In this experiment, solubilization of inorganic phosphorus and organic phosphorus by standard strain CGMCC 1.2540T of Rhizobium tropici Martinez-Romero et al. and 23 rhizobia strains, which were isolated from woody legume plants in the Jianfengling Nature Reserve, Hainan Province, was investigated. By a qualitative test of phosphorus-solubilized halo, and quantitative test of content of available P in the medium with inorganic phosphorus of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ as the sole source of phosphorus, twenty-two strains were demonstrated to produce the phosphorus-solubilized halo, and there were significant differences in the diameter ratio between the halo and colony. The strains that produced the available phosphorus in the medium to be more than 219.13 mg·L^-1 included 9 strains of caf 333, caf 443, caf 336, caf 278, caf 344, caf 444, caf 276, caf 436 and caf 341. The strain of caf 438 had the weakest capacity of phosphorus-solubilized while caf 341 had the strongest capacity to increase the available phosphorus in the medium, respectively by 0.80 mg·L^-1 and 628.57 mg·L^-1. Different strains of same species which were isolated from the same host showed significantly different capacity of phosphorus-solubilized. In the medium which lecithin was used as the sole source of phosphorus, all 24 strains tested did not displayed any phosphorus-solubilized halo.

This paper mainly studied water-holding characteristics of forest litter of six tree species (Robinia pseudoacacia, Platycladus orientalis, Acer truncatum, Cotinus coggygria, Pinus tabulaeformis, Quercus variabilis) in Beijing Xihan forest health demonstration areas. The results showed that: 1) The total litter storages in the 6 different forests were: 26.01 t·hm^-2 for A. truncatum, 10.82 t·hm^-2 for Q. variabilis, 8.96 t·hm^-2 for C. coggygria and 4.52 t·hm^-2 P. orientalis. The order was P.tabulaeformis＞A. truncatum＞Q. variabilis＞R. pseudoacacia＞C. coggygria＞P. orientalis. 2) The dynamic changes in water-holding capacity, water-absorbent rate and time of forest litters under different forests were basically similar. Water-holding capacity of the non-decomposed litter was greater than that of the half-decomposed litter. The water holding capacity of litter had a positive correlation with the duration of water immersion. Being immersed in water for 8 h, the forest litter usually reached its maximum water-holding capacity. That is to say, after 8 h, the water holding capacity had no longer significant changes with further increase in soaking time; in the initial 2 h, the water-absorbent rate of non-decomposed and half-decomposed litter was fastest; in 4-6 h afterimmersion, the rate rapidly decreased; 6 h later, the rate of decline slowed down significantly, and the water-absorbent rates of the two kinds of litters converged. 3) The largest water holding ratio ranged from 75.44 percent to 278.65 percent among different forest litters. The biggest water holding ratio of conifer species was smaller than that of the broad-leaved species except Pinus tabulaeformis forest litter which had significantly higher ratio than other broad-leaved species. The order of the greatest water-holding capacity in different forest litters was: P.tabulaeformis＞Q. variabilis＞A. truncatum＞R. pseudoacacia＞C. coggygria＞P. orientalis. 4) The effective retain of different f forest litters was: Q. variabilis 2.33 mm, P. tabulaeformis 2.12 mm, A. truncatum 2.00 mm, R. pseudoacacia 1.19 mm, C. coggygria 0.89 mm, P. orientalis 0.23 mm, and the order was: Q. variabilis＞P. tabulaeformis＞A. truncatum＞R. pseudoacacia＞C. coggygria＞P.orientalis.

With the ecologically important value of plants in plots as an index, vegetation characteristics in the semi-arid valley region of Lasa were analyzed with TWINSPAN and DCA multivariate analysiss methods, and quantity classification and sorting of the plots and species were carried on separately. The sampling surveys basically included all cover types in the region, and we obtained 35 sample plots. TWINSPAN analysis results indicated that: 1) the 1 350 m altitude scope was divided into 4 groups of vegetation types, 7 vegetation types; 14 formations, and 16 associations in the semi-arid valley region. In this region, several characteristics, such as diverse vegetation, distinct vertical band spectrum, and narrow intermediate belt and so on, displayed; 2) The result of DCA ordination was consistent with TWINSPAN classification, and each community type had its own scope and boundary; 3) The vegetation existed obvious minute belt along with change of the elevation in the semi-arid valley region. The first sorting axis of DCA reflected the altitude gradient of the plant community in the environment and the second reflected the water status. From bottom to top, the moisture content of the soil increased gradually; 4) The various communities order of rank synthesis of the DCA diagonal line reflected the vegetation communitys environmental heterogeneity, which provided a theory basis for the local vegetations zonality vegetation restoration.

