This paper introduced a grid-based point pattern analysis method and analyzed the spatial pattern of Nitraria tangutorum sand mounds in desert-riverine ecotones，Ordos Plateau，using pair correlation function and Ripley L function. The results showed that the total mounds and different size mounds were clumped，which might result from the nursing effects of the desert ecosystem on plants. Grid-based method showed stronger aggregating tendency at small scale than point approximation method. Bivariate analysis results showed there existed different degree of competition between mounds with different sizes in two climatic zones，and a stronger competition appeared in arid Balagong area. The two methods produced different results at large scale, which cannot be explained clearly yet. Grid-based method，as a new analysis method for spatial pattern，was more suitable for sparse plant pattern analysis in arid and semi-arid areas using remote sensing data.

Vertical transects of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica forests in five sites of different longitude (Zhaosu，Gongliu，Wusu，Urumqi and Hami) in Tianshan Mountains were investigated to analyze the stand factors of the forests along altitudinal gradient in different longitudinal sites. Each stie was divided into three altitudinal ranges (low，middle and high) and the difference in stand factors within each altitudinal range was analyzed，The variation of main stand factors along the altitudinal gradient at 50 m intervals was also investigated. The results showed that the variation of different stand factors within the three altitudinal ranges in five sites presented different patterns. Mean and maximum DBH showed no significant variation while mean and maximum tree height，stand density，total basal area and stand volume of the forests generally showed hump-shaped curves with increasing of the altitude. The changes along the altitudinal gradient could be described by the quadratic curve equations though there was variation in the altitudinal range of the forests in the different sites.

Soil microbe quantities，microbial carbon and nitrogen contents，and their fractal characteristics were studied in seven typical vegetation restoration patterns in Nverzhai watershed in northwest Hunan，including Pinus massoniana natural forest (Ⅰ)，Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation (Ⅱ)，Eucommia ulmoides plantation (Ⅲ)，Vernicia fordii plantation (Ⅳ)，Machilus pingii secondary forest (Ⅴ)，Phyllostachys edulis-C. lanceolata mixed forest (Ⅵ)，wasteland-shrub (Ⅶ). It was found that the bacterial number was 2.153×10⁵～5.60×10⁶ cfu·g^-1 which was the highest proportion of 72.83%～92.77% in total soil microbe，followed by actinomycial and fungous ones whose number and proportion were 7.57×10⁴～3.89×10⁵ cfu·g^-1，6.44%～25.61% and 4.60×10³～4.77×10⁴ cfu·g^-1，0.79%～1.99% respectively. Soil microbial biomass C(MBC) was higher in all the other six forest patterns than in Ⅶ，and ranked as the following: Ⅴ(38.99%～39.67%)＞Ⅲ(30.90%～35.31%)＞Ⅵ(23.86%～26.60%)＞Ⅳ(10.17%～10.24%)＞Ⅱ(5.89%～6.11%)＞Ⅰ(0.27%～1.09%)＞Ⅶ in the soil layer of 0～40 cm. Except for pattern Ⅰ，soil microbial biomass N(MBN) was higher in the other five forest patterns than that in Ⅶ，with a rank of Ⅴ(43.46%～44.27%)＞Ⅵ(29.10%～29.60%)＞Ⅲ(22.91%～24.11%)＞Ⅱ(5.20%～5.93%)＞Ⅳ(2.20%～4.45%)＞Ⅶ. These results showed that MBC and MBN of pattern Ⅶ were lower than that of forest patterns on the whole. There was an obvious fractal characteristics between MBC and bacterial number (D=5.446 5，R=0.672 0，P=0.008 5)，followed by MBC and actinomycial number (D=5.358 4，R=0.639 1，P=0.013 9)，MBN and bacterial number (D=3.687 4，R=0.593 2，P=0.025 3). However，the fractal model of MBN and actinomycial number was not significant (R=0.332 1，P=0.246 0)，and there also did not exist fractal relations for MBC，MBN and fungous number.

