The spatial distribution of litter mass on forest floor was in detail investigated in two 20 m×20 m sample plots of a pure plantation of Larix principis-rupprechtii in the southern side of Liupan Mountains of the Northwest China. It was shown that there was an obvious spatial variation of litter mass. The mean litter mass for the two plots was 1.80 and 1.68 kg·m^-2, the maximum values were 2.96 and 2.71 kg·m^-2， and the minimum values were 0.35 and 0.34 kg·m^-2， respectively. The ratio of maximum to minimum values varied in a range of 8～9. Without considering the spatial location and distance of sampling points， the variation coefficient of litter mass was 0.41 and 0.56 for the two plots. This uneven spatial distribution of the litter mass was influenced by many factors， such as the spatial structural factors and random factors. The micro-landform was able to interpret 56% of this spatial variation， which meant that a low-lying landform was more favorable for litter accumulation. The rest spatial variation of litter mass had to be interpreted by other factors. A geo-statistic analysis showed that the semivariograms of litter mass in the two plots were best described by a spherical model， with a moderate spatial self-correlation. For a more accurate estimation of litter mass on forest floor of L. principis-rupprechtii plantation， a minimum sampling amount of 9 sample plots of 1 m×1 m is required with a confidence interval of 95%.

The effects of different light regimes (such as open， gap and understory) on the phonotypic plasticity of the seedlings of Camptotheca acuminata and Gordonia acuminata were studied， based on the leaf traits. The results showed that： 1) Seedings of C. acuminata， as a deciduous broadleaf tree， mainly improved the self-shading， increased the midrib angle and ratio of root biomass to total biomass， and decreased the specific leaf area to adapt the full light in the open sites. Therefore those seedlings exhibited the highest relative growth rate in the open sites in compared with the other light regimes. However， the seedling of G. acuminata did not show the similar adaptability in the open light environment. 2) In order to receive more light energy in gap， the seedlings of G. acuminata developed more leaves， and larger single leaf area and specific leaf area， and increased the ratio of leaf biomass to total biomass. Therefore， the seedlings of G. acuminata could grow relatively higher in gap than that in open and understory. Compared with G. acuminata， the seedlings of C. acuminatain gap had larger single leaf area and total leaf area， longer petiole， and higher growth rates in height and total leaf area. 3) From March to August， the height of the seedlings of C. acuminata in gap increased by 35.3 cm，which was about 5.3 times of the height growth (6.6 cm) of the seedlings of G. acuminata. Therefore， in the gap， C. acuminata seedlings with a distinct competitive advantage of light resources showed a higher relative growth rate than G. acuminata， which was one of the major reasons why the deciduous broad-leaved tree of C. acuminata in evergreen broad-leaved forests. 4) Because of the lack of sufficient solar energy， the two trees’ seedlings could not grow well in the understory. 5) The phenotypic plasticity index based on leaf traits in different light regimes of C. acuminatawas much higher than the those of G. acuminata， which was another important reason for the existence of C. acuminata in evergreen broad-leaved forests.

Based on data from the continuous forest inventories (CFI) in 1994， 1999 and 2004， the forest biomass and the net primary production (NPP) of Zhejiang Province was estimated with the variable biomass expansion factor function (variable BEFF) method that is derived from the relationship between biomass and volume. The results showed that the total forest biomass of Zhejiang Province was 1.496×10¹， 1.615×10¹， and 2.244×10¹ t in 1994， 1999 and 2004， respectively. The average NPP of forest stands was 1.557 and 2.060 t·hm^-2a^-1 from 1994 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2004， respectively. The provincial forest resources was thus characterized with increasing total forest biomass and relatively low quality. The biomass and the NPP of forest stands per hectare were much lower than that of the nationwide averages. The results also demonstrated that the variable BEFF method is applicable for estimating forest biomass and NPP at regional level， but may lead to overestimation of forest biomass when volume stock per hectare is very low.

