Scientia Silvae Sinicae

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Abies faxoniana Population in Sub-Alpine Area in Western Sichuan

Miao Ning;Shi Zuomin;Feng Qiuhong;Liu Xingliang;He Fei

2008, 44(12): 1-6. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081201

Abstract ( 910 )

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Abstract: The location of every Abies faxoniana tree was mapped, and the diameter at breast height (DBH), height of each individual recorded in a forty years natural secondary forest. Trees were divided into five age classes according to their DBH and height. The spatial pattern was analyzed using point pattern analysis (Ripley’s K ) method. The results showed that Abies faxoniana distributed as a clumped population, five age classes exhibited clumped distributions at most spatial scales. The intensity of assemblage increased firstly, and then decreased with increasing scale and then tent to random distribution. There existed a critical scale in which distribution pattern transfered from clumped to random. Probably, the clumped distribution of big age classes was determined by the selectively cutting disturbances in the 60th of last century, the clumped distribution of small age classes was closely related to the way of seeds dispersal. All age classes present a positive association at fine scales. Spatial association turned from strongly positive association to zero with the increasing of scale. However, there were no negative associations in age classes at all scales, which indicated that the population had a harmonious relationship internally. Big trees and middle trees had positive association at all scales. Seedlings have positive association with saplings only within the scale of 7 m, but they had no associations with big, middle and small trees. Seedlings were independent of big age classes. Some corresponding measures can be taken to accelerate the proceeding succession to bamboo-Minjiang fir forest before the selective cutting, with the consideration of the population’s spatial property and the characteristics in different growth phase.

Selection of Adapting Species Used to Restore Freshwater Forested Wetlands at Shengjin Lake, Anhui Province

Xu Qing;Pan Yunfen;Cheng Yuanqi;Fang Jianmin;Jiang Chunwu

2008, 44(12): 7-14. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081202

Abstract ( 2301 )

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Abstract: Forested wetlands are rare in China because most of them have been destroyed by the long history of human disturbances. Consequently, reconstruction and restoration of freshwater forested wetlands lack reference sites for community composition. We investigated tree species to lerance to water logging for a wetland restoration project at the Shengjin Lake Nature Reserve of Anhui Province. A total of 15 woody species were tested in the annual flooding of low lakeshore areas. The survival rate of the seedlings was examined after 14 months since the woody species were planted. The inundation survival rate was 98.9%, 98.3%, 91.3%, 51.2%, 50.0%, 7.3%, 4.0%, 1.8% for native species ( Liquidamba formosa, Salix babylonica, Salix×aureopendula,Taxodium ascendens×T.mucronatum, Sapium sebiferum, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Alnus trabeculosa, and Pterocarya stenoptera ), respectively, and 79.7%, 72.4%, 56.8%, 55.7%, 34.6%,15.8%, 6.3% for the exotic species (Populus deltoie, Taxodium ascendens, Salix integra, Diospyros kaki, Taxodium distichum, Carya illinoensis, and Nyssa aquatica ), respectively. The inundation survival rate was 100%, 100%, 100% and 95.2% for the species of Salix babylonica, Liquidamba formosana, Populus deltoe and Taxodium ascendens under flooding for 60～90 d with a average 81.7 cm depth water, 97.7% and 93.8% for Salix×aureo-pendula and Taxodiam ascendensx×T.mucronctum under flooding for 60～90 d with 65.9 cm depth water. Six suitable species were selected, they are Salix×babylonica, Liquidamba formosana, Salix aureo-pendula, Taxodium ascendens, Populux deltoids, Taxodium distichum and Taxodium ascendens×T.mucronatum for the vegetation restoration and reconstruction of the forested freshwater wetland in Shengjin Lake Nature Reserve.

Diameter-Age Bivariate Weibull Distribution Model for Moso Bamboo Forests in Zhejiang Province

Ge Hongli;Zhou Guomo;Liu Enbin;Liu Anxing;Ye Gengping

2008, 44(12): 15-20. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081203

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Abstract: A bivariate Weibull model was used to describe the diameter-age 2-dimension structure of Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys Pubescens ) forests in Zhejiang province. Date from 245 permanent Moso Bamboo plots out of total of 4250 of Zhejiang Continuous Forest Inventory System were used in this study. These plots were resurveyed in 2004. Survival function of the bivariate Weibull distribution model was discussed in detail, and several expressions of the model were proposed. Both the univariate Weibull diameter and age models were marginal distributions of the bivariate Weibull model. Parameters estimated from marginal distributions were very close to those from the joint distribution. Although this study was on bamboo forests at provincial level, the model and the method developed in this research could be used to other forest types such as arbor forests, at different scales.