Decomposition and its influencing factor as well as N dynamics of fine woody root (<2 mm diameter) and grass root in four vegetation forms of birch (Betula luminifera)-grass (Hemarthria compressa) compound(HN)，birch (Betula luminifera) plantation (H), grass (Hemarthria compressa) (NC)，cedar (Cryptomeria fortunei) plantation(LS) which were all founded in the process of converting farmland to forest or grass. This study was conducted in Hongya，China with the intact-core technique. The decomposition rate pattern showed a good fit for the Olsoris single-exponential model and the decomposition constant(k) for the four vegetation models were 1.06,0.93,1.32,0.86 a^-1 respectively，with an annual loss in dry weight of 65.49%,60.55%,73.32%,57.51%. C/N of roots was negative significantly correlated with the root decomposition rate for all models during the one year experiment. C concentration of birch was also negative significantly correlated with fine root decomposition rate (P≤0.01). After 90 days lignin concentration relative to initial lignin content of birch and cedar fine roots was negatively correlated with fine root decomposition rate (P≤0.05). As for birch-grass compound model its lignin concentration of mixed roots showed a poorly correlation with fine roots decomposition rate (P=0.087). The rate of N release was strongly influenced by the initial N concentration of the roots. After one year fine root of HN with the highest initial N concentration released the most N and LS with the lowest initial N concentration released the least N.

Biomass Production and Carbon Sequestration in Poplar-Crop Agroforestry Ecosystems in Eastern Henan Plain Abstract：Agroforestry systems have a great potential for storing and sequestering carbon because of the close interaction between crops, trees and soil. It has been suggested that agroforestry system is one of efficient manners to use land in reducing CO₂ concentration and alleviating CO₂-induced global warming. It will have a great impact on flux and long-term storage of C in the terrestrial biosphere. The present experiment investigated the biomass productivity and carbon sequestration in poplar-crop agroforestry ecosystems at different forest ages of 5, 9, 11 and 13 years old in the eastern Henan plain. The results showed that: the biomass of poplar-crop intercrop agroforestry ecosystems at different ages of 5, 9, 11 and 13 years old was 33.03, 103.06, 124.30 and 154.60 t·hm^-2, respectively; the average net-production was 19.95, 29.30, 33.2 and 56.94 t·hm^-2a^-1, respectively. The total carbon sequestration was 19.86, 52.42, 62.45 and 76.44 t·hm^-2.

This paper reported that an in vitro embryogenic callus induction and plantlet regeneration system from immature zygotic embryos of hybrid larch was established. Embryogenic calli were induced from zygotic embryos of Larix kaempferi 5×L. olgensis 77-3 and Larix kaempferi 5×L. gmelinii 9. The embryogenic callus induction rate was the highest when zygotic embryos were collected 65-days after pollination and cultured on S medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L^-1 2，4-D +　0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L^-1 KT， with 10% embryogenic callus induction rate. Three embryogenic cell lines were found to have stable regenerating ability. The cell lines from zygotic embryos of L.kaempferi 5×L.olgensis 77-3 collected 65-days after pollination were the best， with 18.1，77.0%, and 28.1% of number of somatic embryo per gram embryogenic callus， germination rate and plant regeneration rate， respectively. Up to 41.8% of the transplanted plantlets were successfully survived in soil.

The phylogenetic relationship of 29 Chaenomeles cultivars was analyzed using AFLP. Eight pairs of primers (EcoRⅠ+3/MseⅠ+3) were used to selectively amplify the genomic DNA of the cultivars. In total， 1 095 bands were obtained， and 1 035 of them were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 94.52%. This showed that Chaenomeles had abundant genetic diversity. The similarity coefficients were calculated using DICE method of NTSYS-PC software， and clustering was carried with UPGMA. The similarity coefficients among cultivars varied from 0.465 0 to 0.833 9. Those cultivars with similar morphological characteristics were usually clustered preferably， and therefore， the 29 cultivars could be classified into 4 groups based on AFLP molecular markers data. The 4 groups apparently matched to C. speciosa， C. japonica， C. cathayensis and C. × superba respectively. The cultivar ‘Crimson and Gold’ should be included into C. speciosa, however the taxonomy for cultivar ‘Bixue’ needed further work. It showed that AFLP was efficient to reveal the phylogenetic relationship and the evolutionary course of Chaenomeles germplasms.