In this study， we examined the ecological effect of palms on tree seedlings regeneration in a tropical lowland rain forest plot in Bawangling， Hainan Island. The results showed that there were 1 288 palm plants which belonged to 5 species in a 1 hm² plot， and Calamus faberii contributes 82.7% to the total palm plants. The mean individual crown area differed among 5 species and Livistona saribus was significantly larger than other 4 species. The palm number in each subplot showed a normal distribution. The palms abundance of the subplot was significantly negative correlated with the number of trees DBH<10 cm， but not with that of the large trees. The species richness of large seedlings， saplings， and small trees significantly decreased with increase of the palm abundance in each subplot， but no relationship was found between the richness of small seedlings and large trees with the palm abundance. The palm coverage reduced the seedlings density and there were only 18% seedlings recruited under the palms. Compared to the micro-sites with no palms cover， more small seedlings under palms recruited than large seedlings did. There were respectively 53% and 97% of species recruited in the micro-site with and without palms coverage. The short-lived pioneer species distributed exclusively in sites without palms cover. There was 11.6% and 19.8% of long-lived pioneer species seedlings and late species seedlings regenerated under palms cover， respectively.

The variation of forest soil organic carbon under the various communities and micro-habitats was investigated in karst rocky desertification areas of Guizhou Province. The results showed that the contents of soil total organic carbon and humic acid carbon in the broad-leaved forest soil were obviously higher than that of the soil in brush forest， brush-grass and sparse grass， but the content of soil dissolved organic carbon in those soils was on the contrary. The accumulation of soil organic carbon was reduced and the loss of soil organic carbon was increased with the karst forest degeneration. The results also showed that the soil total organic carbon and humic acid carbon under various micro-habitats were markedly different. The contents of total organic carbon and humic acid carbon in the soil from stone pit were markedly higher than that of the soils from rocky ditch， swallet or stone cavern. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the most important factor that influenced the variation of forest soil organic carbon was the community type,followed by micro-habitat.

The acclimation of seedlings of three secondary-forest tree species to light regimes was investigated during the growth season in 2007 in the Northeast of China. The seedlings of Juglans mandshurica，Fraxinus mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense　were cultivated under four light intensity regimes (100%， 60%， 30% and 15% of full light， which were termed as FI， II， LI and WI respectively). The photosynthetic characteristics， leaf mass per unit area， and chlorophyll content were determined during the growth season. The results showed that light compensation point (LCP)， light saturation point (LSP)， dark respiration rate (R_d)， maximum photosynthetic rate (P_max). The content of carotenoid， leaf dry mass per unit leaf avea (LMA) of all the three tree species decreased along with decreasing light intensities. And the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) of full light treatment were lower than that of the others for all the tree species. The results suggested that Fraxinus mandshurica was moderately shade tolerant at the seedling stage. Analysis of the plasticity index of eco-physiological parameters， suggested that P. amurense had the ability of adapting to wider light intensity range; and the ability of shade-intolerance for P. amurense was greater than that of Juglans mandshurica. The different adapting characters of eco-physiology to light regimes played an important role in explaining the mechanism of co-existing and succession of different species in secondary forest ecosystem.

Plants have evolved defenses against herbivores to improve their survival and reproduction. In order to study the relationship between resistance and cone yield in two larch species, contents of free amino acid in needles of Larix gmelinii and L. olgensis with different cone yield were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with pre-column derivatization. The results showed that 17 kinds of free amino acids were detected out, and among them phenylalanine was the highest in both species. It was interesting to find there were significant differences in the several free amino acids related to resistance between the two species. Moreover, the contents of Alanine, Arginine, Glutamic acid, Isoleucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine and Valine in L. gmelinii were significantly different, and the contents of Asparagine and Phenylalanine in L. olgensis were significantly different, with different cone yield. The content of Asparagine in L. gmelinii was significantly less than in L. olgensis. The total content of free amino acids in leaves with the lowest cone yield was significantly lower than that in other grades of cone yield, and the total content of free amino acids increased with the increasing cone yield. It was concluded that the cone yield directly affected resource allocation in the needles of larch and further changed palatability and resistance of the herbivores. Furthermore, the difference of species was also important for resistance to their herbivores.

