We believe that the discipline of silviculture needs further guidance from the system sciences. Firstly, because forest is a complex system with interacting between trees and other vegetations, animals and environments, its whole feature is not simply equal to the sum of its different components. It is necessary to get guidance from the system sciences in studying the features of forest system. Secondly, and more importantly, afforestation is a system engineering including forestry, economy, land resources, agriculture, water conservancy, animal husbandry, environment protection, recreation and other fields. To successfully implement such a complex system engineering, guidance from the system sciences is essential. The afforestation practices demonstrated that without guidance of system theory, the efficiency of the forestry production had been influenced, and the further development of silviculture was also restricted to some extent. Therefore, as a discipline of building the forest complex system and dealing with relationships among other relevant systems, silviculture needs to introduce the system sciences to enrich its theoretical basis.

The soil samples were collected in different restoration stage from the study area of the southwestern Guizhou Province. The microbial incubation methods and the biochemical testing were used. The amount of soil microbes, soil biochemical function, soil microbial biomass and soil organic carbon were measured during vegetation succession in the degraded Karst. The results showed that, with degraded Karst vegetation restoration, the amount of bacteria, fungi, antinomies all increased obviously, performing the arboreal community stage>the shrubby community stage>the herbaceous community stage>the bare land stage. Compared with the fungi and antinomies, the bacteria were dominant and the proportion was 95.95%, 93.49%, 92.32% and 92.48% in microbial amount respectively in the four stages. With degraded Karst vegetation restoration, soil biochemical function, including ammonification, nitrification, cellulose decomposition, respiration and nitrogen fixation increased. The change pattern of soil microbial biomass carbon was consistent with microbial amount.There was a significant positive correlation between soil microbial biomass carbon and organic carbon (P<0.01).

Population diameter structure, life table, survival curve, and distribution pattern of Quercus variabilis in different disturbed conditions in northern slope of Bashan Mountain were studied. Since 1950, Q. variabilis population A declined gradually, because it distributed in the lower altitude, near to the villages，and was disturbed strongly by human activity. To the contrast Q. variabilis population B performed well, because it distributed in the higher altitude, far away the village, and was little disturbed by human activity. The results showed: Q. variabilis population A was weaker than Q. variabilis population B in the population regenerating ability, population B had abundant young individuals, and the trees derived from the seedlings took a larger proportion while population A had less young individuals and the trees from sprouting occupied a larger proportion; The survival curves of both Q. variabilis populations A and B in different habitats were Deevey III type, and the death rate was the highest during I, II, III size class; The proportion of sprouting seedlings increased gradually from size class I to III, because they were much better than the seedling from seed making use of spaces and resources; The distribution patterns of the two types of Q. variabilis populations in different habitats were aggregative. However, as the age increased, the intensity of aggregation decreased; According to the principal component analysis (PCA) of the main environmental factors that influenced the growth and developing of two Q. variabilis populations, the human disturbance and soil conditions were the most important factors. In the future, the habitat for population A should be protected from the human disturbance, mother trees should be kept to bear enough seeds. The cultural practices for the population B are to adjust the environmental factors and the relations among species, to promote the reproduction and seedling development and to thin the non aim species.

This study intended to establish a culture system that would induce somatic embryogenesis of Acanthopanaxsenticosus. Various plant growth regulators and their ratio were investigated with different explants of A.senticosus. The results showed that the leaf was the best organ to induce callus, followed by the stem, and the root. April and May were the best period to collect explants for the induction. The best induction medium was MS supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^-12,4D and 0.5 mg\5L^-1 6 BA for callus of A. senticosus. MS alone was the best medium for growth and differentiation. The observed anatomy displayed that the ex vivo embryogenesis process was the same as the zygotic embryo development process of A. senticosus.

This paper studied the genetic diversity of wood property among 28 clones of the living tree of Populus tomentosawith the indexes measured by Pilodyn that is a non\|destructive method for testing wood property.We measured the diameter at breast height（DBH), and shot the probe of Pilodyn into the south side of the stem and collected parameters（Ps）of wood propertyin the field. And the basic density（Ds） and the outer wood basic density（Dso）on the south directions of the increment core of the wood were also measured in laboratory. With the parameters collected by using Pilodyn and data of the wood density of the increment core, the clones were ranked with Ps,Dso and Ds mean values respectively. There were significant correlations among the three rankings (-0.749～-0.651）, among Ps, Dso and Ds of the individual trees （-0.506～0.706）and among Ps, Dso and Ds of the clones （-0.840～0.808）respectively. The result of the ANOVA analysis also showed there was the remarkable difference in Ps, Dsoand Ds among the clones. Based on the three indexes and the DBH respectively, we classified 28 clones into 4 clusters: A) high wood density with fast growth; B) low wood density with fast growth; C) high wood density with slow growth; D) low wood density with slow growth. The outcome of ANOVA analysis and Multiple Comparisons proved that there were remarkable difference between the 4 clusters via the 3 indexes of wood property. Based on the phenotypic characters we selected 7 fast growth with high wood density clones which were 11, 12, 346, 191, 337, 24, 384. 