In this study，AFLP and RAPD markers were used to increase density of the genetic linkage map of Chinese jujube based on a F₁ population of 150 individuals derived from the cross between Dongzao (Zizyphus jujuba ‘Dongzao’) and Linyilizao (Zizyphus jujuba ‘Linyilizao’). As a result，a dense genetic linkage map of Chinese jujube was constructed，and it consisted of 15 linkage groups and covered 1 309.4 Cm，including 388 AFLP markers and 35 RAPD markers. The average interval distance was 3.1 Cm. Compared with the previous linkage map，the total length of map increased by 72 Cm，the average interval distance reduced by 0.8 Cm，and the number of intervals with the distance >10 Cm between adjacent markers declined 33%. Based on the newly constructed genetic linkage map，the QTLs for trunk diameter in jujube was also analyzed in this study，and a total of 6 QTLs were identified，and they could explain 38.1%，10.0%，14.4%，10.1%，13.4% and 31.0% phenotypic variation respectively.

The activity of H⁺-ATPase，fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity of tonoplast vesicles isolated from roots and leaves of Broussonetia papyrifera plantlets under salt stress with different concentrations of NaCl were investigated. The results showed that V-H⁺-ATPase activity in roots increased at low level of NaCl concentration (50 mmol·L^-1). When NaCl concentration exceeds 100 mmol·L^-1，the activity was similar with control. In leaves，V-H⁺-ATPase activity decreased at 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl，but increased at higher levels of NaCl (150 mmol·L^-1). It was found that the fatty acid composition of tonoplast was consisted of C16： 0，C16： 1，C18： 0，C18： 1，C18： 2 and C20： 0. Alterations in relative content of tonoplast fatty acid composition under NaCl stress were observed. In roots the extent of unsaturation of tonoplast fatty acids decreased, and then it increased under 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl. In leaves，the extent of unsaturation of tonoplast fatty acids decreased under 50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment，however the extent increaseal with the increase of salinity,leaves and was higher than that in control. The changes in tonoplast fluidity coincided with those in unsaturation of fatty acids under NaCl stress. Tonoplast fluidity decreased with the decline of unsaturation of fatty acids. The objectives of this study were to gain better understand of the adaptive mechanism of H⁺-ATPase，fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity of tonoplast of woody plants and their relationship under salt stress.

Content of anthocyanin and the activities of enzymes in anthocyanin biosyntheses including plenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL)， chalcone ismoerase (CHI)， dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) and UDP glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltranfe-rase(UFGT) were investigated in Acer × freemanii ‘Autumn Blaze’ and Acer rubrum `Brandywine' during the leaf color-changing period. The results indicated that the changes of anthocyanin content exhibited a single peak curve in the two American maple leaves， and the peak appeared at the twentith and twenty-fifth， respectively. The activity of PAL， DFR and UFGT was quadratically correlated with the content of anthocyanin， while CHI activity was significantly and positively correlated with the content of anthocyanin. PAL， CHI and UFGT were the key enzymes in anthocyanin synthesis in ‘Autumn Blaze’ leaves. CHI and UFGT were the key enzyme in anthocyanin synthesisin ‘Brandywine’ leaves.