Calocedrus macrolepis is an ancient relict plant,and it is called an important ‘living fossil’ that lived in quaternary glacial epoch. Nowadays the species is one of second-class protected rare and endangered plants in China,and distributes in dispersal state and rarely gathers in a small cluster. Knowledge about characters of population and individual growth state of C. macrolepis is very useful for us to understand its living state and population characters, so as to protect and use it better. In this paper, individual growth state, interspecific competition and population structure in different canopy densities of C. macrolepis forests in the plateau area of central Yunnan Province were comparatively studied based on plot investigation. The results showed that: 1) there was an obviously exponential functional relationship between basal area at breast height and tree height, and there was an apparent turning point in the growth when DBH and tree height were 31－40 cm and 19 m respectively. Before the point, tree height grows more fast than DBH, and after the point DBH increased rapidly, and tree height growth slowed down till stopped. 2) In the central Yunnan province, natural forest land fragmentation of C. macrolepis was very common, and diameter class structure was very irregular and incomplete. 3) In the dispersal natural C. macrolepis forests, plant density and size were very different, which led to different average individual competition indexes in different forest lands. The smaller trees, the stronger the interspecific competition pressure. There was an apparent turning point when DBH was 31－40 cm. When the DBH was smaller than the point, the competition pressure was high, but sharply dropped with DBH’ increase; When the DBH was greater than the point, the competition pressure was low, and the change of competition pressure with DBH’ increase was very small. Therefore, it is very useful to expand its distributing areas by strengthening the administration of the forest edges and the forest gaps where there is small competition pressure. At the same time, according to the growth of natural trees, some suitable measures would be done during the management of man-made forests.

Probability distribution of key factors in forest mensuration was very important in the management practice. It is poor understand that main variables multi-distribution of forest mensuration in the forest ecology,the bivariate distribution model of main variables of forest mensuration was introduced in this paper.We build up a bivariate maximum entropy probability density function used bivariate unite entropy function,and simulating unitary maximum entropy function. This approach demonstrated it was bivariate and exponential distribution for many parameters. It will prompt through to combine with the radix of bivariate consecutive function dimension.We analyzed and contrasted a bivariate maximum entropy function and a bivariate Weibull distribution,and pointed out the former had wider flexibility. The bivariate S_BB function and the bivariate Beta function were introduced and the selection of S_BB function's initial value had been elaborated and also pointed out that the bivariate S_BB function could reflect the two random variables's correlation； bivariate maximum entropy probability density function,bivariate S_BB function and the bivariate Beta function respectively were used to measure the two-dimension information of diameter-age. The results indicated that the precision of the former two methods were very high,and the two methods could be suited to describe the joint distribution of the bamboo diameter-age,for bivariate maximum entropy： minimum variance was 9.976 77e-05,R²= 0.996 0,A.H. Колмогоров statistical quantity was 0.999 83,for bivariate S_BB function： minimum variance was 0.000 84,R²= 0.964 00,A.H. Колмогоров statistical quantity was 0.979 98. the precision of the bivariate Beta function was lowest,the selection of its initial value and the variable range transformation were further researched.

A cDNA containing an open reading frame and 5′ untranslated regions was isolated from Phyllostachys edulis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using degenerate primers and by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE),and named as PeMADS1 (GenBank accession No. EU327784). PeMADS1 was 776 bp and encoded a protein of 240 aa. The gene had a typical MADS-box gene structure. Homology analysis showed that PeMADS1 shared 57.2% similarity with AGL6, indicating that it belongs to E function genes. The plant expression vector of PeMADS1 gene driven by CaMV 35S promoter was constructed and transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana. Ectopic expression of PeMADS1 was confirmed by RT-PCR. The transgenic plant showed different phenotype such as early flowering,curled rosette or stunt, which indicated that PeMADS1 might participate in regulating the flower development of P. edulis.

