The population and community characteristics of Malus sieversii were investigated in its three typical distribution areas (Damohe valley, Xiaomohe valley, and Jiaowutuohai valley ) in the western part of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. The result showed that most of the M. sieversii trees grew on the shade or semi-shade slopes and formed pure stands, with some mixed with other woody species such as Armeniaca vulgaris and Picea schrenkianavar. tianschanica. The stem diameter classes of the three populations all exhibited a unimodal pattern, with more stems belonged to the Ⅱ-Ⅵ diameter classes. The diameter class pattern of the Damohe valley population was more close to normal distribution than those of the Xiaomohe and the Jiaowutuohai valleys populations. The tree height class distribution of the populations in the three locations all exhibited a unimodal pattern too. There were significant differences in mean tree height in each diameter class among the three populations. In the main distribution elevation of 1 200-1 700 m, the tree height and crown width of the Xiaomohe valley population showed parabolic profile with increasing altitude, while the parameters of the Damohe valley and the Jiaowutuohai valley populations decreased with the increasing elevation, However, their ground diameter and height below the first branch all decreased with the increasing elevation. The mean canopy density of the stands dominated by M. sieversii was 0.48±0.03. The canopy density in the Damohe valley (0.38±0.04) was lower than those in the Xiaomohe valley (0.55±0.09) and the Jiaowutuohai valley (0.51±0.08). The mean stand density in the Damohe valley (319.2±44.1) tree·hm^-2 was lower than those in the Xiaomohe valley (502.3±151.1) tree·hm^-2 and the Jiaowutuohai valley (325.0±91.1) tree·hm^-2. With an increase in elevation, the change of stand canopy density and stand density in the Xiaomohe valley and the Jiaowutuohai valley all revealed a unimodal pattern, while that in the Damohe valley was opposite. There were limited regeneration seedlings in the stands due to farmland development, overgrazing, grass cutting, and insect damage in the wild fruit forest stands.

Species-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are desirable for genetic studies and to harness the potential of MAS-based breeding for genetic improvement of wood fiber traits in trees. In this study, we report that a set of new polymorphic nuclear SSR markers were developed and characterized in Populus tomentosa by means of direct sequencing of functional genes involved in wood formation. A total of 20 polymorphic SSR loci were identified within 16 genes from 40 unrelated individuals in P. tomentosa. The SSR types of di-, tri-, penta-, hexa-, and hepta- nucleotide repeats and motifs repeats varied from 2 to 34 were displayed, with dinucleotide SSRs being the most frequent, accounting for 55.0% of the total loci in the natural population of P. tomentosa. Twenty primer pairs for PCR amplification SSR loci were designed based on the conservative flanking sequences of SSR loci. The efficiency and conservation of SSR loci were tested among 15 individuals under genus Populus. The PCR amplification exhibited an average of 90.0% conservation in at least two groups under genus Populus, and the number of alleles produced ranged from 3 to 9, with an average of 5.3 alleles per locus. Furthermore, the SSR loci were non-randomly distributed within different regions of functional genes. The gene-based SSR markers developed here would provide a powerful tool for MAS breeding of new germplasms with desirable wood fiber traits in P.tomentosa, and have theoretical and practical significance in tree breeding.

Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR)is the first key enzyme in the later procedure of anthocyanins biosynthesis. With the total RNA drived from leaves of Malus crabapple‘Royalty’ as the template, the full cDNA of DFR gene (1 247 bp) was cloned by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid-amplification of cDNA ends(RACE).The gene is named as McDFR, containing three open reading frames (ORF, 1 021 bp), and encoding a protein of 348 amino acids. DNA sequence has 2 396 bp, containing five introns, and all the cleave sites obey with the GT-AG rule. The expression of McDFR and the content of anthocyanin and flavonoids were determined respectively by real-time quantitative PCR and spectrophotometer in the mature and young leaves of M.‘Flame’(green young and mature leaf), M.‘Radiant’( red young leaf and green mature leaf), M. ‘Prairifire’ (red young leaf and green mature leaf)and M.‘Royalty’( purple young and mature leaf). The results showed that McDFR was expressed in both mature and young leaves of the above four cultivars.The trends of anthocyanin content were consistent with that of the relative expression of McDFR gene. The expression levels of McDFR in the young leaves were higher than that in the mature leaves. Among the four cultivars, the M. ‘Prairifire’ in the young leaves showed the highest expression levels of McDFR. Flavonoid content in young leaves was higher than that in the mature leaves, and the expression of McDFR was also higher than in the mature leaves. In the mature leaves, except for the green leaf variety M.‘Flame’, the higher content the flavonoid the higher expression level McDFR .These results have determined that McDFR plays an important role in anthocyanin and flavonoid metabolic pathways and the color formation in the leaves.