Effects of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics of 1-year-old potted mulberry (Morus alba) seedlings, a common stock of mulberry, were investigated. The seedlings were treated with NaCl concentrations at 0.1%,0.3%,0.5% and 0.7%, fresh water as the control. Using LI-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n）, stomatal conductance（G_s）, intercellular CO₂ concentrations（C_I） and transpiration rate（T_r） were measured on 1^st,2^nd,3^rd and 7^th day after treatments, and the light response curves and the CO₂ response curves of the net photosynthetic rate were measured on 3^rd day after treatments. The results showed that 0.1% NaCl did not affects the photosynthetic characteristics of the seedlings, however, while salt concentration≥0.3%, the salinity significantly reduced P_n, G_s, T_r, WUE,SUE and CUE, but enhanced C_I. P_n under 0.1% NaCl treatments was a little bigger than that of the control. Under lower salt concentration treatments, P_n decrease was mainly controlled by the stomatal limits, whereas under higher salt concentration treatments, P_n decrease was mainly due to the non-stomatal limits. The net photosynthetic rate under various treatments all gradually increased with PAR or CO₂ concentration increasing, however, effects of PAR or CO₂ concentration on P_n significantly varied among different NaCl concentration treatments. It was showed that effects of them on P_n decreased with NaCl concentration increasing. In addition, salinity also had an obvious impact on the light compensationpoint（LCP）, light saturation point（LSP）, apparent quantum yield（AQY）, apparent maximum photosynthetic rate（P_max）, the CO₂ compensation point（LCP）and apparent carboxyl efficiency (ACE). In general, P_max, AQY,LSP, CCP and ACE decreased, but LCP increased with NaCl concentration increasing.

The mathematic classification of 46 species in Rhododendron was studied with 44 morphologic characters, including 18 dualistic characters, 13 multi-characters and 13 quantitative characters, by using SPSS( 10.0. The squared Euclidean distance coefficient was used in case clustering and the Pearson correlation was used in variable clustering by within-groups linkage. The 46 species of Rhododendron were divided into two caboodles by case clustering: one was lepidote and the other was evergreen. The different groups were formed under two caboodles and the groups were similar to the traditional classification except R.calophytum and R.asterochnoum. The results of variable clustering showed that the various characters were decided in different groups. Some characters had strong correlativity within a group, such as the position of squama, flower formation, the size of external organs. In principal component analyses (PCA), the accumulative contribution of the first three principal components was up to 60.9%, which showed there were some representative characters which could be used in classification of Rhododendron, such as squama, gland, hair and the size of leaves, flowers and fruits. However, the number of stamen, hair on sepal, size of sepal, color of crown, hair on lower silk and hair on crown etc were not so reliable for the classification. The results of PCA were consistent with that in case clustering, which suggested that we should pay more attention to choose characters in classifying.

Water samples from two near rivers respectively around bamboo stands and natural forests were collected in three sampling points in two months interval from May 2006 to May 2007. It was found that the quality of water systems under the bamboo stands was much worse than that under the natural forest. The concentration of total N, nitrate N, and organic N in two rivers appeared higher in wet season (during March and May), than the other months that had less rainfall. However, the concentration of total P and dissolved C and the values of COD and BOD were much higher in dry season (during September and January), and the peak values of water from river around bamboo stands appeared in November. The average of concentrations of total N in water from river around bamboo stands was 4.24 mg·L^-1 and 2.15 times greater than that around the natural forest. The corresponding values for NO₃-N was 2.01 mg·L^-1 and 4.07 times, for NH⁺₄-N was 0.07 mg·L^-1 and 0.66 times, for total P was 0.05 mg·L^-1 and 1.39 times, for dissolved organic C was 17.78 mg·L^-1 and 2.87 times. The results showed that the river around bamboo stands was polluted by N, P and DOC.

The contents of carbon and nitrogen and C∶N ratio stoichiometry in three warm temperate deciduous broadleaf forest types were investigated in Dongling Mountains, northern China. The results showed that: 1) The carbon concentrations of soil and tree layer decreased successively from Betula platyphylla(birch) forest (BF), Quercus liaotungensis (oak) and Betula dahurica mixed deciduous broadleaf forest (MF), to Quercus liaotungensis (oak) forest (OF). The tree layer in the mixed forests had the highest nitrogen concentration, which was more than twice that of the others. However, no significant difference was found in the carbon and nitrogen contents in soil microbial among the three forest types. 2) The variation of C∶N ratio in the soil microbial was smaller than that in the tree layer among the three forest types, regardless of the soil C and N concentrations. 3) The C∶N ratios of both the soil and the soil microbial were not significantly changed and appeared well-constrained in the three forest types.

