In this paper, a new stratified adaptive cluster sampling method is proposed based on the adjusted Horvitz-Thompson estimator with the network nonoverlapping strata.The mean and variance estimator are proved to be unbiased． Nine sampling methods were used for estimating the density of Hedysarum scoparium in Ulanbuh Desert edge in China，simple random sampling，stratified simple random sampling，adaptive cluster sampling based on the adjusted Hansen-Hurwitz estimator，adaptive cluster sampling based on the adjusted Horvitz-Thompson estimator，stratified adaptive cluster sampling I (ACSI) based on the adjusted Hansen-Hurwitz estimator with the network overlapping strata，stratified adaptive cluster sampling II (ACSII) based on the adjusted Hansen-Hurwitz estimator with the network overlapping strata，stratified adaptive cluster sampling based on the adjusted Horvitz-Thompson estimator with the network overlapping strata，stratified adaptive cluster sampling based on the adjusted Horvitz-Thompson estimator with the network nonoverlapping strata．The precisions of the nine sampling methods were compared．The result showed that the new stratified adaptive cluster sampling method based on the adjusted Horvitz-Thompson estimator with the network nonoverlapping strata was more effective than the others，and the sampling in stratified populations was more effective than the sampling in non-stratified populations．

The seasonal variation and the influence factors of emission fluxes of greenhouse gas (CO₂, N₂O and CH₄) from the soil ofLarix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Carex schmidtii swamp, Larix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium uliginosum-moss swamp and Larix gmelinii-Ledum palustre var. anjustum-Sphagnum magellanicum swamp were studied during the growing season by static opaque chamber-GC technique in Xiaoxing′an Mountains of China. The results showed that: 1）The patterns of seasonal variation of emission fluxes of CO₂ from the soil of the three forested swamp communities all were a single-peak curve, high in summer(651.4～823.6 mg·m^-2h^-1), lower in spring and autumn(233.3～310.0 mg·m^-2h^-1); That of Emission fluxes of N₂O from the three communities respectively were 0.010～0.049, 0.012～0.020 and 0.010～0.080 mg·m^-2h^-1, and their seasonal changes were in a order of summer ＞spring＞autumn, spring＞summer＞autumn, and autumn＞spring＞summer respectively; Emission fluxes of CH₄ from the three communities were -0.083～0.037,-0.122～0.078 and-0.05～0.026 mg·m^-2h^-1, that was the soil emitted CH₄in spring and autumn, absorbing CH₄ in summer; emitted CH₄ in spring, absorbed CH₄ in summer and autumn, and emitted CH₄ in spring and summer, absorbed CH₄ in autumn respectively in the three communities. 2）In the three communities, temperature of the soil (＜30 cm ) was the main affecting factors of CO₂emission; Higher temperature of the soil (＜30 cm ) and lower water table were the main affecting factors of N₂O emission; Water table was the main affecting factors of CH₄ emission; The soil with lower water table emitted CH₄, while the soil with higher water table absorbed CH₄. 3）During the growing season, the soils of the three forested swamps all were the sources of CO₂(20.8～25.2 t·hm^-2), higher in summer, and lower in spring and autumn; The soils all were the sources of N₂O (0.192～1.128 kg·hm^-2). The soil ofLarix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Carex schmidtii swamp emitted more N₂O than the other two. The soils of Larix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Carex schmidtii swamp and Larix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Vaccinium uliginosum-moss swamps both were strong sinks of CH₄ (1.152～1.200 kg·hm^-2), but the soils of Larix gmelinii-Ledum palustre var. anjustum-Sphagnum magellanicum swamp were a weak sources of CH₄ (0.168 kg·hm^-2). 4） The emission of greenhouse gases from the soil of Larix gmelinii-Betula ovalifolia-Carex schmidtii swamp was higher (CO₂:25.4 t·hm^-2) than others (CO₂： 20.8～21.2 t·hm^-2). The greenhouse gas all were composed of CO₂ mainly (99.63%～99.93%), few N₂O and CH₄ (0.19%～0.92% and 0.02%～0.10%).