WinEPIC model was used to simulate water productivity and deep soil desiccation of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations of Luochuan, a semi-humid region, Yanan, a semi-arid region, and Yulin, a semi-arid prone drought region of the loess plateau in China during 1957－2001. The results showed as the following: in Luochuan,Yanan and Yulin, simulated annual biomass of the 1－45-year-old Chinese pine plantations averaged 4.29, 3.62 and 2.73 t·hm^-2, respectively. Productivity peaked when plantations were 9－17-year-old and then tended to decrease obviously in a pattern that followed the fluctuation of annual rainfall. In 1－22-year-old Chinese pine plantations, average annual water consumptions were higher than annual rainfalls, which resulted in soil drying in 0－10 m depth. The faster soil desiccation occurred in the period of 14－20-year-old plantations of Luochuan, 9－20-year-old plantations of Yanan and 6－19-year-old plantations of Yulin. Soil desiccation rates in Luochuan, Yanan and Yulin were 176, 111 and 69 mm per year, respectively. After that the monthly available water in 0－10 m soil layers fluctuated at a low level in a range of 0－150 mm as annual rainfalls varied in the three sites. The 0－10 m soil humidity profiles sharply varied, with annual declining the humidity and thickening dry soil layers. Dry soil layers exceeded 3 m thick in 15-year-old plantation of Luochuan, 10-year-old plantation of Yanan, and 3-year-old plantation of Yulin. In 19-year-old plantations of the three sites, dry soil layers already exceeded 10 m thick, and in 20－45-year-old plantations the dry soil layers were relatively stable of low humidity in 2－10 m soil layers. There were significant differences in water productivities and soil desiccation effects in the plantations between the three sites, and the soil water could be sustainably used by the Chinese pine plantations on the three sites for about 30 years.

Main aims of this study are to investigate effects of shrubs on vegetation restoration of grassland from previous farmland, and then to optimize management measures to build the grassland. The study site was in Siziwang Banner, central Inner Mongolia, where the local vegetation is temperate and arid grassland. The followings are our main findings. 1) Grassland restoration depends on width between neighboring shrub belts. If the width is within appropriate distance, land between the belts will be restored with grasses well, otherwise not. 2) If a distance from an abandoned farmland to its nearest shrub belt is moderate, the land will be restored with grasses effectively, with better coverage vegetation and rich grass species, and otherwise less effectively. 3) Gaussian mathematic model well fits the relationship between restoration degrees of grassland and the distances from abandoned farmland to shrub belts. 4) According to the fitted model, shrub belts can promote grassland restoration well if the distances between the belts are in a range of 16－28 m. This study is helpful to optimize the structure of shrub belts in dry abandoned farmland such as in Siziwang Banner. As for the genera of Caragana korshinskii,the optimal width of belt-gap is found being between 16－28 m.

Chloroplast pigment content is one of important indicators reflecting relationships between plants and environment. We investigated the variation of chloroplast pigments among leaves with various ages, and the change patterns of the leaf chloroplast pigments along elevation gradients. The leaves were selected from the dominant species in Castanopsis carlessi forests in the Lingshishan national forest park. The results showed that there were significant or very significant differences of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll (a+b) between various age leaves. Generally, the variations were more significant at middle elevation, followed by high elevation and then low elevation. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll (a+b) in two-year old leaves was higher than in one-year-old leaves. However, the variation of chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid content between different age leaves was complicated, and it indicated the adaptation of plants to environment. There were significant variations of the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll (a+b) between different elevation gradients. With the increase of elevation gradients, the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll (a+b) content of seven species among the dominant species increased, reaching to a maximum at the elevation of A5 or A6 and then decreased. The change patterns of chlorophyll a/b were more diversified with the increase of elevation gradients. Carotenoid, as a type of functional pigment, has complicated functions, therefore, the response patterns to elevation were diversified too. The results of this research indicated that elevation, as an important environment factor, had vital and significant impacts on plants, and that the dominant species had different adaptation strategies.