A new species of genus Systasis Walker (Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae)， Systasis obolodiplosis Yao et Yang， sp. Nov.， was found in China and was described in this paper. The new species is a parasitoid of larvae-pupae of locust gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann) (Diptera： Cecidomyiidae) which is a newly invaded serious insect pest in China. Systasis obolodiplosis can be regarded as a potential natural enemy agent for biological control of this pest. Morphological characters are depicted in details and partially illustrated here. Type specimens are deposited in Insect Museum Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry.

To study the interaction between Eriosoma lanigerum and apple trees， olfactory response of the aphid to different kinds of apple branches was tested by Y-olfactometer and volatiles from the branches were extracted with HS (Head-space) and measured with GC-MS. The result showed that E. lanigerum was differentially attracted by the odors from different kinds of apple branches during looking for host plants. Variety, Sansa showed the most intensive attraction with the average selection rate reaching to 71.25% and Red Fuji Spur， Jonagold， Fujiki 1 followed in sequence with the selection rate all above 60%. Attraction capacity of Red Chief Delicious was less than others and the average selection rate was only 56.75%. The major volatiles of Sansa were E-3-Hexen-1-ol (14.74%)， Formic acid and hexyl ester (9.52%) and they were all more than that in other varieties relatively. The major volatiles of Red Chief Delicious were 4-methyl-1，3-pentadiene (16.37%) and Z-3-Hexen-1-ol，acetate (10.27%) and were also more than that in other varieties. Formic acid， hexyl ester and Z-3-Hexen-1-ol were preliminarily confirmed to be the important substances for attracting woolly apple aphid， but 4-methyl-1，3-pentadiene and Z-3-hexen-1-ol，acetate were not.

In order to investigate the relationship between plant resistance and plant nutrition,this study measured the change pattern of PAL,PPO,TI and CI activity in needles of Larix gmelinii and L.olgensis with different coning grades.The results showed that when the coning less or no,the two larches had higher activities of defense enzymes and more protease inhibitors, and the enzyme activities and the inhibitors were significantly different from that when the coning performance was in middle or above grade(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the activity of defense enzyme and protease inhibitor between L.gmelinii and L.olgensis(P>0.05).The results indicated that coning number of larches had the direct impact on the resistance to the pest insects.

Forest fire is not easily handled by traditional analysis methods and steady-state neural network because it is a dynamic process over space. A spatial-temporal integrated forecast method of forest fire was proposed in this paper by combining dynamic recurrent neural network(DRNN) and autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) model. The approach first forecasts time series by ARIMA model, and reveals the hidden spatial correlations among forest fire data by DRNN， and then combines the spatial and temporal forecast results based on statistic regressions to produce the final spatial-temporal integrated forecast result. The principle and modeling procedure of the model were illustrated with a case study of forest fire area forecast in Guangdong， and then the forecast accuracy was validated. The results showed that the forest fire area could be forecasted exactly and effectively by the spatial-temporal integrated forecast model because the spatial correlations among data were taken into consideration. Compared with the pure ARIMA model， the forecast precision of the model was apparently improved. The integrated model was also proved to be good efficient in forecasting dynamic change of events over space such as a forest fire.

Gross caloric values（GCV）of different organs and different growth zone of 1-year-old， 3-year-old and 5-year-old of Bambusa wenchouensis and Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata were studied in Pingyang County， Zhejiang Province. The results indicated that there was a disparity of GCV among different organs of Bambusa wenchouensis and Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata. GCV of above ground parts for the two species showed the same trend， as follows： culm> branch> leaf， root is the minimum.The mean GCV of Bambusa wenchouensis and Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata for each organ in different growth zone had no significant difference， implying little relationship between the growth zone and GCV.The mean GCV of each organ of Bambusa wenchouensis and Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata for different ages had no significant difference.As to different species， GCV of each organ of Bambusa wenchouensis was higher than that of Dendrocalamopsis vario-striata.