A 5.2 hm²-plot was respectively established in a secondaryPopulus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest and secondary conifer and broadleaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountains. The gender of all reproductive individuals of Fraxinus mandshurica andPopulus davidiana in the plots were determined by observing reproductive organs (flowers and/or seeds) through binoculars within the study plots from April to October in 2006, 2007 and 2008.The relationships between sex ratios (male to females) and population density and local stand density were studied for the dioecious tree species, Fraxinus mandshurica andPopulus davidiana. The relationships between sex ratio and sample area, population density and stand density were studied using random-quadrat method. The density-dependent sex ratio was tested by GLM model. The results showed that, the numbers of males and females increased as increasing sample areas for the dioecious tree species, F. mandshurica and P. davidiana. Sex ratios exhibited significant density-dependent for the two dioecious species (P<0.001). Sex ratios decreased with increasing local stand density for F. mandshurica and P. davidiana. Sex ratios showed different responses to density of reproductive individuals and population density in different forest types. The sex ratios of P. davidiana decreased as increasing stem density of reproductive individuals and population density, and those of F. mandshurica increased as increasing stem density of reproductive individuals and population density in secondary P. davidiana-B. platyphylla forests. But contrary results were found in secondary conifer and broadleaved mixed forest. Thus, we concluded that density-dependent sex ratios depended on the species group of studied tree populations in the forests. The response of sex ratios for P. davidiana and F. mandshurica to density of reproductive individuals and population density was different in different forest types.

Larix principis-rupprechtii and Picea meyeri mixed forest is a typical mountain forest in northern China. Understanding the functional traits of the regenerated seedlings and saplings of these two species is a key to know the current understory regeneration pattern. Light environment (two light regimes, gap and understory with 100% and 40%-60% transmittance levels) was selected as the main factor and plant age (two level, 3-4 and 6-8 years old) as sub-factor. The gas exchange parameters, specific leaf area (SLA) and stem dry mass of the two species were measured to investigate the inter-specific variation at different ages in response to light. The results showed that there were significant differences in the gas exchange parameters, SLA and stem dry mass between Larix principis-rupprechtii and Picea meyeri. Picea meyeri showed a conservative resource use strategy in water relations and morphological traits, but a high carbon assimilation strategy in photosynthetic capacity. As light intensity decreased, the gas exchange parameters of Larix principis-rupprechtii increased and Picea meyeri had a negative response in stem dry mass. Meanwhile, as the tree age increased, Larix principis-rupprechtii did not respond to light in measured traits, while the stem dry mass and SLA of Picea meyeri decreased with light intensity, which showed a different response pattern from Larix principis-rupprechtii. Because of the concurrent effects of other understory factors, e.g., water availability, soil nutrients and competitions, the results should be further confirmed in future studies.

On the basis of field observation and sample plot survey, the fruiting status and basic properties of cones and seeds at different elevations of the Abies georgeivar. smithiiforest on the eastern slope of Sejila Mountain in Tibet were described, and the differences were compared with other species of Abies. The results indicated that the fruiting of Abies georgeivar. smithiihad a obvious interval period, and recurrent period of an abundant year in the natural forest was usually three years. Among different elevations, the proportions and numbers of the fruiting seed trees had big variation. The proportion of the fruiting seed trees was between 25%-80% and its average was 45%. The number of the fruiting seed trees was between 128-483 tree·hm^-2 and the average was 230 tree·hm^-2. The number of individual fruiting cones was between 24-366 and its average was 157.The fruiting characteristics of Abies georgeivar. smithiistand and the canopy were as follows: Trees in canopy layer and upper canopy fruited; the south side of canopy layer set relatively more fruits. By the comparison with other species of Abies, the cone length of Abies georgei var. smithiiwas shorter and its width was in the medium. The seed length, width and thickness of Abies georgeivar. smithiiwere smaller and seed number of individual fruit was higher. The result of multiple comparisons at different elevations showed that the development degree of cones and seeds was relatively higher at middle and low elevations, and the cones and seeds were bigger and the 1 000-grain weight, seed output and seed plumpness were better than that of higher elevation.