With the total RNA from leaves of Malus crabapple ‘Royalty’ as the template,a full cDNA of CHI(chalcone isomerase) gene (660 bp) was cloned by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The gene was named McCHI, encoding a protein of 219 amino acids. The corresponding DNA sequence is 1 180 bp,containing 3 introns and 4 exons,and has a typical structure of CHI gene. The expression of McCHI and the content of anthocyanin were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and spectrophotometer respectively in the mature and young leaves of M.‘Flame’ (green young and mature leaf), M.‘Radiant’ (red young leaf and green mature leaf), M.‘Prairifire’ (red young leaf and green mature leaf), M.‘Royalty’ (purple young and mature leaf). The results showed that McCHI was expressed in both mature leaves and young leaves of the above four cultivars,but the expression levels was greatly different at different leaf ages and between cultivars.

To estimate genetic diversity and genetic structure of <i>Acer ginnala</i> at different elevations,eight natural populations in Qiliyu from 1 200 m to 2 000 m were surveyed using ISSR markers. At species level,a total of 78 reproducible DNA loci were yielded by 11 primers,and all of them were polymorphic,accounting for the percentage of polymorphic loci being 100%. Among the populations investigated,the total gene diversity <i>I</i>,<i>H</i>_B equaled 0.507 and 0.368 respectively,indicating a high genetic diversity occurred within <i>A. ginnala</i>. The amount of genetic variation of eight populations exhibited an increase along the elevation gradient. AMOVA showed that 25.7% of the total genetic variation existed among populations and 74.3% within populations (<i>Φ</i>_ST=0.257,<i>P</i><0.001). Regression analysis revealed significant relationships happened between the genetic diversity index and soil moisture content,soil total nitrogen respectively. The eight populations of <i>A. ginnala</i> were clustered into two groups based on PCoA and STRUCTURE analysis,which was consistent with their geographic distribution. The genetic variation pattern of <i>A. ginnala</i> in Qiliyu might be ascribed to heterogeneous habitats and biological characteristic of this species.

Growth status and photosynthesis of 1-year-old seedlings of two provenances of Sapium sebiferum (Zhejiang Lanxi & Fujian Zhangpu) were investigated in a 50-day flooding and waterlogging experiment. The results showed： all plants of provenances of Zhejiang provenances the survived under different stresses,while all plants of Fujian provenances died under the flooding stress and waterlogging stress,and therefore the Zhejiang provenances were more tolerant to the stresser. The growth and photosynthesis of Zhejiang provenances were promoted under the mild water stress,while the height growth and biomass were inhibited and net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration were inhibited under the severe water stress (flooding and waterlogging), although there appeared hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots on submerged portions of stems. Under flooding stress,the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of Fujian provenances were decreased,but the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased.

The change of growth and microbial community characteristics in the rhizosphere of four types of poplars under pentachlorophenol contamination were investigated with a potting experiment in a green house. The results showed that the height and basal diameter of tested poplars were significant different when treated with different pentachlorophenol concentrations. Concentration of microbial biomass carbon in the rhizosphere soil of poplars, detected by the chloroform fumigation, decreased with increasing pentachlorophenol concentration, which suggested microorganisms were poisoned by high concentration of pentachlorophenol in the soil. Data collected by Biolog measurement demonstrated that the value of average well color development (AWCD) of microorganism in the soil treated with pentachlorophenol was always higher in the rhizosphere of poplars than in the control, and principal component analysis also showed that carbon used by microorganisms in the rhizosphere of poplars was influenced by polluted soil with pentachlorophenol. These results preliminarily implied that the physiological metabolic activity of some specific microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil was enhanced under the integrated effect of a certain range of pentachlorophenol concentration and root exudates in the rhizosphere, which resulted in increasing utilization of carbon source. The indexes of Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh of microbial communities were higher in the rhizosphere soil of poplars than in the control. The richness, evenness and superiority of microbial communities were enhanced, and the stimulated effect of microorganism in response to pentachlorophenol was increased with increasing pentachlorophenol concentration.