Forest landscape pattern influences the forest function, which can have an impact on the ecological environment by regulating moisture, nutrient flow and material flow. Direct and indirect effects of forest landscape pattern in West Dongting Lake Region on the environment were analyzed by using Analytic Hierarchy Process, multilevel gray relational model andpath analysis with the landscape pattern and the environmental quality indexes. The results showed that: 1) The path analysis provided an effective way to analyze direct and indirect response of the environment to forest landscape pattern; 2) The environment was directly influenced by forest landscape pattern, which demonstrated that the structure affected its function. The analysis showed that quality of the environment had the closest correlations to evenness, followed by variation coefficient, isolation, fractal dimension and dominance of the forest pattern; 3) The forest landscape patterns, such as the change coefficient, fractal dimension, isolation, dominance and evenness, have also an indirect influence upon the environment, and every factor has an impact on the environment by means of the others; 4) Besides the forest landscape pattern, the environment was influenced by other factors such as the climate and the soil. However the influence mechanism is not clear because of the absence of further analysis of the ecological processes. 

There were 331 species (including 15 varieties and 7 subspecies) of halophytes in 38 families and 125 genera in Xinjiang, China, which were rich in biodiversity of halophytes. Distribution of the halophyte families and the halophyte genera in Xinjiang showed that the flora had a diverse geographical characteristic, with an overwhelming number in temperate regions, in which there were 9 families, accounting for 23.68% the total families in China. With taking off the cosmopolitan families, the left ones accounted for about 56.25% of the halophytes in China, including elements distributed in N. Temp., Old World Temp., and Mediterranea, W.Asia to C.Asia. Temperate elements accounted for 38.4% and Tethys elements accounted for 36% at genera level. The halophyte flora in Xinjiang was dominated by singlespecies and fewspecies genera，with marked superior phenomenon. Most of the flora was xeromorphy and antiquity. The particular component took up lower percentage and there was only one Chinese endemic genus. This was consistent with the North Temperate zone and geographical location of Xinjiang.

In the present work，the effects of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Populus×euramericanacv. ‘NL-895' poplar was investigated. Using HPLC method，the contents of auxin (IAA)，zeatin(Z)，gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) of the filtrate and mycelium of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi cultured in liquid medium were also examined. The results showed that the impacts of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of NL-895 poplar were significantly varied. The inoculated seedlings grew better than that without inoculation even if mycorrhiza didn't form. All nine ectomycorrhizal fungi to some extent excreted plant hormones，and the contents in culture filtrate were significantly higher than that of mycelium. There were significant differences among the effects of different hormones on seedling growth. Correlation analysis suggested that the height and stem diameter of seedlings were positively correlated with zeatin contents of mycelium，while the contents of ABA or IAA in the mycelium were negatively correlated with the seedling growth.

Dastarcus helophoroides（Coleoptera: Bothrideridae）an important cerambycid parasitoid beetle，can parasitize larva，pupa of many largesized longhorn beetles, suchas Asian Longhorned Beetle, in China. In order to make better use of this parasitoid to biologically control the pest longhorn beetles，the behavior of D. helophoroides was studied in this paper. with a self designed observation box，we studied the daily behavioral rhythm of D. helophoroides adult，and their photokinesis，mating behavior，as well as their behavioral rhythm influenced by darkness. Results showed that adults were active from dusk to next morning，and their behavioral rhythm could be disturbed by long period of darkness. Adults had slight tropism to wards dim red light. Mating posture of female and male adults displayed a “—" shape. The vision was not used for the adults to find their host larvae of longhorned beetle wrapped with paraffin under dim red light. The result showed that the vision of the parasitoid was not able to differentiate larva of longhorned beetle from wood. During the most active period of the most active period of the adult, by imitating natural action character of the parasitoid，its disperse capability was investigated. It was found that adults of D. helophoroides have strong fly ability. These results would be helpful to develop techniques for mass rearing D. helophoroides indoor and releasing them out to control longhorned beetles. 