This study aims at revealing seasonal changes of soil respiration(R_s) without roots and its relationship with soil temperature and humility at 5 cm depth in a Pinus massoniana plantation in the Tianjiling National Forest Park (113°01′—113°02′ E, 28°06′—28°07′ N) of Changsha, Hunan Province, China. A trenching method, in which the roots existing in a given area were severed at the plot boundary but not removed, was used to determine the contribution of the root respiration to total soil CO₂ efflux. The R_s rates were measured from January 2007 to December 2008 by using infrared gas exchange analyzer of Li-Cor 6400-09. The results showed the rates of soil CO₂ efflux in the trenched and control plots ranged 0.25-2.33 and 0.29-3.19 μmol ·m^-2s^-1 respectively. The mean annual R_s in the trenched and control plots was 1.03 and 1.56 μmol·m^-2s^-1, respectively. The R_s rates in trenched plots were decreased by 12.2%～55.1% when compared with the control plots. Therefore, an annual value of the roots contributed around 28.3% of the total soil respiration. There was a significant exponential relationship between R_s in the trenched plots and the soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value, representing the sensitivity of R_s to soil temperature, was lower in the trenched plots (1.82) than the control plots (2.10), The Q₁₀ value of root respiration was estimated 2.94. There was no significant relationship found between the R_s rates in the trenched plots and the soil humility, however relationship between the root respiration and the soil humidity could be well described by a linear equation: y=0.019w+0.209, R²=0.154，P＝0.023.

The different proportions of fermented bark medium (fermentable bio-fertilizer) were mixed into the saline-alkali soil with Krilium (HPMA) for improving saline-alkali soil. Linum usitatissimum and Sorghum bicolor were grown in the modified soils with different proportions of mixtures (0∶1; 4∶1; 2∶1; 1∶1, of the medium to the saline-alkali soil) with HPMA. The results showed: 1) The modified saline-alkali soil had a reducing tendency in pH value and electrical conductivity. In treatment 4（1∶1 with HPMA）, pH value decreased to 8.8, which was 1.7 units lower than that of the control saline-alkali soil and was close to non-saline-alkali soil (pH 8.3); The soil electrical conductivity in treatment 4 was 481.4 μS·cm^-1, which was 21.7% lower than that of control saline-alkali soil (614.5 μS·cm^-1). Addition of the fermented bark medium obviously increased the soil organic matter and ascending height of soil capillary water. 2) The addition of the fermented bark medium remarkably increased the growth of seedlings although different plants had different heights in different treatments. 3) Additions of the fermented bark medium all increased contents of soluble sugars, and obviously declined the contents of free proline of the plants. The changes increased with increased proportions of fermented bark. The results showed that the fermented bark had a significant role in decreasing the saline-alkali soil stress on plant growth. The more fermented bark medium proportion was added, the remarkable effect was obtained in improving the saline-alkali soil. In view points of economics, the treatment 2 (4∶1 with HPMA) showed the better efficiency for saline-alkali soil improvement.

In this paper poplar741 and Pb29 transgenic poplar741with Btcry1Ac gene were grafted as scion and stock mutually, to investigate whether mRNA and protein of Bt gene would be transported between the stock and scion by means of RT-PCR and ELISA techniques. The result of RT-PCR test showed that mRNA of Bt gene was not detected in the branch and leaf of poplar741 no matter its material was used as scion or stock, which suggested that mRNA of Bt gene was not transported between the stock and scion. The result of ELISA test showed that Bt toxin protein was detected in the leaf, phloem, xylem and pith of poplar741 in the grafted plants, which demonstrated that Bt toxin protein was transported between the stock and scion in the grafted plants. To find out any influence of grafting on larvae of Clostera anachoreta, the larvae were fed indoors on the leaves of grafted scion. The results showed that grafting the poplar741 to transgenic ones could increase the death rate, extend the larval developmental period of C. anachoreta, and express certain resistance to insects.

Two genetic integrated maps of Populus adenopoda × P. albawere constructed using FsLinkageMap 2.0 and JoinMap 4.0 softwares in this study. On recombination ratio=0.245, two frame maps were all composed of 20 groups (containing more than 4 markers). There was significant difference in the map distances between two frame maps and the codominant marker order of the map constructed by JoinMap4.0 was more congruous with the Populus consensus map than that by FsLinkageMap2.0. The estimated genome length was 2 695.56 cM and covered 93.34% of the total length of the genome of Populus adenopoda × P. alba. Two maternal maps constructed with FsLinkageMap 2.0 and MapMaker 3.0 had thirty-two pairs of corresponding linkage groups which were built up with 113 common markers. The codominant marker order of the map constructed by FsLinkageMap2.0 was more coincident with the relative marker position in the poplar whole genome than that by MapMaker 3.0.