Based on a literature review on studies of ecological security, this paper evaluated the ecological security of the Jiufeng National Forest Park by applying the “Pressure-State-Response” model. The results showed that the security index was 0.842 1 in 2007, suggesting that the park had high ecological security. According to the current conditions of ecosystem, corresponding protection and management measures are proposed to achieve the sustainable development of the Jiufeng National Forest Park in the long term.

Based on the data from measurements of soil respiration and a survey of biomass, the carbon balance between assimilation and release was estimated in Moso Bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) and Chinese Fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation. The results showed that: the carbon pool of the Moso Bamboo and Chinese Fir plantation was 144.3 and 152.52 t·hm^-2, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern of carbon stocks was basically consistent in the two forest ecosystems, in an order of soil layer > trees layer > shrub and herb and litter layer. In Moso Bamboo plantation, layer took soil (76.89%) > trees (22.16%) > standing litters (0.51%) > shrub and herb (0.41%) while in Chinese Fir plantation, soil (62.03%)>trees (34.99%)> standing litters (2.28%) >shrub and herb (0.70%). In general, the total assimilated CO₂ by gross primary production of Moso Bamboo and Chinese Fir plantation community was 38.87 and 26.95 t·hm^-2a^-1, respectively, while the total release of CO₂ from the systems was up to 24.35 and 15.75 t·hm^-2a^-1 respectively. Therefore, the carbon budget for Moso Bamboo and Chinese Fir plantation ecosystem had net acquisition which was estimated to be 14.52 and 11.21 tCO₂·hm^-2a^-1 or 3.96 and 3.07 tC·hm^-2a^-1, respectively.

A frozen rain and snow disaster occurred from January to February 2008 caused an extensive and varied damage to the forest ecosystems across southern China. The objective of this study is to determine the response of dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forest to the frozen and snow disaster in Nanling Mountain. Four plots were set to analyze the relationship between sprouting and damaged types, diameter classes, and species composition. The results showed that more than 72.00% of damaged dominant species could sprout. Sprouting rate in the tree layer was higher than that in the shrub layer, guaranteeing for recovery and reestablishment of forest ecological system in Nanling Mountain. There was variation in sprouting rate for different damaged dominant species. Sprouting rate of lodged plants was the highest (100%). In shrub layer Hamamelidaceae plants had the lowest sprouting rate and in tree layer Lauraceae plants the lowest sprouting rate. Sprouting characters of damaged species showed different patterns dependent on harvesting, slash and burn cultivation. Based on this study, we suggest that in the forests frequently subjected to natural disturbance in the subtropical China, Eurya muricata, Castanopsis carlesii, and Daphniphyllum macropodum should be selected for artificial rehabilitaton of the disturbed areas which is beneficial to keeping the stability of layer structures and species composition of the forests.

The degradation of forestland productivity of continuous cropping poplar plantations was closely related to accumulation of phenolic acids in rhizospheric soil. Knowledge of effects of phenolic acids on physiologic characteristics and morphologic developments of poplar roots was essential to reveal the degradation mechanism of poplar forestland productivity. Hydroponic cuttings of black poplar cultivar I-107 (Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’) were cultured in Hoagland nutrient solution added with phenolic acids of five levels(CK, 0.5X, 1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X) according to actual content in the soil of continuous poplar plantation. Physiologic indexes were studied respectively at the 1^st d, 5^th d, 10^th d, 20^th d, 30^th d and 40^th d after treated with phenolic acids, and data of root morphologic characteristics were obtained at the 40^th d. The results showed that: Activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) were both enhanced by low level phenolic acid(0.5X) and inhibited significantly by high level phenolic acids(1.0X, 1.5X, 2.0X)（Pa＜0.05）； and root activity reduced significantly while the level of phenolic acids rose（Pa＜0.05）； root malonaldehyde(MDA) content and root injury degree were both significantly enhanced by increased phenolic acids concentration (Pa＜0.05). Number of root tips, mean root length, mean root area, mean root forks, mean root fractal dimension were all significantly inhibited by phenolic acids while mean root diameter was significantly promoted by phenolic acids(Pa＜0.05). Lateral roots near the tip of the main root were obvious inhibited by phenolic acids. With phenolic acids level increased, the general shape of root system was changed from column aspect to inverted pyramid and to umbrella aspect . Root tips necrotized under high level phenolic acid treatments.

Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) is one of the typical native species in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. Its habitat has apparently been influenced by the abnormal water fluctuations annually. Four different kinds of water treatment simulating the dynamic change of soil water gradients in the riparian zone were applied to study the physiological and biochemical responses of Chinese Wingnut seedlings. The water treatments were normal growth water treatment (C), mild drought water stress (MD), wet soil (WS) and belowground submergence (BS). The results showed that water treatment, time, and the interaction of water treatment and time, had significant impact on growth, biomass, and contents of oxalate and tartarate in the roots (Pa < 0.001 or 0.01). Compared to C, height growth and biomass accumulation in MD, WS and BS were significantly decreased. However, content of oxalate in taproot, lateral roots, and total roots was significantly increased in MD, WS and BS, respectively. Likewise, content of tartarate in taproot, lateral roots, and total roots was also significantly increased in BS. Furthermore, the content of tartarate in lateral roots enhanced significantly in WS in contrast to a significant reduction of that in MD. As treatment continued to progress, contents of oxalate and tartarate in the roots displayed a decline trend. According to our results studied, although the Chinese Wingnut seedlings less than one-year-old are to some extent susceptible to submergence, wet, and/or drought, all of the seedlings could survive relatively well.

The forest combustibility played a decisive role in forest fire prevention, and could have a great impact on the success of vegetation restoration in the rocky desertification area. In order to study the combustibility of the young vegetation restoration stands in the rocky desertification area, four patterns of vegetation restoration stands were chosen in the rocky desertification area in the Southwest region of Hunan Province, and they were Pinus elliottii pure forest (PEPF), Platycladus orientalis pure forest (POPF), Pinus elliottii and Liquidambar formosana mixed forest (PLMF), Liquidambar formosana and Platycladus orientalismixed forest (LPMF). The efficient fuel loading (EFL), relative moist content (RMC), dehydration rate, gross caloric value (GCV), and the efficient fuel energy were measured and analyzed in sample plots. The results showed: 1) The main fuel types were Imperata cylindrica, Verbena officinalis, and some shrubs in the young vegetation restoration stands in the rocky desertification area. 2) The EFL of the 4 patterns of vegetation restoration stands were all high, between 5.16 and 9.89 t·hm^-2, and the POPF had the highest EFL which was 9.89 t·hm^-2. 3) RMC was lower in the fire risk season (autumn and winter in Hunan province), between 17.8%－42.6%, with lowest in the litter and I. cylindrica in POPF. The POPF had the lowest average RMC and the most rapid dehydration rate among the 4 patterns of stands, and hence the greatest combustibility, whereas the PLMF was opposite, with the highest RMC and the smallest combustibility. 4) The GCV of the major fuel types was between 11.7－20.8 kJ·g^-1 in the 4 stand patterns. Through analysis of variance we found that there was no significant difference in GCV of the same fuel type in different stand patterns, except for the litters. And there was no significant difference of the weighted average GCV in the 4 different stand patterns, which value were between 17.37－18.03 kJ·g^-1. 5) The order from high to low of the efficient fuel energy was: POPF, PEPF, PLMF, LPMF. The highest efficient fuel energy was 176.69×10⁶ kJ·hm^-2 in POPF, and the lowest was 92.73×10⁶ kJ·hm^-2 in LPMF. 6) From these features of the young stands we can see that the forests of the 4 patterns all had great combustibility, and the pure forest had a higher combustibility than the mixed forest. Therefore, for the purpose of forest fire protection, we should choose mixed forests instead of pure forests, and it is necessary to clean the forest in time and reduce the EFL, during the process of vegetation restoration in the rocky desertification area.

Forest fire separating network (FFSN) is one of the key means in forest fire management. In this paper an evaluation index system for FFSN efficiency was established, with considering related factors affecting the forest fire controlling efficiency. Those indices include FFSN density, FFSN network distributed size and so on with which, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of FFSN efficiency was constructed. Fire control efficiency of FFSN in the Guangzhou forest districts was evaluated quantitatively by using the geography information system software ArcGIS which has powerful spatial analysis and statistics functions. The result showed the fire control efficiency was in a ranking of: Huadou forest area>Baiyun forest area>Zengcheng forest area>Conghua forest area. The evaluated result was consistent to the reality. This study provided an important reference for FFSN construction and its evaluation.

