDM forestry project activities have been attracting more and more attentions in China, we hope our analyses could benefit those who are preparing or planning to do CDM forestry project activities in China on how to address and manage leakage issues.

The secondary forests on northern slope of Mt. Changbai were sampled to investigate the effect of human disturbance on their tree species diversity and community structure. Compared with broad-leaved Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests, secondary forests were much lower in tree species diversity, community structure indices and stand volume. Secondary forests were dominated by pioneer species, and nearly no natural regeneration of Korean Pine was observed in most of our plots. Stepwise regression revealed that, stand volume was the most powerful predictor for tree species diversity. Tree species diversity decreased with the decrease of volume in secondary forests, while increased in broad-leaved Korean Pine forests. Community structure indexes also dropped significantly with decreasing stand volume in secondary forests under different human disturbances. However, broad-leaved Korean Pine forests did not show significant change in community structure under natural disturbance. These results indicated that, broad-leaved Korean Pine forests were strongly resistant to natural disturbance, while secondary forests were sensitive to human disturbance. The analysis of variance showed that the tree species diversity declined significantly under intensive disturbance (volume was below 100 m³·hm^-2),the community structure was influenced significantly under moderate disturbance (volume was below 150 m³·hm^-2). Our results suggested that the secondary forests were poor in stand quality, and the tree species diversity and community structure index were sensitive to human disturbance. More effort should be make to protect secondary forests, together with human regeneration of Korean Pine under canopy, in order to promote the recovery of the secondary forests to the broad-leaved Korean Pine forests.

In order to understand the physiological and biochemical reasons of leafcolor transformation in Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum,three types of L. chinense var. rubrum, Zihei (black purple), Zihong(red purple)and Hongzhe(red_ochre), and L. chinense were taken as materials. The contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble sugar, and activity of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PLA) in the leaves were measured from early March to June. The results showed that the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble sugar increased gradually during the leafcolor changing from red to green, but there were obviously differences among types of Zihei, Zihong and Hongzhe. Anthocyanins contents in Zihe and Zihong leaves maintained high level, so their leaves still kept red when they got mature in early June. Phenylalanine ammonialyase (PLA) activity decreased, and had positive relationship with anthocyanin contents. Some measures such as shading or watering to lower air temperature could be taken to maintain leaves of L. chinense var. rubrum fresh red during summer.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity of three natural population of Liriodendron chinense. 14 primers generated 235 bands,among which 178 bands were polymorphic. It was indicated that L.chinense had high genetic diversity. 66.97% of genetic variation was observed within populations. The polymorphic bands percentage of three populations(south, central area and north) was 75.74%,83.83% and 75.32%,respectively. Basic data were provided for further studies on the genetic variation,selection and evaluation of L.chinense.

The growth character of 4 tube seedling families, namely, CS3, CS5, CS10 and CS11 of Calamus simplicifolius was analyzed through the comparitive experiment with normal seedlings(CK). The result showed that at the age of 1, the seedling' height of CS3 and CS5 was higher than that of both CS10 and CS11, gaining highly significant difference while the height of CS10 and CS11 was higher than that of CK at significant and extremely significant level respectively. After afforestation, the survival rate of 4 families decreased rapidly at first, and then decreasing gradually slow down, finally, the rate kept steady with year increasing. Survival rate varied a bit, but no significant difference was found among families. Tissue culture families started to sucker more identically and earlier than normal seedlings. As for suckering rate and mean number of sucker shoot, tissue culture families were higher than normal seedlings, and then the sequence of suckering ability, CS11>CS10>CS5>CS3 was arranged. The total stem number of the clump was consistent with suckering ability among families where CS11 was the largest, CS10 and CS5 was larger, and CS3 as well as CK was the smallest, but no significant difference appeared. Mean length of mother stem and mean total length of rattan clump differed significantly at the level of 0.05 and 0.01 among families. Based on the variance analysis and multiple comparisons, two types of tissue culture families, superior type and common one were classified.

The toxicities of extracts of Tateges erecta against Tetranychus viennensis, and the effects on several enzymes of Tetranychus viennensis conducted with the chloroform extracts were studied. The results showed that the extracts of Tateges erecta possessed high bioactivity against Tetranychus viennensis. In photic group, when treated with the extracts of chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol, the LC₅₀ were 5.833, 3.508 and 8.445 9 mg·mL^-1 respectively. The activities of glutathiona S-transferase and esterase isozyme can be strongly inhibited by the chloroform extracts in the photic group. In dark group, the activity of glutathiona S-transferase and protease were induced and inhibited respectively, the variety of esterase isozyme was not obvious.