Effects of the Close-to-Nature Cultivation of Larix olgensis and Fraxinus mandshurica on the Soil Physiochemical Properties

Wang Xinyu;Wang Qingcheng

2008, 44(12): 21-27. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081204

Abstract ( 936 )

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Abstract: To investigate the effect of various level of close-to-nature cultivated forests on the soil physicochemical properties, a close-to-nature gradient was established with 20-year-old larch ( Larix olgensis ), ash ( Fraxinus mandshurica ) monoculture and mixture plantation forests and a 50-year-old secondary forest. Soil samples were collected from two horizons (0～10 cm, 10～20 cm) in the four stands and the physicochemical properties were analyzed. No significant variances were detected in soil physical properties among the four stands, but significant differences were found in some of the chemical properties. The soil physical properties in the ash monoculture stand tended to be better than that in any other stand, with the bulk density 10.4% lower than that in the secondary forest the saturated moisture capacity and capillary water holding capacity 21.2% and 18.2% greater than that in the natural forest. The physical properties of soil in the mixture forest and the secondary forest were second to the ash stand. The least ideal soil physical properties were found within the larch monoculture stands. The soil pH of plantation stands was slightly lower than second growth (pH=5.32), with the lowest found in larch monoculture stand, but no significant differences were detected among the stands ( P <0.05 ). The concentration of organic matter, total N, P in the lower soil horizon in larch stand were significantly lower than that in the other stand; while the concentration of available P was significantly greater than that in other stands (15.92 and 7.42 mg kg^-1, respectively). The concentration of hydrolysable N in both soil horizons and available K in the lower horizon were significantly lower than that in other stands. No significant variances in nutrients concentration in soils under ash monoculture, the mixture and the secondary forest were found ( P >0.05). The soil physicochemical properties in the close-to-nature plantation forest of ash and larch mixture and the ash monoculture were relatively more close to that in the secondary forest in comparison with that in the monoculture stands of the larch.

Effects of Temperature on Photosystem Ⅱ Photoinhibition in Ginkgo

Ren Shifu;Wang Mei;Gao Zhikui;Shi Baosheng;Ge Xiaoli

2008, 44(12): 28-34. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081205

Abstract ( 1758 )

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Abstract: A fast chlorophyll transient fluorescence and its dynamic parameters were measured by a PEA (Plant Efficiency Analyzer from Hansatech), in the leaves of Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ) after illumination of strong light with chilling stress or heat stress, respectively. In addition, a response of light on LCE (light conversion efficiency of photosynthesis) was measured by a CIRAS-2 of the portable photosynthesis systems. The results indicated that photoinhibition in leaves of Ginkgo showed a dosage effect of not only the light intensity but also the temperature. LCE was lowest and showed more serious photoinhibition over about 1 000 μmol m^-2s^-1 PAR (photosynthetic available radiation). At 25 ℃, F_v / F_m in the leaves of Ginkgo showed accelerating decline after illuminating for 20 min at PAR 1 000 μmol m^-2s^-1 or more on the leaf of Ginkgo, and the F_v / F_m showed more serious decline at low temperature of 15 ℃ or lower and high temperature of 35 ℃ higher. Meanwhile, photoinhibition exhibited more serious when treated by chilling stress than by heat stress, because absolute value of the slope of linear regression equation ( k_heat ) between F_v / F_m and temperature form 25 ℃ to 45 ℃ increased 15.4% than absolute value of k_chilling from 20 ℃ to 5 ℃. The strong light caused a modest little increase of energy dissipation DI_o /RC at chilling stress of 5～10 ℃, but a sharp increase of that at heat stress of 35 ℃ or higher 35 ℃. Density of PS Ⅱreaction centers decreased at chilling stress, but it decreased more serious at heat stress than at chilling stress. There were remarkable correlations between photoinhibition ( F_v / F_m ) caused by strong light at chilling stress and heat stress and density of PS Ⅱreaction centers ( RC/CS_o or RC/ABS ). Therefore, the heterogeneity of PSⅡ, i.e. reversible inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center, is protection mechanism on photoinhibition of the photosynthesis apparatus.

Heat Tolerance of Fourteen Ginkgo Cultivars under Heat Stress

Cao Fuliang;Zheng Jun;Wang Guibin;Dai Wensheng

2008, 44(12): 38-38. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081206

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Abstract: Heat tolerance of 14 Ginkgo cultivars from the main planting section in China was investigated using physiological and biochemical measurements as well as the statistical analyses with spss softwave. Results indicated that heat tolerance of different Ginkgo cultivars could be distinguished effectively under a heat stress of 45 ℃for one week and could be effectively evaluated using a main component analysis and a cluster analysis from a data of the physiological and biochemical measurements. Cultivars of Su-nong、Tancheng300 and Xincun16 had the worst heat tolerance, while cultivars of Dong-tinghuang1、Tancheng2 and Da-longyan had the best heat tolerance. Heat tolerance of Ginkgo cultivars had little correlation with Ginkgo nucleus types.

Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes of Elaeagnus mollis

Liu Yajuan;Su Junxia;Du Xiuli;Zhang Peng;Wei Xuezhi

2008, 44(12): 39-42. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081207

Abstract ( 903 )

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Abstract: This paper reported the microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, and development of the male and female gametophyte of Elaeagnus mollis observed by paraffin section technique to test whether there is any obstacle of reproduction in the process of sex reproduction. The results showed: 1) The wall of anther consisted of five layers: epidermis, endothecium, two middle layers and tapetum from surface to inside, and the tapetum was secretory type. 2) Cytokinesis during meiosis of the microspore mother cell was simultaneous type, and tetrads were tetrahedral, and occasionally decussate or isobilateral. 3) Mature pollen grain was 2-cell type with three germ pores. 4) The flower of Elaeagnus mollis was hypogynous flower. Ovules occurred at basal placentation. The ovule was anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. 5) The embryo sac was of Polygonum type. The development of the most male and female gametophyte was normal.

Genetic Diversity of Endangered Shrub Reaumuria trigyna Population Detected by RAPD and ISSR Markers

Zhang Yingjuan;Wang Yushan

2008, 44(12): 43-47. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081208

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Abstract: RAPD and ISSR markers were applied to detect the genetic diversity of 5 endangered shrub Reaumuria trigyna populations. Eighteen RAPD and fourteen ISSR primers generated 118 and 114 loci, of which 88.98% and 89.47% were polymorphic respectively. At species level, the results of RAPD indicated that Shannon's index diversity(I) was 0.465 6, and Nei's index (H) was 0.330 3. The results of ISSR markers showed that I and H was 0.468 8 and 0.308 4 respectively. High level genetic diversity of the endangered shrub was detected by the two markers. Nei’s gene diversity showed that there were major genetic variations within populations. Genetic variations within populations were 86.22% by RAPD and 89.29% by ISSR. There was strong gene flow among populations (Nm was 3.009 7 by RAPD and 4.178 7 by ISSR), therefore low genetic variations were found among populations. Comparison between the two markers showed that ISSR was better than RAPD in terms of reproducibility and ability of detecting genetic polymorphism. The level of higher genetic diversity was related to species traits and adaptation to stress habitat. The results showed endangered plants was not necessary to display lower level of genetic variation.

Identification and Analysis of an Aquaporin(CoPIP1-1) in the Seeds of Camellia oleifera

Hu Xiaoyi;Tan Xiaofeng;Tian Xiaoming;Liu Qiao;LuoQian;Chen Hongpeng;Hu Fangming

2008, 44(12): 48-56. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081209

Abstract ( 862 )

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Based on a constructed cDNA library of Camellia oleifera, a complete coding sequence(CDS) encoding a transmembrane aquaporin(AQP)(GenBank protein id: ACF39901), which contains 287 amino acids, was separated and cloned from nearly matured seeds of C. oleifera, by overlapping extension PCR technique. This aquaporin may be translated from two AQP genes(GenBank accession No: EU850810, EU850811), which contain the same CDS and 3′-UTR, whereas their 5′-UTRs are different. One of them has two additional small insertion segments compared with the other gene. By homology alignment and characteristic sequence analysis, it is speculated that this aquaporin belongs to plasma membrane intrinsic protein, designated as CoPIP1-1.By homology modeling, its water channel activity is demonstrated to be affected by the (free) covering of channel mouth caused by electrostatic potential interaction between the N terminus and D loop or B loop. This interaction is regulated by the protonization and phosphorylation gating mechanism, protonization repressing the channel activity by coverage of channel mouth, whereas phosphorylation derepressing the coverage. The results of homology modeling and intracellular oxidative stage of the C. oleifera seeds suggest that the water transport activity of CoPIP1-1 may be constitutively lower, which may be the reason for the seed desiccation during ripening.

Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Corylus heterophylla

Cheng Yunqing;Liu Jianfeng;Chen Zhiwen

2008, 44(12): 57-61. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081210

Abstract ( 816 )

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Bud induction and fast propagation were carried out by using shoot segments containing auxiliary buds of Corylus heterophylla as primary materials. The results showed that, primary medium DKW+5 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.01 mg·L^-1 IBA supplemented with 2.0 g·L^-1 vitamin C was profitable to prevent browning of explants, and addition of 64.42 mg·L^-1 putrescine,58.10 mg·L^-1 spermidine and 20.20 mg·L^-1 spermine promoted bud germination rate and growth speed. Calli or buds occurred from the cuts of shoot segments on the primary medium. The calli were transferred to medium DKW+0.01 mg·L^-1 IBA+2.5 mg·L^-1 TDZ+32.21 mg·L^-1 putrescine+29.05 mg·L^-1 spermidine+ 10.10 mg·L^-1 spermine and induced to produce adventitious buds. The treatments with polyamines were profitable to promote buds germination and growth. Over 90% regeneration plantlets were able to root after transferred to medium 1/2MS + IBA 0.25 mg·L^-1 .