Habitat selection of Brown-Eared Pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) was studied at the Wulushan Nature Reserve of Shanxi Province from December of 1997 to November of 1998. The results showed that habitat selection of Brown-Eared Pheasant varied with seasons. In spring, Brown-Eared Pheasant selected mainly shrubs near the forest edge where there were higher covers at the layers of 0-10 cm and abundant food supplies. In summer, the pheasants mainly avoided the predation for their breeding successfully. Due to more iron mines exploitation, they often were away from iron mines and appeared in coniferous-deciduous forests where vegetation cover was higher and predation pressure was lower. In fall, the pheasants often appeared and rested in flocks, and lived in coniferous-deciduous forests with higher covers at the layers of 10-30 cm, and often foraged at the shrubs with the richer food such as Fructus hippophae Hippophae rhamnoides. The coniferous-deciduous forests and shrubs near the forest edge were used as their major habitats in winter, and they often occurred in the habitats with higher and larger-diameters, which could provide better shelter for the pheasants.

Ultra-structure, number and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of Anoplophora glabripennis were observed and studied with an environmental scanning electron microscope. The results show that the linear antenna consists of the scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres. There are 5 types and 13 kinds of sensilla on the antennae, including 5 kinds of sensilla chaeticas, 2 kinds of sensilla trichodeas, 4 kinds of sensilla basiconcas, 1 kind of sensilla campullacea, and 1 kind of finger sensilla. No difference is found in the type of sensilla between male and female adults. However the sensilla distribution in male and female shows dimorphism.

Specimens from Japanese Sugi（Cryptomeria japonica）wood was treated with superheated steam under the temperature of 140,160,180 ℃ and the relative humidity(RH) of 0,60%,100% to investigate the moisture absorption and desorption characteristics and moisture absorption hysteresis phenomenon of treated wood under different environmental temperature and RH. The results showed that the type of the isotherm of the wood treated under high temperature superheated steam was not changed，that under the same environmental humidity, the amount of moisture sorption of the wood under high temperature and RH was lower than that of specimen under low temperature during moisture absorption and desorption process, that the amount of moisture sorption of the wood presented a trend of decreasing with the increasing temperature and RH, and that all specimens showed a hysteresis phenomenon of the moisture absorption, especially for the specimen under high temperature and RH.

In this paper, based on analysis of force in resin cell of masson pine during the microwave deresination, a theoretical model to predict the critical temperature conditions of wood microwave deresination has been established, and its mathematical simulation has been conducted. The results show that: in microwave deresination, the tangential and longitudinal stress will exist in resin cell wall, in which the tangential stress is double that of the longitudinal. At the preliminary stage, the pressure in cell lumen increase obviously, but the cell wall elongation increase slowly. When the inner pressure is increased to a certain degree, its change will be gentle, but the elongation will be increased rapidly, appearing “yield” phenomenon, till the wood resin cells are destroyed； In order to acquire high deresination rate, the minimum critical temperature should be controlled in the range of 134.0～140.2 ℃ during the microwave deresination.

The thesis studies vibration of band saw blades by means of travelling wave theory of string vibration. By treating band saw blade vibration as string vibration and reconsidering the running of band saw blades, the authors obtain the calculating formula of natural frequency of running band saw blade, thus, simplifying complicated band saw blade vibration into a classical string vibration problem. With the establishment of dynamic mechanical models of band saw blades, we theoretically account for the wobbling or shaking phenomena of running band saw blades as a result of travelling wave action.

Saw cutting wood sheet of Populus ussuriensis, rotary cutting wood sheet of Betula platyphylla and planer slicing wood sheet of Tilia amurensis were dipped in water under normal temperature until water-saturated, and then were compressed perpendicular to grain. The micro-structure at across-grain section and along-grain section of wood sheets before and after compression were examined with scanning electron microscope, and aimed to probe the feasibility of this wood sheets strengthened method. The results showed that: the entirety compression deformations of these three species were relatively even and well-distributed, no obvious differences between the surface and the internal. There were no cracks or breaks found at both across-grain and along-grain sections. At along-grain section, the transverse wrinkles at along-grain direction were observed. At across-grain section, the vessel deformation of Populus ussuriensis and Tilia amurensis along compression direction were most obvious, and that vessel deformation of Betula platyphylla was also observed remarkable along its longitude direction, which simultaneously caused the distortions of bilateral xylem ray cells and the fiber cells that arrayed along radial and compression direction.