In order to investigate the effects of exogenous SacB gene & BADH gene on Lespedeza formosa under drought stress, potted plants of ordinary and transgenic L. formosa were used as materials. All plants were cultured under the same conditions and then were treated with drought stress. The tolerance to drought was compared among the 3 types of plant materials (two transgenic and one ordinary). Proline, betaine, soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonalohyde (MDA) and chlorophyll were measured when the 3 types of plant materials were subjected to drought stress. The results showed that there were no any significant differences in the aforementioned indexes among the 3 material types of plants before drought stress. With the decrease of soil relative water content, the transgenic plants accumulated higher levels of proline and soluble sugar than non-genetically modified control plants. The BADH-transgenic plants accumulated higher level of betaine than SacB-transgenic and control plants. There was no significant difference in SOD activity among 3 material types although they showed higher SOD activity with the increased severity of water deficit. The levels of MDA in plants expressing SacB gene or BADH gene were lower than non-genetically modified plants under drought condition. The levels of chlorophyll in transgenic plants were higher than non-genetically modified plants under water deficit condition. Response of the field plants to natural drought stress further validated that the transgenic L. formosa had higher tolerance to drought stress than non-genetically modified plants.

Carpinus putoensis is an endangered species native to Zhoushan Islands in eastern China. In this study, the biological characteristics, including flowering behavior, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, seed germination and seedling growth, were observed and measured to investigate reasons for the endangerment. The results showed that there were only 6 days overlaps of stigma receptivity with pollen dispersal. Male flowers were quite evenly arranged in different part of crown while female flowers were concentrated in the upper and central crown. Approximately 52.4% of pollens were able to germinate. The pollens survived for only around 6 days in room temperature, however, the pollen viability could last about 10 days after dry storage at 4 ℃. Moreover, there were significant differences in physiological traits of seed between individuals. The seeds of the original mother tree were much better than those of the F₁ generation. The seed could be well stored in mixture with perlite indoor. Additionally, the lateral buds would sprout out and become leading after the apex shoots were damaged. Seedlings grew fast in the period from mid-July to late August. Two-year-old seedlings had heights of 52-76 cm, caliper of 0.69-1.05 cm and the survival rates of 76.8%-100.0%.

To interpret the patterns of genetic variation of photosynthesis and the relationships with growth traits within gene resources of Populus nigra，gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of 108 genotypes originated from different areas of Europe and China were measured. The results showed that there was abundant genetic variation for traits of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in P. nigra. The genotypes originated from China and the U.K. had relatively higher photosynthesis rate (P_n)，while genotypes introduced from Hungary had the highest quantum efficiency of photosystem II centers (F_v/F_m). The measured traits were found to have generally high broad sense heritability (H²) with considerable variation coefficient. Stomatal conductance (G_s) and electron transport rate (ETR) might be the crucial factors that influence photosynthetic ability of P. nigra. Parameters including P_n，intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) (C_i)，G_s and ETR were expected to be potentially applicable for the evaluation of photosynthetic efficiency in P. nigra. Emphasis should be put on the genotypes introduced from Serbia and other countries of Southern and Eastern Europe in further breeding research that aims at high photosynthetic efficiency in poplar.

In this work, we investigated roles of endoproteases (EP) and main anti-oxidant enzymes in water deficit stress (WDS)-induced senescence in cut roses. Our results showed that 24 h WDS shortened vase life by 16.4% and 36.9% in ‘Sunny leonidas’ and ‘Sun stone’, respectively. WDS increased MDA content and the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves and petals of both cultivars. WDS also enhanced activities of metallo proteinase, thiol proteinase and serine proteinase. When water available (WA), morphological appearance of ‘Sunny leonidas’ was restored better than ‘Sun stone’. Compared to the latter, ‘Sunny leonidas’ had lower MDA content of leaves and petals and delayed increase in activities of all three anti-oxidant enzymes. Serine proteinase was a major EP during WA in both cultivars, however its activity increased more rapidly and sharply in ‘Sun stone’ than in ‘Sunny leonidas’. It was suggested that anti-oxidant enzymes and EP were involved in the response of cut roses to WDS, and serine proteinase might be the major EP functioned in WDS.