The electroantennogram(EAG) and behavioral responses of female and male beetles of Xylotrechus rusticus to 13 plant volatiles were tested. The female and male adults exhibited very strong EAG responses（P＜0.01）to 1 mol·L^-1 Eugenol,2-Phenylethanol,furfural,limonene and myrcene. Limonene exhibited lure effect to females adult (P＜0.01),when the concentration higher than or equal to 10^-3 mol·L^-1 and exhibited lure effect to males at 1 and 10^-1 mol·L^-1 (P＜0.01) concentrations. Eugenol exhibited lure effect to females and males at 10^-1 and 10^-2 mol·L^-1 (P＜0.01); 2-Phenylethanol showed lure effect to females and males at 10^-1 and 10^-2 mol·L^-1 concentrations（P＜0.01）. Furfural exhibited repellent effect to females and males at 1 and 10^-1 mol·L^-1 concentration（P＜0.01）. Myrcene exhibited lure effect to females and males at 10^-1 mol·L^-1 concentration（P＜0.01）. Females and males showed no distinct directional behavior to the other volatiles.

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) from Ulmus pumila were collected by a dynamic headspace sampling method, and analyzed by using GC-MS. Furthermore, electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral responses of Ambrostoma quadriimpressum （Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae）to the main compounds of HIPVs were investigated. Volatile analyses showed that infestations of A. quadriimpressum markedly increased the emission of 9 compounds, α-farnesene, caryophyllene, cis-3-hexenol, α-pinene, limonene, linalool, methyl salicylate, cis-3-hexenyl acetate and TMTT. The results of behavioral bioassays by using 8 synthetic compounds (except for TMTT) revealed that adult females had a stronger response to linalool, α-farnesene and cis-3-hexen-1-ol than to other compounds tested; and adult males had a stronger response to α-farnesene and caryophyllene. EAG results were basically in accordance with Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. These results may provide practical applications for monitoring and controlling A. quadriimpressum populations in the field.

In order to conserve pines, especially Pinus massoniana, which is the main tree species for greening and beautifying the environment in Xiamen of Fujian Province, clear cutting of the wilt pine caused by the pine wood nematode was not adopted ad done elsewhere, but a series of sustainable management strategies were conducted, such as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus application during 2002 to 2007, epidemic surveillance, dying branches and trees clearance, chemical fumigation in field, hanging traps for Monochamus alternatus, setting vertical induced wood, releasing Scleroderma guani and Beauveria bassiana application for biological control. The results showed that the damage pine forest area was decreased from 1 973 hm² in 2001 to 42.8 hm^-2 in 2007. The rate of withered trees caused by B. xylophilus reduced very significantly. In addition, population of M. alternatus in forests diminished obviously, and the number of M. alternatus entrapped by each trap averagely reduced from 72.7 to 1.8 annually. Extensive area pine forests in Xiamen maintained evergreen currently. It suggested that B. xylophilus could be controlled and a relatively sound pattern of controlling pine wilt disease was preliminarily developed.

A new species of leafhopper, Idiocerus (Liocratus) salicis Li, Cao et Li sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae) was found in Gansu, China and described. The body length (incl. tegm.) is 5.1～5.3 mm for ♂ and 5.5～5.80 mm for ♀. This new species is similar to Idiocerus(Liocratus) chivinsis Kusnezov, 1929 in appearance, but can be distinguished from the latter by the aedeagus with two small thorn-like at apex, and the style without long setae at apex. This new species is also related to Idiocerus(Liocratus) moniliferae Osborn et Ball, 1898, but can be distinguished from the latter by the vertex with four black spots, and the female with the seventh ovipositor taper-like. Holotype ♂, paratypes 3 ♂♂, 3♀♀, Zhenyuan, Gansu Province, coll. by Cao Wei, 3 Sept. 2008. Host plant: Salix. All the type specimens of the new species are preserved in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University.