Remotely sensed infrared images are often used to estimate wildfire parameters. MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiameter) is widely applied to monitor forest wildfire due to its multispectral images and capability of real time acguiring fire data. The traditional mapping methods of burn scar and hotspots depend on its particular radiant and thermal spectral characters. In dynamic fire monitoring process, the fire line detection of the edge of burn scar is more important than burn area estimation. An automatic method for extracting fire line parameters was developed in this paper based on multispectral imagery. The method integrated the fire edge information of multispectral images, and as well as improve spatial details mapping of fire line by multi bands image gradient magnitude calculation. Superimposition of the fire lines on the edge of burn scar at Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image produced a coincident result which suggests the algorithm here on infrared images is better than sobel edge detection operators. The method was also proved with good performance and efficient in dynamic fire mapping and monitoring.

The supercritical fluid CO₂(SFC) dry process of wood SiO₂ alcogel composites was researched in this paper. The results show that for the wood surround the SiO₂ alcogel supercritical drying process of the dynamic and static press is 25 MPa， the dynamic press time is 180 min， the dynamic and static dry temperature is 50 ℃. The SiO₂ aerogel of net micro structure was observed that coalescence with wood and keep the wood porous structure very well. According to transmission electron microscope observing， the silica aerogels were coherent， nanosized porous solids that mean diameter of particles is about 13～300 nm. Wood\|SiO₂ aerogel composites have specially bulking ratio. For different structure of basswood and alder，the bulking ratio have greatly diversity in basswood and alder, alder's bulking ratio is half of basswood.

The study was conducted to investigate the variety of inner temperature,
vapor pressure and both relations during the progress of intermittent and continuous microwave drying. Results obtained are summarized as follows: during continuous microwave drying, there are three stages in the change of temperature(rapid temperature increasing stage, constant temperature stage and later temperature increasing stage). The higher the power is, the quicker the temperature increases. In the period of constant temperature stage, the higher the temperature is, the shorter the time is. As the high power was continuously applied to heat wood with high moisture content, inner cracking was found, which can be avoided by decreasing the power supply or using intermittent power supply after the temperature increased to 100 ℃. Charring of wood was mainly found in final stage of drying, and the phenomenon of charring may be avoided by the methods of controlling and avoiding too low moisture contents of wood in the last stage, decreasing the power supply or using intermittent power supply.

Based on the investigation of collective forest tenure reform in Jiangxi, Fujian, Liaoning and Yunnan provinces, this paper analyzed the changes of woodland area, the structure of forest, outgoing workers, forestland transfer scale and so on, and estimated the impacts of collective forest tenure reform on farmer households' livelihood using an econometrics model. The results indicated that collective forest tenure reform had a significant impact on the farmer households' livelihood, such as increasing farmers' income in forestry. Whether or not the farmers know about the reform policy and obtain the forest property right certificates is important factors to success in the collective forest tenure reform. At the same time, the reform emerged a actual problem, that is, forestland operation scale is likely reduced. Therefore, the forestland leasing market should correspondingly be adjusted and improved.

Reform of collective forest right system is one of the most important parts of rural reform, which complies with the fundamental interests of the farmers, the ultimate goal of forest development, and the primary task of building a new socialist countryside. On the basis of elaborating the background of the reform of collective forest right system in Jiangxi Province, this paper introduces its main methods and accomplishments, and brings forwards the key points of the reform.

Rocky desertification in Karst areas of southwestern China is an prominent regional environmental problem and hot research spot. This paper analyzed the research advance of Karst rocky desertification, including the formation reasons and the environment evaluation system, and reviewed the comprehensive recovery progress on Karst rocky desertificafion with the state forestry ecoengineering recently. We proposed the research orientation of rocky desertification in southwest China in the future, which was referred to study on formation mechanism of rocky desertification, the principle of restoring vegetation, and the application of the remote sensing technology to supply the principle for the comprehensive eco restoration of rocky desertification.

Remote sensing monitoring of sandification is a key technique to collect the status and dynamics of sandy land, providing scientific bases for the national sandification control. The paper introduces information sources, spectral characteristics, sandification information extraction, sandification classification and dynamic analyses, summarizes the study progresses, and discusses the problems and trends.

In this article, the author reviewed and discussed the present status in cultivation and research of eucalypt plantation at home and abroad. It was pointed out that the long term development of eucalypt plantation brought some latent problems in the soil productivity maintenance, water use and balance, biodiversity conservation and ecological stability in the eucalypt forest. The paper proposed a concept of sustainable management of eucalypt plantation, and discussed the strategies for sustainable management of eucalypt plantation in China.