Aromatic components and their changes in katy apricot fruit were analyzed in various developmental period under different cultivation condition by a static headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Results showed that sixty-two kinds of aromatic components were detected in katy apricot fruit in the green ripen period, the commercial ripen period and the full ripen period under different condition. The main aromatic components were alcohols and esters. Species and contents of the aromatic components were significantly different in fruit various developmental period. The main components were alcohols in green ripen period, however were esters in commercial ripen and full ripen periods. The field-cultured katy apricot fruit had higher aromatic contents than the greenhouse-cultured one. Katy apricot fruit had relative high esters contents, which included acetic acid, hexyl ester, (Z)-butanoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester and butanoic acid, hexyl ester, etc. The esters contents gradually increased with fruit maturation. The character impact components of katy fruit were acetic acid, butyl ester, acetic acid, hexyl ester, butanoic acid, ethyl ester, butanoic acid, butyl ester, hexanoic acid, ethyl ester, propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, hexyl ester, 1-hexanol and 3-hexen-1-ol.

An investigation of soil animal guilds and their ecological characteristics in North Guangdong was conducted after ice-snow damage in 2008.The results showed that soil animals were divided into three guilds based on their feeding function, i.e. saprozoite, phytophage and predacity, of which the saprozoite was predominant guild in biomass compared with other two guilds. The phytophage had more numbers of individuals than the others. Olgiochaeta were the dominant group. The soil fauna showed a distinct characteristic of surface accumulation in their vertical distribution. The variety of index(DG) from high to low was as follows: conifer-broad-leaf mixed forest in middle sub-tropical，evergreen broad-leaf forest and evergreen-deciduous mixed forest. The Shannon-Wiener index(H) from high to low was distributed as follows: evergreen broad-leaf forest，evergreen-deciduous mixed forest and conifer-broad-leaf mixed forest. And the Pielou evenness index(E) was evergreen-deciduous mixed forest，evergreen broad-leaf forest and conifer-broad-leaf mixed forest. However the Simpson dominance index(C) was evergreen-deciduous mixed forest，conifer-broad-leaf mixed forest and evergreen broad-leaf forest. The soil depth significantly influence the big soil animal ecological index and functional guilds (P<0.01). Litter amount in stock was significantly corrected with biomass of soil animal community(P<0.05).

The paper selected twenty mixed stands of Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis and Picea jezoensis plots as studys example establishing in Forestry Center of Jingouling in Wangqing Forest Bureau of Jilin Province. At first, four nonlinear basal area equations were evaluated using ordinary regression analysis to develop a local model with better precision. The nonlinear mixed model was constructed based on the local model and simulated data. Taking into account different plot effect, the convergence mixed model, in which the values of -2log Likelihood, AIC and BIC are the smallest, was considered as the best model in fitting process with SAS software. Then, within-plot time series error autocorrelation of basal area data and cutting intensity which were expressed with dummy variable were taken into account in mixed model. Finally, the precision of mixed models was compared with the precision of conventional nonlinear ordinary regression analysis method based on validation data. The study showed that the precision of Schumacher form model was higher than that of the other three models due to the consideration of stand density index. The fitted effects of mixed model approach were better than that of ordinary regression analysis. First-order autoregressive error model in explaining time series error autocorrelation of basal area not only improved simulated precision, but also described error distribution of sequence observation data. The precision of mixed model considering plot random effects, time series error autocorrelation and cutting intensity is better than that of ordinary regression analysis method.

This article studies the relationship among Pilodyn penetration, wood basic density and wood fiber property based on 79 Larix kaempferi in order to provide indirect estimate index of the wood property genetic improvement of Larix kaempferi. The result shows that there is remarkable difference among Pilodyn penetration, wood basic density and wood property on south and north directions. The Pilodyn penetration has significant negative correlation（-0.454--0.587）with the wood basic density in the same direction，the same with the late wood fiber property（-0.329--0.447）, but has common negative correlation with the early wood fiber property（-0.015--0.137）. We set up a path graphics between Pilodyn penetration and other wood indexes and get the new model which is retrenched from the old model and keeps 85% information. In the new model，the wood density contribution is 46.71%, the growth contribution is 24.47% and the rest is the late wood fiber length, 28.82%. We constitute linear regression equation of Pilodyn penetration and the wood density，the result shows that the coefficient of determination of south directions (0.425 3) is higher than north directions（0.209）and the estimation precision of linear regression equation in south is 98.05％, in north is 97.80％, which means that it is feasible and dependable to estimate the wood density of Larix kaempferi with the upper model.