Effects of GA₃ and IBA as Well as Media on Scale Cutting Propagation in Lilium cv.‘Elite'

Sun Hongmei;Jia Zikun;Wang Chunxia

2008, 44(12): 62-67. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081211

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Effects of exogenous GA₃ , IBA as well as sawdust or peat as the medium on scale cutting propagation of lilium cv. 'Elite' were investigated with different culture methods. The result showed that scale cutting embedded in sawdust had the highest scale propagation coefficient and produced the most roots number, while scale cutting planted in sawdust produced larger bulblet and had more sprouted bulblets. In terms of plant growth regulator treatment, the species and treatment duration and the concentrations in order affected the scale propagation. IBA notably promoted the forming of bulblets and roots, and both of the organs developed simultaneously with IBA treatment. GA₃ favored the larger, well-formed bulblet development, however, the amount of bulblets and roots were less than that treated with IBA, and the roots initiated one week later after bulblets occurred. In addition, GA₃ significantly promoted the sprouting of bulblets at 18 ℃. The consumption process of storage substances in mother scales varied in different treatments. Scales of IBA treatment appeared rot on the bulblets after 60 d at 20 ℃, which suggested the scales should be transplanted timely to prevent from rotting, while GA₃ treatment could keep the scales healthy up to 80 d. Control also could achieve similar bulblets with GA₃ treatment, but longer culture time at the optimum temperature was needed.

Growth of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhizal Pinus bungeana Seedlings in Response to Coal Cangue Stress

Zhang Chengliang;Wang Wei;Huang Yi;Zhang Hongjiang;Li Meisheng

2008, 44(12): 68-71. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081212

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As tailing of coal mining, 20 million tons of coal gangue generated every year caused severer environmental problem for the mining area. To probe the possibility of using ectomycorrhiza to rehabilitate the coal gangue mountain, the paper investigated the colony of selected ectomycorrhizal fungi Gomphidium viscidus in extraction of coal gangue and the growth of the infected Pinus bungeana seedlings in a medium mix with coal gangue. The experimental results showed that G. viscidus mycelium grew well in 85% coal gangue extraction, but did not survive in the pure coal gangue extraction (100%). Furthermore, Pinus bungeana seedlings infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi increased the survival ratio under the coal gangue stress. The biomass and lateral roots were significantly more than that of non-infected seedlings. In pure coal gangue the seedlings and the ectomycorrhizal fungi hardly survived and developed. However, mixture of 15% normal soil with the coal gangue dramatically increased the chance of survival and growth of pine seedlings. That suggests that it may be necessary to supplement engineering measure to mix the uncontaminated soil for achieving the rehabilitation of coal gangue.

Effect of Low Temperature and Pathogen Stress during Storage Periods on Pear Fruit Pulp ATP Contents,H⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-ATPase Activity

Wang Yanna;Wang Guixi;Liang Lisong;Zhao Xiaofang

2008, 44(12): 72-76. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081213

Abstract ( 797 )

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In order to investigate the pattern of fruits energy transfer in adverse conditions, the changes of of H⁺ -ATPase activities and Ca²⁺ -ATPase activities of ‘Ya' pear fruit in low temperature and pathogen stress were tested with luciferase fluorensece and molybdenum blue spectrophotometry. The results showed that the postharvest storage at low temperature for 0～60 d caused ATP contents decreased and the H⁺ -ATPase activity markedly increased. The peak of Ca²⁺ -ATPase activity was delayed and the value was higher in comparison with that stored at normal temperature. ATP contents of the inoculated fruit with Physalospora piricola were significantly lower than that of the healthy one in 60 h after inoculation. The activity of H⁺ -ATPase was higher than that in healthy one, the value was highest at 36h after inoculated. The activity of Ca²⁺ -ATPase declined and the decline rate was faster than control. It was suggested that adversity stress used abundant energy, H⁺ -ATPase could modulate pulp cell pH level and organic acid concentration, and high activity of Ca²⁺-ATPase could postpone the ripening and senescence.

Analysis of the Biodiversity Restoration of Different Forest Types in Maoer Mountainous Region

Dong Xibin;Jiang Fan

2008, 44(12): 77-82. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081214

Abstract ( 760 )

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This article studied seven typical forest types(demonstration areas)in the Maoer Mountainous Region. Taking biodiversity as the criterion, using principal component analysis and the CCA methods, this study analyzed the relationship between the restoration condition and environmental factors. Results showed that harvesting method is the dominant factor affecting the restoration of biodiversity. Among the sites studied, demonstration area Ⅵ (Betula platyphylla-Fraxinus mandshurica mixed forest) showed the best restoration results where Fraxinus mandshurica and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica belt-shaped mixed forest is developed, followed by demonstration area Ⅶ (Betula platyphylla-Maackia amurensis mixed forest). The study results provide supports for the management decision of the optimized biodiversity restoration techniques in the region.