The adsorption property， thermodynamic parameters and kinetic parameters of nitrobenzene with bamboo-charcoal were studied in this paper. The result shows that adsorption equilibrium time is 540 min and the bamboo-charcoal shows high adsorption ability for nitrobenzene at the pH of 5.6. Langmuir isotherm model is well obeyed. The studying kinetics shows that the adsorption kinetics of bamboo-charcoal on nitrobenzene can be described by pseudo first-order kinetics. The adsorption apparent rate constant k₂₉₈ is equal to 2.42×10^-4s^-1 and activation energy E_a is equal to 23.5 kJ·mol^-1 at the temperature of 298 K. The studying thermodynamic shows that the adsorption process of bamboo-charcoal on nitrobenzene is an exothermic process. The heat of adsorption （ΔH） is equal to －16.8 kJ·mol^-1， entropy change（ΔS） is equal to 37.9 J·K^-1mol^-1 and free energy change （ΔG） is equal to -28.1 kJ·mol^-1. The ΔG is a negative value shows that the adsorption process of adsorbate from solution to adsorbent surface is a spontaneous process.

The geometry of abietic acid has been investigated by several theoretical methods including the Hartree-Fock and DFT-B3LYP level of ab initio theory. Its most stable structure is determined by the minimum energy. Comparing with the known experimental results， DFT-B3LYP which has the smallest error in three theoretical methods is the best one for analysis and predication of these systems. In the mean time， the relative energies of four resin acids in rosin were analysized by the B3LYP/6-31+G^** calculations. The calculation results predicted their stability and thermodynamic properties such as their values of Gibbs free energy， thermal enthalpies， thermal capacity and entropy. This research also shows that chemical calculations can be an important tool in scientific study. Accurate theoretical calculations can provide ways to obtain important chemical and physical information that cannot be easily obtained by experimental approaches. Clearly theoretical calculation gives a new method to investigate these systems.

Phenol-melamine-urea-formaldehyde（PMUF） resin adhesive was prepared by adopting urea and melamine as the modified monomer for phenol formaldehyde resin. The effects of the molar ratio of folmaldehyde，phenol，urea， melamine and sodium hydroxide on performance of PMUF resin adhesive were studied. It was characterized by DSC and¹³C-NMR. The results indicate that the PMUF can reduce the content of free formaldehyde， and it can make wood-based panel with high water resistance and weatherability. The properties of PMUF resin adhesive are best when the molar ratio is 3.1∶1∶0.7∶0.3∶0.5 (formaldehyte∶phenol∶urea∶melamine∶NaOH) and the best curing temperature is 135.5 ℃.

Two widely accepted methods for forest biomass estimation (I.e. biomass function and biomass factors) were summarized and analyzed， where biomass function includes biomass allometric equation and biomass-volume model. Based on these analyses， the prospect in forest biomass estimation in China was proposed： 1) collection and comprehensive studies of empirical biomass allometric equations； 2) definitions， rules and uncertainties of estimation of biomass factors； 3) development of a biomass estimation system that integrates the frequently used methods and 3S technologies.

Four key issues on the development of remote sensing application in Chinese forestry are presented in this paper. The functions of remote sensing in forest resource inventory and management activities should be fully and comprehensively understood.Based on this understanding, remote sensing application should become a necessary part of various forestry regulations, and be applied widely. It was only mentioned in visual interpretation is not enough. The area statistic, accuracy evaluation and final outcome should be mentioned too. In addition, remote sensing is not a versatile tool, one should make best use of its advantages and avoid its disadvantages, some issues such as tree species recognition are not feasible to write in the regulations. The remote sensing data with high spatial resolution should be suitably applied, according to the current situations of China, especially the needs of the on-going programs. Otherwise, the costs will be unreasonably increased not only, the real needs can not be met but also.So to analyze input-output should be make. It is necessary to introduce new theories and technologies from other disciplinarians too, including fractal theory and huge database technology like Oracle etc. Having more training courses and making demonstration in suitable places is essential for promoting the application of remote sensing in Chinese forestry in the near future.