The antioxidant capacity of essential oils obtained by steam distillation from four bamboo species of the Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys pubescens, and Dendrocalamus latiflorus, were evaluated using the DPPH assays. The yield of oils from the leaves of the four species was variable with the greater amount obtained from Bambusa vulgaris（0.827%）, and the least from Phyllostachys pubescens（0.391%）. The chemical compositions in bamboo leaves were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that 168 chromatographic humps were gained. 132 kinds of composition were identified. The major volatile components detected and identified by GC-MS were also variable. A major volatile was 3-methyl-2-butanol, detected in four bamboo species（maximum in Dendrocalamus latiflorus at 46.25%）.Other major components detected were 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 2-hexenal, 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, phytol, benzeneacetaldehyde, nonanal, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2（4H） benzofuranone and isophytol. In the DPPH assays, strong antioxidant capacity was evident in all the oils but the greater antioxidant capacity was shown by that obtained from Bambusa vulgaris （IC₅₀=2.705 mg·mL^-1） compared to Bambusa multiplex（IC₅₀=3.442 mg·mL^-1）. Antioxidant capacity was positively correlated （r=0.91） with the concentration of essential oils. The data indicated that essential oils obtained from various bamboo leaves may play an important role in functional foods and in the preservation of pharmacologic products.

In this paper, we reviewed the basic theory and procedures of this technology in using stable isotopes of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). In addition, we illustrated how information on global climate changes can be extracted from C, H and O stable isotopes in tree rings. The integrated technology of stable isotope analysis may be better to predict future trends in global climate change.

This paper reviewed the impact of climate changes on tropical forests in recent decades. The following areas aspects were focused: 1) Climate changes in tropical regions; 2) Changes in the geographic distribution of tropical forests; 3) Changes in growth dynamics of tropical forests; 4) Changes in biodiversity and composition of tropical forests; 5) Variation of carbon storage in tropical forests.

This paper summarized the study progress in mechanisms for plant responses to exponential fertilization technique in the nursery and in the field. 1) Exponential fertilization regime promotes nutrient uptake and nutrient load efficiently; 2) In the process of the exponential fertilization, biomass and nutrient content increase significantly as nutrient supply increases during the nutrient deficiency phase; higher internal nutrients reserved during the luxury nutrient consumption phase, and toxicity occurs if applied nutrient quantities exceed the optimum level; 3) The exponential fertilization regime promotes nutrient retranslocation after transplantation, due to high nutrient reserves in the seedlings reared in this regime, which is good for establish of the transplanted seedlings. There are much researches on the exponential fertilization regimes abroad, and in the future this technique should be studied in China to help promote seedling quality.

The ber fruit fly, Carpomya vesuviana, is quarantine pest in imported plants and a quarantine forest pest in China, and is obligate to infect jujube plants. The larva bores into and eats the flesh of jujube fruits, which greatly reduces the quality of jujube fruits and causes serious economic losses. This article summarizes the taxonomic status, distribution, host, biology, ecology and control measures about C. vesuviana, and projects its future research.

Remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies play increasingly important role in ornithology study, including habitat evaluation, habitat modeling and monitoring programmes and in achieving overall wildlife conservation and management objectives effectively, especially with a large range of scales and for remote regions where few habitat studies have been undertaken to date due to difficult to access but those studies are urgently needed. In this paper, satellite-based imageries, methodologies in acquisition of satellite information, and application of GIS in avian habitat study were reviewed. In order to improve the quality of inference and for comparative analyses, some improvement suggestion was proposed based on the analysis of selection of source and time of satellite imageries, and approaches of information acquisition and bird ground survey.