To understand the degree of the disaster damages to Castanopsis forests in Yangdongshan Shierdushui Provincial Nature Reserve, Lechang County, Guangdong Province, four 50 m×30 m sampling plots located from 700 to 1 000 m of elevation were stablished. Species composition and dominant species in the community were investigated in April and November, 2008. The effects of the frozen rain and snow disaster on the communities were assessed by counting the numbers of plants in damaged modes of dominant species and at different classes of diameter at breast height (DBH), and the relationship of landforms with damaged stands. The results showed that: 1) The community was analyzing dominated by Castanopsis species, which were Daphniphyllum macropodum, Daphniphyllum oldhamii, Castanopsis eyrei, Castanopsis fordii, C. carlesii, Cyclobalanopsis hui and Ilex chinenwsis. 2) D. oldhamii was severely damaged and, C. carlesii, D. macropodum, C. eyrei, C. fordii, and C. hui were moderately damaged, while I. Chinenwsis was the most lightly damaged. 3) Plants with different DBH classes showed different damaged modes. The plants with 1.0～5.0 cm DBH class were mostly in damaged modes of lodging, stem bending and healthy, the plant with 5.1～10.0 cm DBH were subjected to trunk breakage and uprooting, and plants with more than 15 cm DBH mosthly suffered from top breakage. The 10.0～15.0 cm DBH class showed the least number of damaged plants. 4) The damaged degrees of different dominant species were differentially affected by elevation and slope.

The stolons with and without adventitious roots of Sabina vulgaris were grown under controlled conditions of the pF 3.0 and pF 2.3 treatments by using PEG (polyethylene glycol) in their culture solutions. Diurnal changes of transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water potential were measured. Leaf water relations were analyzed by Pressure-Volume curve. The results showed that: branches growing on the top part of stolons increased the ability of water absorption by lowering minimum potential under water stress. On the other hand, the constant leaf water potential of branches growing on the base part of stolons was maintained by controlling the transpiration under water stress. The stolon branches with adventitious roots uptake by decreasing water potential at turgor loss point (ψ^tlp_w) and osmotic potential at full turgidity (ψ^sat_s ). Moreover，the rapid response of stomata avoided excessive loss of water under stress. There was high bulk modulus of elasticity (ε) of its cell wall. The stolon branches without adventitious roots showed the lower ability of water absorption under water stress conditions, but they were able to tolerate water stress with their soft cell wall which could make them to maintain a constant turgor pressure under severe water loss conditions.

Plant genomics projects involving model species and many agriculturally important crops are resulting in a rapidly increasing database of genomic and expressed DNA sequences. The big collection of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from Populus species is available in public database, and offers an opportunity to identify simple sequence repeats (SSR) in ESTs by data mining. These sequences may provide an estimate of diversity in the expressed portion of the genome and may be useful for comparative mapping, for tagging important traits of interest, and for additional map-based cloning of important genes. We analyzed 20 023 EST sequences from Populus deltoides and P. euramericana for their potential use in developing SSR markers. The EST sequences were clustered into contigs firstly to find dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide and pentanucleotide SSR. Totally, 1 604 contigs with 1 918 SSRs were identified from 10 816 contigs, and accounted for 14.8% of the total number of contigs. Dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant repeat class, and accounted for 62.3% of all found SSRs. About 90% primers out of the designed 48 pairs were able to produce an amplification product from 6 poplar cultivars, among which 58% exhibited polymorphism for at least one cultivar among the six tested ones. The number and type of repeats were also discussed. The development of new EST-SSR markers from Populus has potential important implication for genetic analysis and exploitation of genetic resources of Populus and would provide a more direct estimate of functional diversity.

Genetic variation was evaluated using phenotypic traits and RAPD markers in 8 natural populations of Betula luminifera from Fujian Province, China. The relationship between genetic variation and environmental factors was also examined. It was showed that the genetic variation of B. luminifera revealed by RAPD markers coincided well with those by phenotypic traits, and about 2/3 of the total genetic variation distributed within population while 1/3 among populations. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of phenotypic traits of leaf, infructescence and seed was 0.063 2, 0.070 6 and 0.069 3, respectively. The CV of morphological index of leaf, infructescence and seed was much lower than those of other traits. The percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Neis gene diversity (h) and Shannon informative index (I) at mean population level were 65.27%, 0.246 1 and 0.362 8, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that there existed significant correlations between 15 phenotypic traits and environmental factors. The main phenotypic traits which were related with environmental factors, were leaf length/width, number of lateral vein, the angle of leaf base, seed wing width, weight of 1 000 seeds and infructescence length/width. The PPL, h and I were also significantly positively correlated with annual sunshine hours, negatively correlated with latitude/longitude and annual precipitation. The genetic distance between these populations (GD) was significantly correlated with their divergence of annual average temperature, however not with their geographic distance.