The fraction 11 (EFPE-11) extract of Euphorbia fischeriana with petroleum ether was tested for bio-activity and mechanisms, including the effect on the protein content, the activities of GSTs, AchE and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. The symptomatic expression and the results of the action mechanism indicated that EFPE-11 could interrupt the nerve transmission of mites. The survival rate of mites began to decrease quickly when treated with EFPE-11 in 12 h. The activity of GSTs in treated mites was activated, but the activity of acetyl cholinesterase(AchE) was inhibited. The activity of Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase was strongly inhibited. The inhibition of the AchE and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ATPase activity can cause interruption of the nerve transmission and eventually cause mite death. The results suggested that the interruption of the nerve conduction could be the main reason for EFPE-11 against mites.

In this study, the research is conidia of Paecilomyces lilacinus, a pathogenic fungus of plant nematodes, was selected as the receptor. An efficient genetic transformation system of P.lilacinus was established by harboring G-418 resistance cassette as a selective marker to construct vector pBI -G3C-aphI based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Using this system, P. lilacinus was successfully transformed with an efficiency of 1 000-2 400 transformants per 10⁶ spores. It indicated that T-DNA had been integrated into the genome of P.lilacinus by PCR analysis on the transformants, and the genetic character of transformants remained stable. The establishment of T-DNA insertional mutants library would provides a basis for further selecting pathogenic mutants, and understanding pathogenisis of P.lilacinus, which is of great significance to foster a better anti-nematode strain and develop effective biocontrol agents.

This paper showed a study on acaricidal activities of the plant extracts from Polygonum aviculare against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the effects on the activities of several relevant enzymes. The plant extracts were extracted using different solvents such as chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol. It was found that the corrected mortality of female adults could reach 89.95% (2 mg·mL^-1) and the half lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was (0.715 3±0.125 3) mg·mL^-1 when using chloroform as the solvent, which exhibited best acaricidal activities among three solvent extracts (P<0.05). Through further extraction and column chromatography, we obtained 19 components from the chloroform extracts, and No.2, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17 and 18 components had acaricidal activities higher than 70%, among them, No.16 caused the mites the highest motality (87.12%). Furthermore, colorimetry assay showed that the component No.16 could affect the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), Na⁺,K⁺ -ATPase, GSH-S-transferase (GSTs) of T. cinnabarinus.

Taking SEB samples of spruce (<i>Picea asperata</i>) for instance, the finite element software of ABAQUS was used to analyze the stress field of the samples, when the obliquity between the wood crack and the grain of wood were 90°, 60°, 30°, 0° respectively, “tangential normal stress intensity factor ratio criterion” was applied to predict the direction of the crack.The results showed the direction of the maximum Mises stress of four samples was along the grain of the wood when drawing a radial plane centered around the crack tip. It is also shown that the ratio of the tensile stress perpendicular to the crack (σ_Y) to the tensile stress parallel to the crack (<i>σ_X</i>) is approximately a constant within 1～5 in a large area around crack tip but except the singular point. No matter what is the angle of the initial crack to the grain of wood, the tangential normal stress intensity factor ratio (R) of the crack tip over the direction of the grain was the largest. Therefore, the initial crack direction along the grain had been verified either by theoretical prediction or by experiment. The role of toughening of low-interfacial strength between wood cells has been discussed.

The displaced and partially-decayed larch and pine timber frames from the Hall of Military Prowess, the Palace Museum, were collected and visually classified into five categories of decaying. After measuring the radial and tangential penetrations with Pilodyn, the classified wood samples were determined for wood densities and the relationships between Pilodyn values and wood densities were analyzed from measurements of 125 larch samples and 60 pine samples. The regression models of wood density as function of Pilodyn values were used for assessing the feasibility of quantitative analysis of wood quality in ancient architectures. The results showed that wood density decreased and the Pilodyn values increased with degree of decaying and there existed significant differences in wood density and the Pilodyn values among the decay classes. The wood density variation and the Pilodyn values variation of radial and tangential penetrations with decaying were highly consistent between the two wood types. For the wood samples of decaying category 4, their densities decreased 20%, and radial and tangential penetrations increased 110%～136%, compared with non-decayed wood samples. There were significant linear correlations between the tangential and radial penetrations of Pilodyn, and significant power function relationship between wood density and tangential penetration, and between wood density and radial penetration for both wood types (P<0.01), the values of correlation coefficient, r, were -0.67 for larch and -0.76 for pine for the relationship between wood density and Pilodyn values of tangential penetration, and -0.55 and -0.69 for the relationship between wood density and Pilodyn values of radial penetration.