Influences of Larch Volatiles and Seven Kinds of Environmental Safe Insecticides on Olfactive and Ovipositive Responses of Coleophora obducta

Yan Shanchun;Yang Hui;Gao Lulu;Wang Zhibo;Mao Hongbo

2008, 44(12): 83-87. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081215

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Coleophora obducta (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), a kind of larch defoliators, is exclusively latent in the leaves. Seven kinds of environmental safe insecticides and larch volatiles, that were active to the insect females in the previous research, were sprayed to healthy larch seedlings to investigate the adult insect tendency, the olfactive and ovipositive responses. The results indicated that S-α-pinene 0.004 mol·L^-1 , S-β-pinene 0.000 4 mol·L^-1, and 3-carene 0.04 mol·L^-1 attracted the females (P<0.05), whereas, S-α-pinene 0.04 mol·L^-1 and myrcene 0.8 mol·L^-1 repelled the females (P<0.01). Imidacloprid EC 3 000 times solution and emamectin benzoate microemulsion 2000 times solution repelled the C. obducta (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The seedlings sprayed with volatiles and seven kinds of environmental safe insecticides notably reduced eggs amount laid on by the insects. In comparison with mean 15.79～16.73 eggs per female on the control seedlings, mean 5.63 and 5.21 eggs per female were laid on the seedlings respectively sprayed with phellandrene 0.000 4 mol·L^-1 and myrcene 0.8 mol·L^-1 , and mean 3.13 and 3.33 eggs per female were laid on the seedlings respectively sprayed with avermectin and imidacloprid oviposited.

Acclimation of Captive Crested Ibis before Release to the Natural Habitat

Liu Dongping;Ding Haihua;Zhang Guogang;Lu Baozhong;Chu Guozhong;Wang Chao;Liu Yi;Ren Wenming

2008, 44(12): 88-93. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081216

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Abstract: The acclimation of captive Crested Ibises was conducted in a reintroduction experiment station in Yangxian County of Shaanxi Province during July and October of 2004 and 2005 before the birds were released to the natural habitat. A big cage was built in the release site for the acclimation, and in the cage there were feed and roost habitats for wild ibis. The birds displayed fear, and couldn't roost in trees and feed in the rice field on the first day after they were transferred into the cage. In the acclimation process, the ibises could gradually adapt to roosting and foraging habitats, and improve flight and alert abilities. The ibises exhibited significant difference in selecting rice field or marsh for feeding, and different rhythm of diurnal behaviors between early and late period of the acclimation. Parent-rearing juveniles, puppet-rearing juveniles, and captive adults exhibited no significant difference in selecting feeding habitats. However, adults showed better adaptation to rice field while young birds shifted more smoothly from perch to tree roost sites. Moreover, it was also important to properly mount transmitter and reduce disturbance for the successful acclimation of Creasted Ibis.

Neural Network Prediction Model of Wood Moisture Content for Drying Process

Zhang Dongyan;Liu Yixing;Cao Jun;Sun Liping

2008, 44(12): 94-98. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081217

Abstract ( 778 )

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The principal problems to realize fully automatic control of drying are mathematical modeling and carrying out drying schedule. The paper applied neural network to the research of wood drying control, established time-delay neural network schedule model useful to wood moisture content prediction, gave the identification structure of time-delay neural network and used practical drying data of three species to train and test the networks. The simulation results showed that the prediction model were feasible, effective, and had good ability of dynamic track and forecasting characteristics, which did not only realize mathematical modeling for drying schedule, but were significant to optimize schedule implementation and control of wood drying as well.

Chemical Constituents of Leaf Volatile Oil from Three Araucariaceae

Huang Ruzhu;Tan Dongfei;Zhang Jianqing;Huang Lifeng

2008, 44(12): 99-104. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081218

Abstract ( 821 )

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The chemical constituents of the leaf volatile oils collected by steam distillation from Araucaria heterophylla,Araucaria bidwillii and Agathis dammara have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. In the leaf volatile oil from A. heterophylla, 36 components were identified, accounting for 98.21% of the total peak area. The oil consisted mainly of β-pinene (35.38%) and rimuene (33.57%). In the leaf volatile oil from A. bidwillii, 27 compositions (corresponding to 96.68% of the total peak area) were identified. The major composition of A. bidwillii oil was hibaene (77.88%). 37 constituents were identified, constituting 97.44% of the total peak area in the leaf volatile oil from A. dammara. Β-cubebene(56.34%) was the major component. Beside terpenoid, there were alkane, alcohol and ketone etc in the leaf volatile oil from three Araucariaceae. There were a few aldehyde, ether and ester in A. dammara yielded oil, and furan in A. heterophylla yielded oil. The results showed that 9 components (α-pinene, limonene, α-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, β-cubebene, cadinene, spathulenol, α-cadinol and 2-pentadecanone, 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-) were in common, but there was significant difference among the major constituent and the content of the leaf volatile oil from A. heterophylla,A. bidwillii and A. dammara, respectively.