Eucalypt forest plantations were seriously subjected to a great catastrophe which was caused by heavy snow and freezing rain over eight provinces in southern China in early 2008. Afterwards，surveys were carried out to examine the severity of damage to eucalypt forest plantations and the tolerance of different species to the extreme low temperatures. It was found that the freezing disaster mainly happened to eucalypt plantations which were located in geographic areas with latitudes between 24°15′ to 26°54′ N and longitudes 104° to 118° E，and altitude from 300 to 600 m. however，the plantations were established in southern Hunan and Jiangxi and，those in northern Guangxi and Guangdong provinces，most seriously damaged. Individual trees in the plantations were mostly bent towards the ground or broken up by heavily accumulated snow or ice，the bark burst open and shots with foliage froze. Variation was also found in the ability tolerant to low temperature between different genotypes，for example，clone DH201-2 of hybrid Eucalyptus grandis×E. camaldulensiswas much less tolerant than clone DH32-29 of E. urophylla×E. grandis and GL9，a clone of E. grandis×E. urophylla，and E. dunnii and E. grandis were more cold tolerant as well. A caution was made that extreme temperature be carefully taken into consideration of strategy for developing eucalypt plantations in the future and potential risks exist in northward extension of planting areas.

Operation of forestry industrial system influences sustainable ability enormously, through carrying on analyzing industrial developmental potential, ecological benefit carrying capacity and employee living standard of forestry industrial system in depth, this article evaluates frangibility of regional forestry industrial system comprehensively. According to characteristics of forestry industrial system, frangibility evaluation system of forestry industry has been constructed based on Entropy Topsis model. This article collects 1998—2006 annual statistical data for empirical analysis, expounds manipulative procedures of evaluation system, validates scientific of evaluation results and provides quantificational analytical reference for constituting scientific following adjustive strategy.

Net photosynthetic rates(P_n) were measured in 18month old seedlings of Machilus pauhoi from two provenances of Suichuan in Jiangxi and Jian'ou in Fujian using a LiCor LI6400 portable photosynthesis system(LiCor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) with a LED light source. The other photosynthetic parameters, including maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_max), apparent quantum yield(AQY), light saturation point(LSP) and light compensation point(LCP), were also detected in response to irradiation. The results showed: The average P_max, AQY, LSP and LCP of the seedlings from the two provinces were 12.65 μmolCO2·m^-2s^-1, 0.052 7 μmolCO2·μmol^-1 photons, 1.12099 μmol·m^-2 s^-1 and 1803 μmol·m^-2s^-1 respectively. There were significant differences between the two provenances in the all photosynthetic parameters except for AQY. The provenance of Suichuan performed better than that from Jianou with higher P_max，AQY and LSP of 30.48%，4.66% and 25.70% respectively, though the LCP of Suichuan provenance was higher and needed stronger illumination. There was more variation in P_max, AQY, LSP and LCP between the two provenances than that within the two provenances. There were significant differences between the upper and lower crown layers with higher P_max and AQY in the upper crown, while there was no difference in LCP and LSP between the two crown layers due to the integrated influence of the shape of seedling crowns and the photosensitivity of leaves. 

Through simulated soil dynamic submergence in the hydro fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region，four different kinds of water treatment were applied to examine the mechanism of the nutrient changes in soils of Taxodium distichum seedlings. The water treatments were normal growth water treatment (CK)，light drought water stress (T1)，soil water saturation treatment (T2) and soil submersion treatment (T3). The results showed that different water treatments had different effects on the nutrient contents of soils of T. distichum seedlings. During the entire experimental period，the mean content of organic matter did not exhibit significant difference between T1 and T2，and T3，which are respectively 5.8%，9.1% and 9.9% higher than in that of CK，highly significantly. Mean pH value in T2 was not significantly different from that in CK，in contrast to being 2.9% and 1.7% lower in T1 and T3 when compared to that in CK. Mean content of total nitrogen in T2 over the study period was significantly increased by 8.3% and 6.0% compared to that in CK and T1，respectively. Whereas，there was no significant difference to be found between T3 and CK，as well as between T3 and T1 in mean content of total nitrogen. Furthermore，the four groups did not differ from each other either in the mean content of total phosphorus or in the mean content of total potassium. The mean content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen in T3 throughout the entire experiment was the highest among all the groups，being 15.3%，5.4% and 6.2% higher than in that of CK，T1 and T2，respectively. However，the mean content of available phosphorus and of available potassium in T1 was significantly higher than that in the other three groups，in which latter T2，T3 and CK did not differ from each other. The content of soil organic matter showed a highly positive relationship with the content of total nitrogen，the content of total phosphorus and the content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen. On the other hand，pH value displayed a highly negative relationship with the content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen and the content of available phosphorus. We found that T. distichum species can actively facilitate the restoration of the vegetation and the improvement of the soil conditions in the hydro fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.