No research has been focused on comparing the moisture dependence of different mechanical properties of bamboo until now. In the present paper, four kinds of mechanical properties of bamboo with four ages were tested both under air-dried (Beijing, MC 8%) and saturated state to explore the different moisture dependence of them. The results show that the four mechanical properties of bamboo exhibited different sensitivity to moisture change. Compressive and shearing strength parallel to gain are most significantly affected by moisture content, then is bending modulus and followed by longitudinal tensile modulus. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the above mechanical properties to moisture change was all reduced with the increase of bamboo ages (from 0.5 year to 4.5 year) but at different speed, among which the decreasing ratio of compressive strength parallel from air-dried to saturated state is only 3.6%, then was shearing strength and tensile modulus followed by bending modulus with a maximum value of 14.77%.

In order to improve the accuracy and the reliability of identification of defects and to realize the maximal utilization of wood in winter, 10 main species in the northeast forest area of Harbin Forest Experimental Station were tested for comparison of stress wave propagating velocities（SWPV）both in frozen state and in normal temperature state. The results showed that the longitudinal and radial propagating velocities of stress wave in frozen standing trees were obviously higher than those in normal temperature standing trees, and there was a high positive correlation relationship between longitudinal velocities in frozen and normal temperature states. While the moisture content of standing trees exceed the fiber saturation point（f.s.p）, the longitudinal stress wave propagating velocities in frozen state were affected significantly by moisture content, but it was not obvious in the normal temperature state.

Eucalyptus timbers were treated through vacuum heat treatment method for 4 h at five different temperatures (160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 ℃). The surface free energy of untreated and heat-treated wood was studied using contact angle method, and during the heat treatment procedure, the chemical change of wood was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). In addition, the weight loss ratios of different temperature heat-treated wood were also analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer. The results showed that compared with surface free energy of untreated wood(50 mN·m^-1), the surface free energy of heat-treated wood at 240 ℃ （32 mN·m^-1）was higher and that of heat-treated wood at 160 ℃(46 mN·m^-1) was lower. According to FTIR spectra of untreated and heat-treated wood, the number of polar carboxyl group of heat-treated wood was decreased. And when the heat-treated temperature was lower than 180 ℃, the weight loss ratio was about 1%, and as the heat-treated temperature exceeded 180 ℃, the weight loss ratio decreased twice or so by the temperature increasing 20 ℃ each time.

The paper designed indicator system including five composite indicators and sixteen sub-indicators for evaluating the process of China’s forestry, adopted market-based index evaluation model to evaluate the market-orient extent and trend of forestry based on the relevant statistical data in 15 provinces (regions) in 2002—2006 of China form the national level and regional level respectively. It showed that the process of China’s forestry market-orient was going forward at an average annual rate of 1.5% and reached 44.9% in 2006, but lagged behind the rate of 25% of the national average as well as behind 15% of the agriculture during the same period. Forestry market-oriented speed is so uneven in the different provinces and regions that the provinces in the eastern region was significantly higher than the level of the western and north-central provinces in China. In the factors of influencing the forestry market-oriented process, the government behavior standardization and forest production marketing management are the most influential factors, the degree of resource marketing and market system perfection are also important factor.

Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and pondcypress (T. ascendens) seedlings less than 3-year-old are susceptible to multiple stresses such as drought, salinity, alkalinity, pollution and diseases, although the two species are widely recognized adaptable and/or tolerant to flooding. However, 3-year-old or older, or stronger baldcypress and pondcypress saplings may perform better than the younger ones when subjected to multiple stresses, and thus could be selected for reforestation. The hybrids of Taxodium “zhongshansa 302” and T. “zhongshansa 401” could be used for reforestation under high salinity and alkalinity environments. In general, baldcypress and pondcypress are promising candidates for reforestation in riparian zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. However, more researches, such as responses of baldcypress and pondcypress to deep submergence and two or more stresses combination, still needs to be done.