Increasing farmers income was taken as one of goals in the collective forest rights system reform. According to the peasant household forest product sales revenue， this paper discussed the impacts of collective forest rights system reform to the peasant household forestry income， and then analyzed cruising data on 10 counties or cities of the Fujian Province in 2006. The result did not support this proposition that the collective forest rights system reform would increase farmers forestry income，and then increase farmers income. The collective forest rights system reform made the farmers obtain the property right of forest land or the forest resources， but it did not have remarkable impacts on the farmers forest property sales revenue. Furthermore the property right did not stimulate farmers to input more elements,such as labor,capital and so on, to manage the forestry.

Carbon accumulation and distribution were studied in three plots of a 13 years old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest in Daqingshan, Guangxi. The results showed that the average carbon concentration in all organs was in the following order: leaf (510.5)>bark (501.8)>wood (485.1)>root (476.5)>branch(462.1) (g·kg^-1). The carbon concentration of soil (to 60 cm depth) ranged from 11.4 to 21.1 (g·kg^-1), with an average of 16.6 (g·kg^-1). Carbon concentration of surface soil (to 20 cm) was higher than the other layer. The average carbon concentrations (g·kg^-1) in different layers were in the order as: trees (497)> shrub (437.5) >standing litters (437.5)>herb (407.8). The carbon storage of the forest ecosystem was in order of soil layer>vegetation >standing litter. Of total average carbon, 23.87% was in vegetation component, 74.27% in soil (60 cm depth), and only 1.86% in standing ground litter layer. The tree layer occupied 22.93% of total carbon storage in the ecosystem and 96.07% of carbon storage in the vegetation layer. The carbon storage in different organs was positively related to the biomass of corresponding organs. Trunk accumulated the highest carbon storage, comprising 58.40% of carbon storage in tree layer. Secondly, root made up 20.09% of total tree carbon. The annual net productivity of Chinese fir plantation was 10.10 t·hm^-2a^-1, stored carbon up to 4.67 t·hm^-2a^-1, equal to 17.13 t·hm^-2a^-1 of CO₂. Chinese fir plantation was an important sink of atmospheric CO₂. But its capacity of C sequestration decreased gradually in this region.

The landscape dynamic was researched in Zhifanggou watershed of Ansai, a loess plateau, during last 25 years. The result showed that the landscapes were different in the different period, but the whole structure was not obviously changed. The landscape percentage of eco-protection type; pro-economics type and living-service type was relatively stable. The area of eco-protection type was the largest while that of pro-economics type was the smallest in 2005. The patch element quantity of each vegetation landscape was small, however the average area of patch element was large and the fragmentation degree was low. With the lapse of time, the diversity indices and evenness indices of vegetation landscape were increased first and then decreased, but the degree of dominance indices was decreased first and then increased. The landscape structure was reasonable in 2005. There were some achievements in conservation of vegetation. The conservation of vegetation ecology system reached to ideal degree. The proportion of forest, shrub and grass was rational. The agriculture product and the security of region ecology system were increased. Therefore this landscape structure would be as a model for local vegetation and ecology construction.

Three gaps with different sizes were selected in Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology，Institute of Applied Ecology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，which located in eastern montane regions of Liaoning Province，China for observations of air temperature and soil temperature. The observations were conducted in the gaps in June 2006，2 years after the formation of the gaps. The results indicated that both air and soil temperatures at the gap center points exhibited bell-shaped curves. The maximum temperatures occurred at different time in the gaps. The appearance of the highest temperature was earlier in large gap than that in small gaps. In the night，the larger the gap was，the lower the air temperature became. However，it was just opposite in the daytime. The highest temperature was at northern points nearby the center points for gap 1 and gap 2，and their appearance time was 10： 00 and 11： 00 respectively. But the highest temperature was at the center point for gap 3，and the appearance time was 13： 00. The soil temperatures at gap center points ranked as middle gap，large gap，and small gap. The soil temperature in gap 2 was higher than that in gap 1 and gap 2. The air temperature and soil temperature were significantly positive correlation for gap 1 and gap 3 (r=0.814，P<0.01和r=0.581，P<0.05).