Discussion on Deisgn Method for Framed Wood Structure Residance

Xu Min;Chen Foxi

2008, 44(12): 105-111. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081219

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This paper first introduced the structural system of light wood frame structures, and discussed the design method. Based on the introduction and discussion, it further presented a design example of a 30 m² and single floored light wood frame residential house. The example covered load calculations and design of the main structural elements, in accordance with the current code for design of timber structures and load code for the design of building structures. Through the case study, the paper analyzed the design procedures of light wood frame structures, presented problems regarding design and research of wood structures in our country, and provided reference for the engineers and researchers in the area.

Modeling Theory and Simulation Method of Logs being Cut Out Board Paper Process

Qi Yingjie;Ma Yan

2008, 44(12): 112-115. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081220

Abstract ( 783 )

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Cutting out board paper is the first processes with the band saw lumber,cutting out board paper process with numberical control (NC) band saw machine process must be carried out software design,moreover,base of software design is the mathematical theory of establishment,putting forward NC machining mathematical model and process simulation of flitch cutting out edge is computer programming equation with for the optimum method of sawing flitch and provide mathematical methods for the video reproduction. It provides theoretical basis for cutting the board paper,the board paper accurate detection and provide theory of the digital control. By the NC technology and modern technology and lumber process integrating,will allow NC for the traditional wood processing technology and can promote the development of the timber industry machining process in the computer research of mathematical description. It promotes the development of the timber industry machining process and mathematical description of theoretical study.

Environmental Effects of China's Import on Primary Timber Products

Zhang Xiaodi;Cheng Ying

2008, 44(12): 116-122. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081221

Abstract ( 781 )

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This paper studies the short-run environmental effects of China's import on primary timber products, and the long-run effects may be brought by import. It indicates that in short run, import attributes to the alleviation of negative externality in timber products sector, but import may have negative economic incentive on the cultivation of forest resources in long run, thus there may be divergence between short-run and long-run effects. Further analysis points out that the establishment of effective institutional incentive is helpful to offset the potential negative effects of import.

Type Classification for Vegetation Restoration of Karst Mountains in Bijie

Zhou Yingshu;He Xinghui;Xie Yonggui;Wang Min;Wu Mingyan;Wu Daoneng

2008, 44(12): 123-128. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081222

Abstract ( 796 )

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The geological landform, soil and vegetation were investigated in sample plots of Bijie. Correlation between the ecological factors and species number of arbor, shrub, herb and vegetation types were analyzed with the multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that major influential factors of site type classification for vegetation restoration were landform, altitude, lithology, bedrock expose rate and slope. Furthermore, the climate factors were designated as the parameter for classifying site districts; the site type groups and the bedrock expose rate and slope for site types.The 256 site types were classified by combining 4 districts, 4 groups, 4 bedrock expose rates and 4 slope, produced by the Fuzzy cluster method based on their classifying parameters.

Index System and Methods for Evaluating Urban Forest Ecosystem Service Value

Kang Wenxing;Wu Yaoxing;He jienan;Guo Qinghe;Wang weiwen

2008, 44(12): 129-134. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081223

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An index system for evaluating the urban forest ecosystem service function was proposed, at the same time, the system was composed of three main types, fifteen items, thirty two indices, and sixty four index contents. The specific evaluation method was provided for each function item service value in the index system.

Comparison on Characters of Leaf Anatomy of Ziziphus jujuba var.spinosa in Different Geography Environment

Kang Dongdong;Han Lihui;Ma Pengfei;Wei Xuezhi;Bi Runcheng

2008, 44(12): 135-139. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081224