Surface wettability, elemental change and chemical components' change of untreated bamboo, bleached bamboo and heat treated bamboo were measured by contact angle meter, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer （XPS） and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）, respectively. Results showed that surface wettability, oxidized form of C atom and carbonyl number on the surface of treated bamboos were improved. Bleached bamboo was low in surface wettability , but high in oxidized degree of C atom and carbonyl number, compared to those of heat treated bamboo.

Atomic force microscope and nanoindentation have become important tools for the research of wood material at micro and nano-level scale. In this paper, the characteristic parameters and nanoindentayion of Populus adenopoda cell wall were measured based on AFM and indentor. The results showed that the mean width of P. adenopoda cell wall was 2.230 μm, the mean length was 9.498 μm, and the mean diameter was 19.732 μm. The indents made on the S₂ layer of P. adenopoda cell wall, the mid-width of the cell wall, were all effective nanoindentation tests, which could be used to represent the elastic modulus and hardness of the whole P. adenopoda cell wall. The means of elastic modulus and hardness of P. adenopoda cell wall were 18.52 GPa and 478.59 MPa, respectively.

At present there are 43 species in genus, Aphrodisium around the world, of which 32 species has been recorded in China. In recent years, A. sauteri, A. gibbicolle, A. f. rufiventris broke out in parts of oak forests of southern China, which were listed as the risk pests by State Forestry Administration, P. R. China. The paper reviewed the studies on their species, geographical distribution, bio-ecological characteristics, host range, control methods and so on. The aim of this review was to arouse the concerns of the insects and promote the relevant study.

In order to study the tendencies of the markets and the sellers strategies for forestry CDM, this paper reviews status of the markets for forestry CDM such as transaction volumes, forestry credit prices, expiry of forestry credits, the demand of forestry credits and negotiation progress in the future commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The results showed that the markets for forestry CDM are still at an early stage and have wide space to develop beyond 2012. The volume of trade in the CDM market could reach to more than 75 m of carbon credits before 2012. The year of 2012 would be the most active period for trading activity for forestry CDM. It is suggested that when signing ERPA developers should have some flexibility as to the volume of carbon credits and the time frame of delivery, and choose a combination of up-front payment and payment on delivery in payment schedule, and a fixed price for price setting, and selling lCERs.

The cytol development of male gametophyte of Bambusa multiplex was studied by dying with a fluorescence dye of Hoechst 33342 and observing with laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The result showed twice mitoses took place and the mature pollens had three cells with one aperture during the development of the male gametophytes, and the male gametophytes abnormally acted at a frequency of 38% in B. multiplex. With the confocal arrangement, serial optical scanning, and advanced three-dimensional reconstruction of the LSCM, direct and visual display of the three-dimensional pollen architecture was available in this study.

Variation of inflorescence traits in F₁ progeny populations derived from chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium) cultivars ‘Yuhualuoying’ and ‘Aoyunhanxiao’ were investigated and the association between polymorphic SRAP markers and inflorescence traits was analyzed with One-Way ANOVA. The result showed that the 5 inflorescence traits segregated significantly in the F₁ population with coefficient of variation ranging from 15.32% to 49.70%, all fitting into a normal distribution. The association analysis between SRAP markers and inflorescence traits suggested that there were 10, 8, 4, 4 and 5 SRAP markers identified to be significantly related with flower diameter, number of ray florets, number of tubular florets, ray floret length and ray floret width, with the cumulative contribution ratio of 35.781%, 33.702%, 16.175%, 15.018% and 20%, respectively. However, the contribution ratio of each single genetic marker was relatively low, varying from 2.815% to 5.882%, which revealed that these markers were polygene with small effect. We anticipate that the proper utilization of these SRAP markers with relatively large contribution ratio, such as Me4Em1-3, Me4Em9-4, Me12Em3-1 and Me12Em16-5, in future gene-cloning studies would effectively improve molecular breeding program for inflorescence traits in chrysanthemum.