Quantum dots have attracted increasing attention for their special fluorescence properties. The study of quantum dots as labels has emerged as an interdisciplinary subject,involving in physics,chemistry,materials,biology,and beyond. Quantum dots as novel fluorescent probes are becoming a new method of choice for fluorescent labeling in plant biology,and are destined to replace traditional organic fluorescents in cellular and molecular labeling applications. This paper described the advantages,synthesis and bio-adaptive modification,as well as the application,of quantum dots in plant molecule fluorescent labeling. The developing trends and prospects of the application of quantum dots in plant cellular and molecular biology were also discussed in detail.

Three 50 m×50 m plots were set respectively in a pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest, a conifer-broad mixed forest dominated by Quercus liaotungensis and a broad mixed forest dominated by Quercus mongolicus in Miyun Chaoguan watershed. Soil samples were collected in three different sampling scales of 5 m×5 m, 10 m×10 m and 25 m×25 m by using the mechanical grid-sampling method under the different vegetation types. The soil pH value and concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil were investigated. The results showed that the soil pH value, concentrations of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and phosphorus, under the pure pine forest were significantly lower than both of the conifer-broad mixed forest and the broad mixed forest at 5 m×5 m sampling scale. At 10 m×10 m sampling scale, the difference of soil nutrient indicators except soil organic matter between the pine forest and the two mixed forests were as same as they were at 5 m×5 m sampling scale. However, only available nitrogen and phosphorus under the pure pine forest were significantly lower than the two mixed forests at 25 m×25 m sampling scale. The coefficient of variation of each soil nutrient concentrations was not correlated to different soil sampling scale. The average coefficient of variation of the soil nutrient indicators under the three vegetation types at three sampling scales followed the order: soil available phosphorus > soil organic matter > soil total nitrogen > soil available potassium > soil available nitrogen > soil total phosphorus > soil total potassium > soil pH value. In order to analyze soil nutrients with a confidence level of 95% and an estimated accuracy of 80%, the soil sampling number of soil pH, soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, soil available nitrogen, soil total phosphorus, soil available phosphorus, soil total potassium and soil available potassium under the three vegetation types at 25 m×25 m sampling scale were 3,13,15,10,9,23,4 and 9,respectively.

Size structure, sex ratios and sex-dependent spatial distribution of dioecious Fraxinus mandshurica were tested in a secondary forest. The results showed that: 1) there were 560 F. mandshurica trees with their DBH greater than 5 cm recorded in a 5.2 hm² plot, among which there were 135 male trees, 158 female trees and 267 undetermined trees. The sex ratio (male trees/female trees) was 0.85, which did not significantly differ from 1∶1 (Chi-square test, P=0.179). 2) The average DBH of male trees and female trees was (24.5±6.2) cm and (24.9±7.9) cm, respectively. The difference in DBH was not significant between male trees and female trees (t-test, P>0.1). The coefficient of variation in DBH size was identical between male trees and female trees (CV_female=CV_male=54%). The number of undetermined trees tended to decrease with increasing tree size. Almost all trees with their DBH larger than 35 cm were sexed. 3) Saplings (1 cm< DBH <5 cm) of F. mandshurica showed random distribution, but male and female trees mainly showed clumped distribution in space. 4) No association between saplings and female trees and male trees was detected at 0－50 m scales. A significant attraction between male and female trees at distances of 3－50 m was found under the null hypothesis of type independence. However a significant repellence was observed at very close ranges (1－5 m and 23－28 m) under the random labeling hypothesis. Different interactions were observed between different tree sizes, between male and female trees.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage containers and manners, pretreatment time in low temperature on Oncidium variety ‘Aloha Iwanaga’ plantlets in vitro. Results showed that the polymer film culture bag (CB) was an effective container for Oncidium plantlets in vitro, and the CB with liquid medium (CB·L) was also a more economical and effective one for plantlets in vitro among the methods of CB·L, the flask with liquid medium (FL·L) and the flask with solid medium (FL·S) during low temperature storage. The comprehensive index, including survival rate after storage and rate of normal plantlet and axillary plantlet formation after further culture, of plantlets in vitro with the treatments of pretreatment time of 5 days or 7 days in the CB·L method was higher than other methods among the five pretreatment times of 0 day (the plantlet was stored immediately after inoculation), 3 days, 5 days, 7days and 9 days. The physiological indexes, as plantlet height, leaf number, number and length of root and dry mass rate, of plantlets in vitro in the CB·L method were a little higher than others and however no significantly different except the fresh/dry mass. In conclusion, the suitable pretreatment time for Oncidium plantlets in vitro was 5 to 7 days.