This paper reported the successful embryogenic callus induction and somatic embryo plantlet regeneration from hypocotyls of Callistephus chinensis ‘Bouquet Scarlet’. Experimental results indicated that plant hormone types and their concentrations， carbohydrate sources and sucrose concentrations had varied effect on embryogenic callus induction from hypocotyls. The appropriate medium for embryogenic callus induction of C. chinensis ‘Bouquet Scarlet’ was MS+ 0.5 mg·L^-16-BA + 0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA， and with the medium the embryogenic callus induction rate was 27.1％.Sucrose at 30 g·L^-1 was the suitable carbohydrate source and concentration. The suitable medium for plantlet regeneration of C. chinensis ‘Bouquet Scarlet’ embryogenic calli was MS+0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA + 550 mg·L^-1 proline， and with the medium the plantlet regeneration rate was 46.7%.

In this study， a total of 73 plant samples from four natural populations,in Alihe， Huzhong， Aihui and Wuyiling of China, representing all the taxa in Larix gmelinii were used for evaluating the allozymic genetic diversity. Allozyme data for sixteen loci of ten different enzymes were obtained using a starch gel electrophoresis system. Our results revealed high levels of genetic variation in populations. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 43.8%～62.5%， the average number of alleles per locus (A) was 1.8～2.0， and the mean expected heterozygosity (H_e) was 0.187～0.257. Additionally， the values of all indexes related to gene abundance were decreasing from the north to the south populations， suggesting that the species might move in the direction from north to south. The analysis on population genetic structure indicated that the variation mainly existed within a population， and the value of F_ST is 0.111. The level of genetic differentiation was higher than that of gymnosperm on the average. The fixation index (F) of population was > 0， indicating that heterozygote was insufficient in populations. Outcrossing rate (t)(20.8%) was lower. Genetic identity(I) cluster analysis result indicated that the genetic variation in the populations was influenced by geographical isolation， and changed along with latitude.

The change of phenoloxidase activity and number and action of hemocyte in Apriona germari larvae infected by Beauveria bassiana was investigated. The results showed that the phenoloxidase activity and the total amount of hemocyte in hemolymph of A.germari larvae infected by B.bassiana increased to maxima at 2.5 d， and were followed by a decrease. The number of granular cell and plasmatocytes showed a similar change pattern. The hemocytes of A.germari larvae resisted the invasion of B.bassiana mainly through adhesion， phagocytosis， and encapsulation. The peak response occurred around 2～2.5 d after invasion of B.bassiana. However the defense responses just temporarily inhibited the pathogen but could not clear them completely.

Four wood rot fungi were used to decay 300 mature trees of white birch in Liangshui experiment stations， and the mass loss of the samples was measured to study bio-degradability of the wood by the fungi. The decaying susceptible and resistant populations in 10 trees each with the highest and lowest mass loss were selected， in which some main chemical components in decayed and non-decayed wood such as lignin and cellulose and so on was tested. The result showed that the decomposing power of Coriolus versicolor to wood samples was better， and then were Fomes fomentarius， Irpex lacteus and Pholiota adiposa were poor. 1％NaOH extraction in decayed wood was significant higher than that in non-decayed control. Benzene-alcohol extraction in the wood decayed by Coriolus versicolor and Fomes fomentarius was significant higher than that in non-decayed control， but much lower than the control in the wood decayed by Irpex lacteus. The lignin decomposing rate by Irpex lacteus， Pholiota adipose and Fomes fomentarius were faster than the cellulose decomposing rate， the contrary result was achieved by Coriolus versicolor. This paper would provide some useful information in future study in the course and mechanism of wood decaying by rot fungi， and select engineering fungi for paper-making industry and pollution control.