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The leaf anatomic structure of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa from seashore to western arid area (near 37° N latitude) of China were investigated with both a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that all provenances shared the following common features. The distribution of stomata was generally uniform on the abaxial surface, and the type of stomatal apparatus was mainly anomocytic. The upper epidermis was formed by one layer of cells with tight, regular arrangement, and the lower epidermis was also formed by one layer of cells, and the type of anticlinal cell wall on both the upper and on the lower epidermis was straight. In the contrast, there were some differences in the anatomic characteristics among the provenances. With the decrease of water content in the habitats, (1) the stomatas became smaller gradually, and the density of stomata increase gradually; (2) the cells of both the upper and the lower epidermis became smaller gradually; (3) thickness of the upper and the lower cuticle, as well as the thickness of leaf, increased gradually; (4) bifacial leaf changed to isobilateral leaf; (5) the proportion of palisade tissue increased gradually, whereas the spongy tissue decreased; (6) diameter of midrib vessels and of midrib vascular bundles increased gradually; (7) the epidermis ornament changed in an order of smoothness, strip, reticulation, and mountain-like that represented the leaf structural characteristics of xerophytes. The results also showed that the sequence of the drought resistance delicacy was thickness of upper cuticle>density of stomata in proximal surface, size of stomata in proximal surface (length/width), thickness of lower cuticle, thickness of palisade, and thickness of spongy>average length of stomata, average length/width of upper epidermis cells, thickness of leaf, value of CTR, thickness of upper epiderm cell, thickness of lower epidermic cell, layers of palisade>diameter of midrib vascular bundle, average width of stomata, the area of stomata in proximal surface, average length of lower epidermis cells, and average length/width of lower epidermis cells>average length/width of palisade tissue cell.

Characteristics of Photosynthesis, Respiration and Water Utility of Four Tree Species of Natural Secondary Shrubs in a Semi-arid Loess Hilly-gully Region

Zhang Shuyong;Zhou Zefu;Zhang Guangcan;Xia Jiangbao

2008, 44(12): 140-146. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081225

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Three-year old shrub species of Rosa xanthina, Caragana korshinskii, Prunus davidiana and Prunus sibirica in a semi-arid loess hilly region were selected as the experimental material for comparing physiological characteristics, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency, and etc. The results indicated that the non-rectangular hyperbola model could well simulate the photosynthesis-light response curves, with R² over 0.98. There were significant differences in the photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield(AQY), dark respiration rate(R_d ), light compensation point(LCP), light saturation point(LSP), transpiration rate(T_r ) and water use efficiency(WUE) among four shrubs species. The four species displayed different photosynthetic performance in the same environment. The capacity of C. korshinskii was 1.7 times of that of R. xanthina, and 1.44 times of that of P. sibirica. C. korshinskii had the highest ability to use low light, and its AQY was 0.0765, and those of the other three species were among ordinary species. The consumption of photosynthetic products of C. korshinskii was the highest and its metabolism was the most active. R. xanthina. And P. davidiana had relatively higher shade-tolerance, though these four species were photophilous. The sequence of water consuming ability by transpiration was in an order of C. korshinskii>R. xanthina>P. sibirica.>P. davidiana. The water consuming ability of R. xanthina, P. sibirica, P. davidiana did not show significant correlation with meteorological factors. P. sibirica had the highest water use efficiency, and C. korshinskii and P. sibirica had little discrepancy in WUE, but both were obviously higher WUE than R. xanthina. In summary, P. davidiana and P. sibirica have higher development potential in the region, while C. korshinskii, which had higher photosynthetic ability, transpiration and water use efficiency, is the most suitable shrub species for afforestation. The photosynthetic ability and water use efficiency of R. xanthina were lower, and the species is not feasible for artificial plantation in large area.

Karyotypes of 15 Introduced Bramble Cultivars (Rubus)

Wang Xiaorong;Tang Haoru;Fu Huaqing;Zhong Bifeng;Xia Wufeng;Tang Haidong;Deng Qunxian

2008, 44(12): 147-150. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081226

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To provide and accumulate cytological data for bramble breeding in China, karyotypes of 8 Raspberry cultivars and 7 Blackberry cultivars introduced from foreign countries were investigated in the article. The results showed that all the 15 bramble cuitivars were of euploids and no aeuploids were found. All the 8 Raspberry cultivars were found to have 14 chromosomes, and the karyotype formulae of 2n=2x=14=14m, 2n=2x=14=14m (2SAT) and 2n=2x=14=14m (4SAT) were found respectively in 4 cultivars of ‘Algonquin', ‘Reveille', ‘Dinkum' and ‘Ploana', 3 cultivars of ‘Chilcotin', ‘Nova', and ‘Bristol', and cultivar of ‘Chilliwack'. In the contrast, three various chromosome numbers of 28, 42 and 49 were found in the 7 Blackberry cultivars, their karyotypes formulae were as follows: 2n=4x=28=28m for ‘Arapaho', ‘Shawnee' and ‘Navaho'; 2n=6x=42=38m (6SAT) + 4sm for ‘Ollalie'; and 2n=7x=49=49m for ‘Black Butte', ‘Boysen' and ‘Kotata'. The karyotypes of all the bramble cultivars,except that of ‘Ollalie',which was composed of metacentric chromosomes and submetacentric chromosomes and had a karyotype asymmetry type 2A, were composed of metacentric chromosome with type 1A asymmetry. Chromosome numbers of 9 bramble cultivars ‘Algonquin', ‘Chilcotin', ‘Reveille', ‘Chilliwack', ‘Nova', ‘Ploana', ‘Dinkum', ‘Bristol' and ‘Black Butte' and karyotypes of 15 bramble cultivars were reported for the first time.