As a basic measure for forest management，pruning has an important impact on the tree trunk shape, wood qulity, etc. At present，in the process of growing fastgrowing and highyielding plantation, afforestation was took into account, whereas management after planting was ignored, which had much detrimental effect on woodland's quality and productivity. The paper studied the topic to find a scientific pruning model that could provide a guideline for the management in forest production. The plantation and the intercropping of poplarcrop were pruned in four different levels in Hebei and Shandong province. The levels were respectively light p1 (1/6 crown was pruned), medium p2 (2/6 crown was pruned), strong p3 (3/6 crown was pruned), heavy p4 (4/6 crown was pruned) and the control (unpruned). Heights and diameters at breast height(DBH) were measured. Diameter growth and cuttingarea increment in one year from ten parsed trees were counted.The volume growth of trunk (below 9 m) was calculated. The results were: 1) the difference of relative growth rate for different pruning treatment was not significant (P<0.05), which demonstrated the nutrition for height growth came from the branches and leaves of the top crown; 2) The difference of relative growth rate of DBH was significant(P<0.01). That is, the greater of pruning intensity, the smaller relative growth in the DBH. 3) The stem growth of parsed disk at different height was fluctuant among the different treatments. From stem base (0.0 m) to 9 m height of the trunk , the stem increase of the lower half reduced along with the increase of pruning intensity, while the growth of the upper half in pruning trees was bigger than that of non pruning ones. 4) The difference of volume growth rate for different treatments was significant, all of the pruning treatments were bigger than the control. The medium p2 had the biggest growth, and the order was CKgested that reasonable pruning can improve the growth of volume. However an excessive pruning reduced volume growth. 5) Pruning can decrease relative taper of trunk, make trunk straight and satiety, and increase the rate of volume increasing for one year. 6) In conclusion, in the process of production, the reasonable pruning should be moderate intensity as pruning p2, in which 1/3 crown length was removed.

In this paper, the related properties（long term dimensional stability, adhesion strength, painting film adhering capacity, painting film wearing and consuming value and wood surface hardness） of two plantation grown hardwoods（Betula alnoides and Castanopsis hystrix）, compared with commonly used Quercus mongolia domestically, were investigated. The test on long term dimensional stability is referred to the method established by New Zealand Forest Research Institute, test on adhesion strength is conducted according to the criteria ASTM D90589, the test on painting film adhering capacity is referred to the criteria GB/T 1765-1999 and GB/T 1765-1999, and wood surface hardness is referred to JIS Z2117-1963 In the meantime, adhesion strength and painting film adhering capacity are assigned to the corresponding grades according to different criterion based on a series of experimental results. The results show as follows: the adhesion strength, painting film adhering capacity of B. alnoides, C. hystrix and Q. mongolia belong to excellent grade with similar long term dimensional stability. The total of radial and tangential swelling coefficient of the three species are 0.064%, 0.068% and 0.066%, respectively. With regard to painting film wearing and consuming value of the three species, the quality grades are good, middle and good in order. The surface hardness on different wood surfaces of three species is 11.0, 7.7 and 13.0 MPa on radial surface, 14.2, 10.6 and 12.5 MPa on tangential surface, 33.0, 26.6 and 38.1 MPa on end surface, respectively. 

Populus × euramericana cv. ‘Robusta 94’ is a new transgenic poplar variety. It has the traits of straight trunk, cold resistance and fast growth of Populus × euramericana cv. Robusta from which the explants were taken, and also enhances the resistance to the defoliating pests, such as lepidopterous Lymantria dispar and heteropterous Hegesidemus habrus. The variety is able to grow well in the regions where the defoliating pests occur very frequently.

A new cultivar,‘Aoshuang’, which blooms in autumn as well in spring, was released from a seedling of Paeonia ×suffruticosa found accidentally in 1996.The flowers are deep pink and have generally the crown in the Spring, but the autumn flowers have variable forms of the chrysanthemum and the anemone or the crown. The plants grow vigorously and sprout many tillers.