For better exploiting pomegranate resources in Sichuan and Yunnan, we analysed the DNA polymorphism of 42 pomegranate cultivars by AFLP markers.NTSYSpc-2.10 software was used to analyze and the result indicated that the genetic similarity coefficient (S_g) ranged from 0.712 7 to 0.925 4 with an average of 0.814 2; An analysis with PopGen32 software revealed that 362 bands amplified by 5 pairs of polymorphic AFLP primers had 235 polymorphic loci,the percentage of polymorphic bands was 65.66%. The effective number of alleles per locus (N_e),Neis gene diversity (H),Shannon information index (I) were respectively 1.260 7,0.160 3,0.253 1,suggesting that there was relative great genetic diversity among pomegranate germplasm in Sichuan and Yunnan cultivars.UPGMA method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. The 42 cultivars were isolated completely by 5 pairs of AFLP primers, with genetic similarity coefficient (S_g) 0.82 for the threshold value,and the 42 pomegranate cultivars in Sichuan and Yunnan were divided into four taxa,which showed genetic relationship among the 42 pomegranate cultivars in Sichuan and Yunnan at molecular level and would be helpful for future research and utilization of the pomegranate germplasm. Additionally, 18 specific bands were detected,which would be used as referential identification tags for the relevant 13 pomegranate cultivars.

To determine of plant water content on-line, a sensor, hydraulic, BD-Ⅱ sensor based on SWR (Standing-Wave Ratio) measurement principle was developed. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed technique, a comparative experiment between the developed sensor (BD-Ⅱ sensor) and a already established SF-L (SF Type Sap Flow Systems, Germany) was conducted over the past two years. The experimental results obtained from both instruments showed a good agreement (R²=0.76). Therefore, the proposed technique is a promising tool in dynamically monitoring plant stem water.

To determine of plant water content on-line, a sensor, hydraulic, BD-Ⅱ sensor based on SWR (Standing-Wave Ratio) measurement principle was developed. To evaluate the feasibility of the proposed technique, a comparative experiment between the developed sensor (BD-Ⅱ sensor) and a already established SF-L (SF Type Sap Flow Systems, Germany) was conducted over the past two years. The experimental results obtained from both instruments showed a good agreement (R²=0.76). Therefore, the proposed technique is a promising tool in dynamically monitoring plant stem water.

The olfactory response of Chinese tortrix (Cydia trasias) adults to volatiles of five plant species was tested with a wind tunnel. The volatiles were extracted from the branches of each plant species with HS (Head-space) , and then analyzed with GC-MS. Some substance contents of the five plant volatiles were also determined. The results showed that olfactory response of the Chinese tortrix adult to volatiles from the five species was different. The selectivity of Chinese tortrix to Sophora japonica and Sophora japonica cv. pendula was more than 80.0%, however, the selectivity to Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia pseudoacacia cv. idaho was lower than 40%. Acetic acid, phenyl-3-hexenyl ester and cis-3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene were the specific volatiles of Sophora, and they probably attracted C.trasias. 1-Octen-3-ol and 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-hexene existed in Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia pseudoacacia cv. idaho might have repellent effect to Chinese tortrix. The ratios of carbon to nitrogen were the lowest(1.09) in Sophora japonica and highest(3.36) in Robinia pseudoacacia. The preference feeding of C. trasias was probably related to the lowest carbon to nitrogen of Sophora japonica.

An elite variety of Eucommia ulmoides‘Huazhong No.8’female plant was selected through selective breeding of superior tree, survey and evaluation of afforestation and regionalization trail. It had characteristics of strong adaptability and early fructification, high and stable yield with high linolenic acid and gutta-percha in pericarp. It was fit for establishment of Eucommiaorchard for gutta-percha and linolenic acid produce.

Populus deltoides ‘Lux’ × (P. deltoides ‘Shanhaiguan’ × P. simonii) ‘Zhaiguan I’and Populus deltoides ‘Lux’ ×(P. deltoides ‘Shanhaiguan’ × P. simonii)‘Zhaiguan Ⅱ’are elite poplar varieties selected from Populus deltoides ‘Lux’ ×P. ‘Lu6’，‘Lu31’and ‘Lu69’. They are male, and grow fast with the volume close to the control. Their crowns are 1/2-1/3 narrower than wide-crown poplar. They are easy to root, and highly capable of resisting saline-alkali. They grow well in the medium and low saline-alkali soil with 0.3 percent of salinity content and pH 8～8.5. So they are new excellent agroforestry varieties, and suitable for north and eastern northwest China.