Transpiration of 21-year-old Populus bolleana was measured by thermal dissipation sap flow velocity probe (TDP) and the meteorological data were automatically collected in a meteorological station in Maowusu sandy area from April to September in 2004. Relationships between transpiration variation and meteorological factors, soil water, water surface evaporation (EV₀) or leaf area index (LAI) were analyzed. The aim of the study was to provide essential scientific basis for the water management of shelter belts in the area. The results were exhibited as follows: total transpiration (ToTR) per tree was 5 300.96 L during the growth season (from April to September), and the maximum monthly transpiration occurred in June with 1 073.82 L, which accounted for 20.26% to ToTR,. The linear regression analysis showed that transpiration rate had a good correlation with the canopy solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. Solar radiation was the dominant meteorological factor to affect the transpiration (α=0.01). Transpiration was found to lag solar radiation due to water capacity and light induction to stomatal aperture. Correlation analysis indicated that soil water variation had no significant effect on daily transpiration due to the high groundwater level of the experimental site. The relationship between daily transpiration and LAI×EV0 obeyed a power function significantly with the correlation coefficient of 0.83.

Mass fractions of heavy metals (Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn,As) were measured in surface soil and 19 plant leaves in forests along both sides of Hailin to Yabuli section of Suiman highway in Heilongjiang Province. The mass fraction characteristics of five heavy metals in soil-vegetation system in the roadside were studied. The results showed that the mean mass fraction of 5 heavy metals was higher than the background value. The heavy metals pollution of the soil was evaluated by using single factor pollution index and integrated pollution index，the results showed that Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and As had contaminated the soil, and the contaminated level of Cu,Pb,Zn and As reached lightly polluted，while Cd contamination was severer. The integrated pollution index showed the contaminated level reached to moderate pollution. But mass fraction of heavy metals was lower than national grade Ⅱ standard except Cd, which was one of the main pollutants of traffic pollution. Cd mass fraction gradually decreased in plant leaves, and increased and then decreased in the soil, with the distance apart from the highway. Moreover, the contaminated area of soil-vegetation system reached to 40～60 m of the forests from the highway. Suitability evaluation of 19 plant species to the heavy metals pollution was also comprehensively studied in this paper. It was found that the excellent tree species for preventing from the heavy metal pollution along both sides of the highway were Quercus mongolica,Betula platyphylla and Abies nephrolepis, which were able to grow well on the contaminated environment and accumulate high contents of the heavy metals. The other tree species such as Ulmus propinqua,Ulmus laciniata,Alnus hirsute,Philadephus schrenkii,Sorbaria kirilowii,Lonicera maacki were also suitable to grow in the region with the moderate pollution.

Monimopetalum chinense, an endemic species in China, is a deciduous woody liana species with a small geographic distribution in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei Province. Now it is listed as one of the Chinese national grade-2 protective wild plants. In order to describe quantitatively dynamics of M. chinense populations, four typical plots in different community types were established with contiguous grid quadrate method and field data were collected in Zongli village of Anhui Province. The time-specific life table and survivorship curve of M. chinense populations were established, and its population structure and spatial distribution pattern were analyzed with the theoretical distributing model and assembling intensity index. The results were as follows. Because of different environmental conditions, the characteristic time-specific life tables and survivorship curves of 4 populations were separately developed. The survivorship curve of populations A and D fitted between Deevey Ⅰ and Deevey Ⅱ type and had a stable structure, and that of population C was Deevey II type. However, the survivorship curve of population B fitted Deevey I type and was in the early stage of declining. In general, most M. chinense individuals in Zongli village were assembled in the 1, 2 and 3 classes, and elder ones were few. It appeared that the population was a stably developmental one with sufficient recruitment. There are two regeneration modes of M. chinense in forest: sexual and asexual reproduction, but the latter was the main mode. Common methods used for quantifying the spatial patterns were employed to detect the spatial pattern of M. chinense populations. Generally speaking, the population was clump in terms of the distribution pattern of the populations, but there was variation among various developmental stages, clump for saplings, random for adult individuals. The study of distribution patterns using different sizes of block showed that the pattern scale was near 4 m² or 16 m². The analysis indicated that numeric characteristics of M. chinense population were decided mainly by the interaction among the biological, ecological property and environmental factors and so on. The reproductive ways of M. chinense restricted greatly its spreading ability, and its rigorous habitat requirements decreased the adaptive capacity to environment change. Therefore, resistivity of M. chinense populations to the environmental disturbance was lower than what they appeared.