This paper briefly expounded the composition factors and its characteristics of the wooden visual environment，and introduced the semantic differential method on the investigation of subjective impression. Then it clarified the application of the physiological indices such as heart rate variability(HRV)，dynamic blood pressure(DBP)，electroencephalogram(EEG)，cerebral blood flow(CBF) and their application in the influent research of wooden visual environment. This paper also summarized the research progress and the experimental results of the psychological and physical effect in wooden visual environment. Furthermore，it discussed the comprehensive analysis methods and estimation approach about wooden visual environment on human，and raised application concepts of logical relation equation group，fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and support vector machine method，and established the basic strategy of the relation models among physical factors of wooded visual environment，visual psychological quantities and psychological and physiological quantities. Finally，it prospected the relative problems and future works about the human influence in wooden visual environment.

With the rapid progress of figure and computer technique, there are some new development in non-destructive testing(NDT) technique and equipment of ultrasonic tomography, stress wave tomography, resistance photography, ground penetrating radar and X radial. This paper reviewed the application of NDT method to the evaluation of decay of standing trees, and the testing equipment currently used in NDT of trees and logs. The study may provide reference for the application of NDT technology to the evaluation of the decay of standing trees.

Halocnemum strobilaceum and Kalidium foliatum are two dominant species in halophytic plant communities in Xinjiang. The strong adaptability to salinity is probably related to the characteristics of their root systems. The field investigation and laboratory analysis were used to examine the distribution patterns of root systems, the water content of different diameter roots, and the ion contents in soil, root xylem and cortex of the two halophytes. Results showed that the roots of H. strobilaceum and K. foliatum vertically distributed as deep as 70 and 80 cm soil layers, and most roots distributed in 30-60 and 20-50 cm depths respectively. Roots horizontal distribution of the two species all exceeded 140 cm. The distribution pattern of root fresh weight in soil was similar to that of root length density. pH value, and the contents of salt and water in different edaphic layers may influence the pattern of root distribution. As for H. strobilaceum, the root length of diameter less than 0.3 cm accounted for only 10.33% of total root length, and the mean water content in root cortex with the root diameter from 0.3 cm to 0.5 cm was highest (78.10%). As for K. foliatum, the root length of diameter less than 0.2 cm was 7.81% of total root length, and the mean water content in root cortex of the root diameter from 0.5 cm to 0.6 cm was highest (68.01%), suggesting that the high water content in root cortex may contribute to the adaptability to saline. In both species, the contents of Cl^-, SO^2-₄, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ in root cortex and xylem were relatively high and positively correlated with these ions in soil. With the exception of Ca²⁺, the contents of other ions were insignificantly different (P>0.05) between root cortex and xylem. It is suggested that the high content of Ca²⁺may promote plants adapting to the saline soil.

One-year-old semi-hard branches and hard branches from mother trees of feijoa at different ages were used to study the relationships between rooting characteristics and anatomical structure of the cutting and their development process of adventitious roots by the method of paraffin section. The results showed that no marked difference in rooting ability of the cuttings from mother trees with different ages was found, but there was difference in anatomical structure between hard branches and semi-hard branches from the same age tree. The cuttings of semi-hard branches were easier to root than the hard branch cuttings, probably because the two materials had different rooting characteristics. The adventitious root of feijoa cuttings is derived from a type of induced root primordium, which originates from the junction of vascular cambium and pith rays. Most roots were produced in a range of 0.1-2 cm from the cutting end. Callus tissue could not produce root primordia. There were cyclical and sequential sclerenchyma cells in the phloem and no root primordium in the stems. These structure features may be one of main reasons that feijoa cuttings have low rooting rate.

Korean pine plantations in Heilongjiang Province were severely damaged by some species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). These species have similar feature and characteristics so that they were easy to be confounded. To clarify biological and ecological characteristics as well as the damage of these species, we carried out an investigation combined with laboratory experiments for identifying them. It was found that there mainly were two species, i.e. D. sylvestrella and D. abietella attacking Korean pine cone. The detailed biological, ecological and damage characteristics of the sibling species were described. The result showed that only one larve of D. sylvestrella was usually in one cone, and the larva could transfer from a cone to a twig for further damage, and the attacked cones produced much more turpentine without rotting. However, one cone was attacked by several larvae of D. abietella, and the larvae did not transfer from cone to twig for futher damage, and the damaged cones by the species were usually rotten.