Impacts of Forestation on the Nutrient Content and Biodiversity of Iron Tailing Land

Xu Zhongqi;Yuan Yuxin;Li Yuling;Xu Xuehua;Guo Jiang;Liu Jinzhu

2008, 44(12): 151-156. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081227

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Soil nutrient content and biodiversity were investigated on the iron tailing land to detect impacts of forestation on the nutrient content and biodiversity. The results showed that the iron tailing had much lower contents of organic materials and available N than ordinary soil, and the iron tailing with forestation of Hippophae rhamnoides or Amorpha fruticos had higher contents of the two nutrients than the iron tailing without forestation. The species diversity index (including Simpson index and Shannon-Weiner index) and species richness index of the iron tailing with forestation of Hippophae rhamnoides or Amorpha fruticos were higher than that of the iron tailing without forestation, and the two indexes reached to the level of the nearby natural shrub forest. It was concluded that forestation was able to improve the soil nutrient condition of iron tailing in favor of the settlement of other species invaders, and to increase the species diversity. It would be a feasible way for iron tailings management to introduce the suitable plant species into the droughty and arid iron tailing land to enrich it and raise species diversity gradually.

Selection of the cold-stored fungus species for culturing Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in rapid quarantine

Li Haiyan;Huang Beiying;Xiong Huilong;Song Yushuang

2008, 44(12): 157-162. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081228

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A long procedure is needed to quarantine pinewood nematodes because only the dispersal third-stage larvae could be isolated and it cannot be identified directly before being cultured to adult nematodes. To shorten the procedure, the effects of different temperatures and culture durations on the development of B. xylophilus larvae were studies with three fungus species as the culture media. The result showed that temperature had differential influence on development of the larvae in the three fungus media, and the influence was not significant. There was significantly different effect of the cold-stored fungi media on the larvae development. Fusarium sp. Was the best, Pestalotia sp. Was the second, Botrytis cinerea was the worst in promoting larvae development. Cold-stored B. cinerea was not suitable for the rapid quarantine of the nematode. When the L_Ⅲ larvae of B.xylophilus were abundant the quarantine could be accomplished in 48 h by culturing the L_Ⅲ larvae with cold-stored Fusarium sp. Or Pestalotia sp. At 30 ℃

Resistance of R-94 Bt-transgenic Poplar to Hegesidemus habrus(Heteroptera:Tingidae) and Two Leaf-miner Species

Wei Jianrong;Li Shumei;Chen Chongmei;Wei Hong;Su Yanxiu;Yang Zhongqi;Li Guangwu;Han Yifan

2008, 44(12): 163-167. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081229

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There are many reports about resistance of transgenic Bt poplars to lepidopteran defoliators. Whether the poplars can resist haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners remains unclear. This study chose transgenic Bt poplar, Populus euramericana cv. Robusta'(R-94), as the material to investigate its resistance to a haustellate mouth part pest, Hegesidemus habrus, and two leaf-miner species, Leucoptera susinella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Lithocolletis paslorella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in both field and laboratory. Results showed that R-94 poplar had strong resistance to H. habrus in fields. Injury rates of R-94 leaves were respectively only 1.08% in pure stands and 1.1% in mixed stands respectively, while injury rate of 107 poplar (a non-transgenic variety) was 16.3% in the mixed stands. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 leaves in laboratory, the livability of nymphae was 19.9% after 7 days of feeding. However, the livability of nymphae reached to 56.8% after 7 days of feeding with leaves of 107 poplars. When H. habrus was fed with R-94 and 107 poplar leaves together, the insects significantly preferred 107 poplar leaves to R-94 poplar ones. Besides H. habrus, R-94 poplar also showed strong resistance to two leaf-miners species. Therefore, R-94 poplar not only has strong resistance to lepidopteran pest, but also has similar resistance to haustellate mouth part pests and leaf-miners.

A Robinia pseudoacacia Elite Variety ‘Yucihuai 1'

Ru Guangxin;Zhu Yanlin

2008, 44(12): 168-168. doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20081230

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Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Yucihuai 1' is an elite variety that is selected from the natural population. It is indicate that the form of the trunk is straight and ful1 and the stem grows more quickly. It has a wide range of adaptability with vigorous habit. Robinia pseudoacacia 'Yucihuai 1' is a suitable for general use in the low mountains and hills planting areas of North China and Northwestern China.

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