Recurring to the SPSS and the model building and spatial analysis tools of ERDAS IMAGINE9.0 & ArcGIS9.2, this paper adopted TM images and 1∶100 000 relief map as the data source, extracted RS factors such as pixel value of six wave bands and theirs linear & non-linear combination from TM images using the buffer area of GPS points，and extracted GIS factors such as elevation, slope and aspect from relief map. RS factors & GIS factors were set as independent variables and field investigated forest volume data were set as dependent variable to build the multi-regression model. Sample data were selected by standard deviation law and factor variables were selected by the method of principal components analysis, stepwise and enter regression analysis. The forecast precision of the model is 87.35%. The grey images of each variable in the model were masked by the forest land extracted from the TM images of Shandong Province and got the masking image of each variable. The paper calculated the total forest volume of Shandong Province by the complicated operation of all the masking images using the multi-regression model. The result shows that the total forest volume of Shandong Province is 62 035 300 m³. The study provided an effective way to estimate the forest volume of large area.

In this study, the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera： Bothrideridae) was released for sustainablly controlling the longhorn beetle Batocera horsfieldi (Coleoptera： Cerambycidae), an important stem-borer in poplars in the south of China. Adults and eggs of D. helophoroides were released in the fields at nine plots in the Hunan and Hubei Provinces. Control effect was evaluated by two investigation indexes, I.e., infested trees number and larvae density. Results showed that, releasing both eggs and adults was able to effectively control B. horsfieldi. Among three plots of releasing the parasitoid eggs, the mean correction reducing rate of the longhorn beetle larvae per tree was 83.27%, and the mean correction reducing rate of infested trees was 74.33%. Among six plots of releasing the parasitoid adults, mean correction reducing rate of the longhorn beetle larvae per tree was 84.23%, and the mean correction reducing rate of infested trees was 75.65%. The controlling results by releasing adults of the parasitoid were a little better than releasing eggs of the parasitoid by comparing the controlling effect in the first and second year, however there was no significant difference between them. Considering higher cost of mass rearing the parasitoid adults than the eggs, it is suggested to release the parasitoid eggs for controlling the severe-damaged longhorn beetle in forests.

The coding sequence of the ubiquitin gene from Monochamus alternatus was cloned with a pair of degenerated primers by using RT-PCR (GenBank Accession No. EU433567). The length of this opening reading-frame (ORF) was 228 bp, encoding a protein of 76 amino acids with molecular mass of 8.49 ku and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.83. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that M. alternatus ubiquitin was very similar to those of the homologous proteins of other eukaryotic species and shared 94%～98% identity with other eukaryotic ubiquitins at amino acid level. Phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence indicated that M. alternatus had close relationship with Spodoptera litura. The theoretical three-dimensional structure of the ubiquitin gene was generated by homology modeling. Using pET-32a (+) as a fused expressive vector, a recombinant plasmid which contained ubiquitin gene was constructed. Western blotting indicated that the M. alternatus ubiquitin gene was expressed successfully in the BL21 (DE3) strain of E. coli induced by IPTG. This work is a basis for futher studying the function of ubiquitin in M. alternatus.

The female sex pheromone gland extract of Holcocerus Artemisiae was separated and indentified by gas spectrometry (GC) and electroantennograms (EAG). The result indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶ Ac), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14∶ Ac) and (Z)-5-dodecen-1-ol (Z5-12∶ OH) the major pheromone components. These chemicals were artificially synthesized. Results of field trials showed that the mixture of Z5-12∶ Ac and Z5-14∶ Ac had high biological activity and specificity. The addition of (E, Z)-3,5-dodecadicen-1-yl acetate (E3，Z5-12∶ Ac) to the mixture increased attractive. The traps baited with rubber septa impregnated with Z5-12∶ Ac, Z5-14∶ Ac and E3, Z5-14∶ Ac in a 10∶6∶0.5 ratio were the most effective. On an average, 7.2 male moths were caught by a trap baited with 825 μg of the sex attractant per day. The sex attractant can be used for trapping the male and for the insect survey, which would provides a new method and technique for the integrated control of H. artemisiae.

The feeding preferences of Dappula tertia larvae to three Eucalyptus species were detected with a leaf disc method. The efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) of 4th instar larvae to three Eucalyptus species were measured by independent experiments. Dappula tertia larvae preferred E. urophylla leaves to those of E. robusta and E. protruding. The larval preferences to leaf age were also observed. The larvae consumed E. urohpylla mature leaves twice as much as those of tender leaves. The results also showed that the 4^th instar larvae utilized and conversed E. urohpylla leaves more effectively than the leaves of E. robusta and E. protruding. The mechanisms of preferences and their importance for selection of Eucalyptus species in plantations were discussed.