The bud tips of Fraxinus mandshurica were used as explants to screen the optimum hormone combinations for in vitro plant regeneration and shoot preservation. The results showed that the proper hormone combination for shoot regeneration of Fraxinus mandshurica from bud tips was 2-ip 11.46 μmol·L^-1+IAA 0.45 μmol·L^-1 with N₆ as the basic medium, and the induction rate could reach 91.8%. The proper hormone combination for rooting of the regenerated shoots was IBA 0.29 μmol·L^-1+NAA 0.10 μmol·L^-1 with 1/4N₆ as the basic medium, the rooting rate could reach 99.5%. The optimum hormone combination for shoot in vitro preservation was 2-ip 15.80 μmol·L^-1+KT 4.61 μmol·L^-1 with N₆ as the basic medium, its differentiation rate was lower than 0.5% and the in vitro preservation period could reached to 42 months under room temperature.

It is hardly possible to isolate nucellus in its original shape from tiny ovules of Populus tomentosa without enzymatic maceration. This paper introduced a new method to isolate the nucellus from the ovule of P.tomentosa with gum block, the anatomical lens and other ordinary instruments. The isolated nucellus was little damaged and could maintain its shape. The technique made the nucellus easy to isolate, and can be used for non-enzymatically isolating the ovule, nucellus and embryo of flowering plants. These works can be finished at a laboratory even in a reduced condition.

In this paper the nest-sites selection of brown eared-pheasant （Crossoptilon mantchuricum） was investigated in the Huanglong Mountains Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, China, from April to June in 2006 and from June to July in 2007. A total of 22 nests were found in Beisi Mountains, among which 12 （54.55%,n=22） were under cliff and big rock, 4 （18.18%, n=22） at the base of shrubs, 4 （18.18%,n=22） under fell trees and 2 （9.09%, n=22） besides roots of trees. The mean clutch size of brown eared-pheasant was (9.5±2.20)（n=21, 6～13). This results showed that nests under cliff and big rock were mainly preferred by brown eared-pheasant. Eight nests were found in conifer forest, 10 in broadleaf forest and 4 in conifer-broadleaf forest. By χ² test, conifer forest and broadleaf forest were favorite vegetation types used as nest-sites（χ²=17.123, df=2, P=0.000<0.05）. Compared with random plots, used sites were characterized by bigger coverage of shrub at height of 0.5 m and 1 m, smaller coverage of shrub at height of 2 m and ＞2 m, smaller cover and bigger mean diameter of trees, bigger mean diameter and smaller density of shrubs, close to water source, edge of woods and trail, and steeper slope. Results of the stepwise discriminant analysis showed that coverage of shrub at height of 0.5 m, cover of trees, distance to water source and coverage of shrub at height of 2 m were critically factors to discriminate the used sites and random plots.

The study of height-diameter model is a basic research in forest growth and yield modeling. 1 139 individual trees in Wangqing Forest Bureau, Jilin Province were used in this study to develop the generalized height-diameter models. PROC NLIN in SAS was used to develop ten generalized height-diameter models, and PROC GLM was used to estimate the error of each models. The function with the highest R², lowest RMSE, and relatively fewer parameters was chosen as the optimal generalized height-diameter model. We found that the function (9)H=1.3+a₁ H^{^}₀ a₂ (1-exp(-a₃ SPH^{^}a₄ D))^{^}a₅ （where H is height, D is diameter, H₀ is dominant height, SPH is number of individuals in the stand, a₁, a₂, a₃, a₄ and a₅ are parameters specific to species）, which was based on Richards function, could calibrate the relationship between height and diameter best for the main coniferous tree species fir, spruce, and korean pine. In addition, we compared the accuracy between the optimal generalized height-diameter model and the optimal local height-diameter model. Results indicated that, with including stand variables, the optimal generalized height-diameter model is more accurate.