Wooden staircase handrail elbow is one kind of wooden space complex surface processing’s typical work piece. In order to solve the shape problem of profiling processing space complex surface, general mathematical model of a wooden staircase handrail elbow end section curve has been set up, the VC and Pro/E for the staircase handrail elbow joint simulation have been used to do simulation. The simulation results show that the mathematical models have good precision, versatility and practicality, and lay the theoretical foundation for the staircase handrail bend processing system’s development.

Forestry taxes and fees reform is an important part of collective forest property rights system reform (CFPRSR). Remission of taxes and fees increases foresters income, and however reduces fiscal revenues of counties and townships in many forest regions, which impact the governance capacity of local governments. Based on the experiences of Ganzhou administrative region in Jiangxi Province, this paper analyzed the impact of CFPRSR on fiscal revenue at the county-level and organizations management and public service capacity at the county and township levels. It showed that forestry fees reduction was the main factor for the local fiscal revenue reductions of Ganzhou after CFPRSR, which accounted for 55.1% of the reduction amount of local fiscal revenue. In terms of budgetary gap, the local forestry revenue reduction accounted for 29% and the additional expenditure accounted for 71% of the gap which was the main factor for increasing financial pressure on local government so much that the grassroots organizations in the forest regions faced more difficulties in local society management and public service capacity. All the impact had adverse influence on the forest resource management and consolidation of CFPRSR achievement.This paper suggested that we should do our best to promote rural comprehensive reform and improve the forestry fund management system and set up public financial mechanism for townships in forest regions as soon as possible.

Forest is a typical example of natural capital．Measurement of forest natural capital is an important fundament work for forest resource protection and sustained management，which has important theoretical and actual meaning to fully understand it．Through a review of relative studies on fair value measurement for forest natural capita in the world and its problems occurred in China，the paper builds up foundation for further study on its accounting theories and practice.

Forest cutting quota is the core of forest cutting system, it plays an important part in preventing forest from destroy and protecting environment. As the development of the economic, the shortage of the system is obvious and it is not suitable anymore. For protecting the environment and the product of the woods which for developing the economic, we should build sustainable forest cutting system. We should make it clear is the basic content of this system, the core of the system is the forest cutting environment impact assessment.

Five 5.5-year-old hybrid families seedling ortets in larch nursery of Maojingba forest farm， Hebei Province， were used as regenerating materials in this experiment， the effect of IBA concentration and soaking time on rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of hybrid larch and the response of different hybrid families to auxin treatment were systematically studied， and the genetic parameters of rooting under different auxin treatments were estimated. The results showed that suitable IBA treatment had an obvious effect on accelerating rooting and root development of hybrid larch cuttings. Rooting percentage increased with enhancing IBA concentration or extending soaking time， but decreased when reaching a certain concentration and soaking time. The root number increased with enhancing IBA concentration or extending soaking time， however， one-sided rooting percentage had reverse trend. Rooting percentage and root development of Larix kaempferi 73-2×Hybrid 93-16 were better than other hybrid families， the percentage of rooted cutting was up to 94％ and mean root number per cutting was 5.3 by 200 mg·L^-1 IBA soaked with 20 min. The following hybrid family was L. kaempferi 12 ×L.gmelinii 9， whose percentage of rooted cutting was up to 87％ and mean root number per cutting was 4.8 by 400 mg·L^-1 IBA soaked with 30 min. Genetic parameters of rooting traits changed greatly under the different auxin treatments， the trend of changes in the heritability of root number and rooting percentage with the IBA concentration and soaking time was similar to the root number and rooting percentage by the different auxin treatments.

In this study， PCR product amplified with a RAPD marker A10₅₅₅ which is linked to gene controlling creeping habit of ground-cover chrysanthemum（Dendranthema grandiflorum）was recovered， and subsequently subcloned and sequenced. A pair of 18-base specific primers was designed based on the obtained sequence.The validity of this SCAR marker was verified by screening parents and 152 individuals of the F₁ progeny， and the consistence in the locus of the special band and the number of recombinants was observed between SCAR analysis and RAPD analysis. The size of this SCAR marker was 555 bp， which was designated as SCA10₅₅₅. The results demonstrated that the RAPD marker was converted to SCAR marker successfully. This study provides bases for new cultivars developing，molecular markers assisted breeding and creeping habit related genes cloning of the ground-cover chrysanthemum.

Carbon accumulation and spatial distribution as well as their variations in three different age (8-year-old, 14-year-old and 28-year-old) stands of Taiwania flousiana plantation ecosystem were investigated in Nandan Shankou Forestry Station of Guangxi, China. The results showed that carbon content in different organs of T.flousiana ranged form 418.4 g·kg^-1 to 516.4 g·kg^-1, which was in order as follows: bark＞branch＞stem＞root＞leaf. The vertical distribution of carbon content within the stand was in the following order：tree layer＞shrub layer＞herb layer.Carbon content in the soil obviously declined with increased soil depth from 0 to 80 cm. Total carbon storage in the ecosystems was 159.37, 194.21 and 278.22 t·hm^-2, respectively for 8-year-old, 14-yea-old and 28-yea-old stands. The tree layer in the three-age stands respectively accounted for 18.30%、28.37% and 43.59%; the shrub and herb layers for 0.14%、1.17% and 1.44%; the litter layer for 0.33%、0.89% and 1.11%; the soil for 81.23%、69.58% and 54.78% of the total storage of carbon. Carbon storage in different organs was roughly in proportion to the biomass of corresponding organ. For example, stem occupied the greatest proportion of carbon storage in the trees, up to 46.37%, and increased with the stand age while branches, leaves, bark and roots occupied more than 37.32%. The annual net productivity of the 8-year-old,14-year-old and 28-year-old T.flousiana plantation was respectively 8.93, 10.82 and 12.53 t·hm^-2a^-1, and annual net carbon storage was respectively 4.19, 5.07 and 5.93 t·hm^-2a^-1.

The effect of culture media，temperature and humidity on the mycelium growth， spores germination of Metarhizium MS01 strain， a high virulent strain from the soil and the pathogenicity against Anoplophora glabripennis larvae was tested. The result showed that the optimum culture medium was PPDA， the optimum temperature for the mycelium growth and spore germination was 26 ℃， and A. glabripennis larvae had the highest mortality from the fungus at this temperature. The optimum RH for the mycelium growth ranged from 95%to 100%. The speed and rate of spore germination increased with increasing of RH. The larvae died from the fugus most quickly and the mortality reached the highest under 100% RH.

The soil fauna community structure and diversity were investigated in four different types of habitats in Shabianzi, Ningxia from June to September in 2006. The relationship between soil fauna and the soil physical and chemical characters was analyzed. Total 4 270 species of sandland soil animals were obtained belonging to 3 classes, 14 phyla, 28 families, 33 genera. The dominant animals were those genera from Collembola, Neanridae Paronellidae and Isotomidae, while the rare fauna was genus of Orthoptera.The number of soil animals in the fixed sand land was the most biggest, followed by fixed sand land>semi-fixed sand land> Inter-dune lowland > drifting sand dune. Soil fauna diversity, similarity and cluster analysis, showed that the index of DG was the better index for measuring the soil fauna diversity, and in this study the DG was in order as follows: semi-fixed sand land> fixed sand land > Inter-dune lowland > drifting sand dune.

Compared with the undamaged Phyllostachys edulis, the wood mechanical properties of bended bamboo for 4-year-old by frost and snow were studied. It was shown that the wood mechanical properties of bended Phyllostachys edulis were equivalent to or a little less than those of the undamaged bamboo. The bending strength （MOR） of moderately bended bamboo and the modulus of elasticity in static bending（MOE）of heavily bended bamboo were 125.8 Mpa and 10 978.9 Mpa respectively in the culm base, and compared with those of undamaged Phyllostachys edulis wood, the differences were significant. However, the other mechanical properties including tensile strength parallel to grain, compressive strength parallel to grain and shearing strength parallel to grain etc. Between bended and undamaged bamboo wood, the difference were not significant. The study results could provide data supports for the proper ways of rational cutting, process and utilization of bended Phyllostachys edulis wood.

This work reported for the first time that 3 peculiar shapes of Ginkgo biloba leaves,thats trumpetshape, fanshape and tubeshape appeared on the same branch. The refore this is a totally new variety of G.biloba. It is an ornamental tree variety that could be planted in gardens,courtyards,squares,touring spots and even indoor potting.