Vegetation is one of the most sensitive environmental factors in the scenic area ecosystem influenced by tourism activities, and also the focus of the ecological environment research. 6 main trails have been chosen and 21 investigation belt transects have been set up in Mount.Jiuhua scenic area. Each sampling belt from near to far in the direction of trails is followed by four consecutive quadrats, and each quadrat area is set to 1 m² .Targets of the vegetation have been recorded, such as types, quantities, heights, and coverages. Index of plant community impact, plant diversity and importance values of anthropochory have been used for analyzing and counting the obtained investigation targets. Besides, multiple comparisons and Pearson correlation of SPSS13 were prepared for testing significances and correlation on the results. The results are as follows :1)The coverage and the average height of plant community increase gradually as the distance increases along the tour roads, and the differences are significant( P <0.05);the more distant that is from the trails, the smaller the changes of floristic dissimilarity are; index of plant community impact decreases from near to far in the direction of tour roads; 2)Index of plant community diversity, evenness and dominance have relation with the intensity of tourism activities.The greater the intensity is, the more significant the changes are; 3)Among all species of the investigated plant, the species of anthropochory account for 19.49%, large quantities of anthropochory appear in the quadrats near trails, and reduced significantly in quadrats away from the trails, anthropochory important value distribution reduce gradually along the trails to the internal; 4)The number of tourists showed a positive correlation with the degree of impacts on plant communities,the degree of which decline as the distance increases along the tour roads, but the differences are not significant( P >0.05); 5)The impacts of tourism activities on plant community also have relevances with the elevation and slope of investigation belt transects.

How to decrease the damage rate of residual standing trees in the selective cutting sites is quite important for forest land owners to reduce the wood production waste and to develop and utilize forest resources in a sustainable way. The damage rate of residual standings in a selective cutting site with conifer-broadleaved forest in Xiaoxing’anling Forest Region, which was caused by chainsaw felling operations, was studied through modeling analysis and case study. At first, after the theoretical system analysis for influencing factors according to data, the mathematical modeling(RDM)was established, which described the impacts of harvesting intensity(HI), the initial stands density(SD)and stem volume of each tree planned to be cut down(VTPC) to the damage rate of residual standing trees(DRRT)in the operation sites. Secondly the theoretical model was tested, verified and validated by a practical case study in Dongfanghong Forest Farm of Dailing Forestry Bureau in Xiaoxing’anling. The research results showed that the model(RDM)was valid with high correlation between two group data for describing DRRT and HI, SD and VTPC, e.g. one group from modeling simulation and another one from case study site survey. The results also indicated that DRRT was changed following HI in a parabola curve and following the time of SD and VTPC in a linear trend,and the three-dimensional(3D)curve surface for describing DRRT and HI, SD and VTPC was simulated according to survey data. The case study demonstrated that the loggers could decrease the DRRT around 9% by controlling the tree felling direction. At last the suggestions for reducing DRRT have been proposed according to the modeling analysis and case study results.

Twenty plots in natural spruce-fir forests, after initial selective cutting with different intensity (control, 20%, 30%, 40%), were set to study effects of the different cuttings on stand growth and structure in a few year when the second cutting was conducted, and changes of stand growth and structure in different recovery periods with 2-4 more cuttings after the initial cutting were analyzed in this paper. Results showed that the annual growth rates of stand DBH and volume after the initial selective cutting were higher than that of un-cutting control stands. After the initial cutting they gradually increased, and then the rates began to decline in 4-6 years, until to the next cutting. The annual growth rate of stand volume in the plots with the initial cutting of 20 % was not significantly different from the plots with cutting intensities of 30 % and 40 % in 6 years, but the annual growth rate of DBH in plots with the cutting intensity of 40 % increased significantly. The annual growth rates of stand DBH and volume in plots with the cutting intensity above 30 % were relative high with maximum value of 2.6 % and 8.7 % respectively. The annual growth rates of stand DBH and volume were higher in plots carried out with 2-4 reasonable cuttings than that of plots with only one cutting or no cutting, and the annual growth rates of stand DBH and volume in 2009 reached to a maximum value of 3.6 % and 5.5 % respectively. The stand diameter class distribution in all the plots with the initial cutting changed from inverse J-shaped to asymmetric single or multi peak curve over the time. With reasonable cutting cycles (in about 8 years) and intensity (about 20 %), stands after 2-4 cuttings could keep a better diameter class structure. By fitted to a negative exponential model, the values of parameter K and a for all plots mainly presented a reduction trend over the time after selective cutting.

In this study, the false color images of visible and near-infrared spectra of FY3/MERSI data were used, combined with other digital maps of regional land use, vegetation type and distribution of forests. The multi-channel data were classified into 4 categories: forest, winter wheat, water and bare land, by visual interpretation and unsupervised classification. These features were then analyzed their spectral statistical characteristics of visible and near-infrared spectra. Based on all of these analyses, the multi-channel data were classified by using four supervised classification, namely parallelpiped, minimum distance, mahalanobis distance, Maximum Likelihood. After the feasibility of the forest classification was analyzed, the classification accuracy was assessed with digital forest map, and then the distribution of forests in the study area was determined. The results showed that the classification obtained by the Maximum Likelihood method had the highest accuracy, which was 85%, followed by the Minimum Distance and the Mahalanobis Distance method, and the results obtained by the Parallelepiped method were the worst. On the whole, with combining supervised classification and unsupervised classification method. It was found that extracting the macro distribution of forest resources with MERSI data was feasible, and the extracted distribution of forest resources in Shanxi Province of this study was accurate, therefore it could be a effective means for macro monitoring of regional forest resources.

A new approach based on Gaussian error function back-propagation(Erf-BP)neural network was developed to analyze mixture pixels and was applied in forest area in Anji County, Zhejiang Province. The study results showed that Erf-BP model was superior to unconstrained linear spectral mixture analysis model and maximum likelihood method. Through collecting sample plots from the high-resolution satellite imagery to evaluate accuracy, the results showed: the total accuracy yielded 89.2% for the Erf-BP model, and RMSE was approximately 39% lower than unconstrained linear spectral mixture analysis model.For forest information extraction, the accuracy yielded 86% for the Erf-BP model, and RMSE was approximately 40.6% lower than unconstrained linear spectral mixture analysis model. At the same time, compared the area percent of each endmember estimated from the three methods with forest resource inventory data, the results showed the accuracy of Erf-BP model (RMSE=4.18%) was slightly higher than maximum likelihood method (RMSE=7.90%) and obviously higher than unconstrained linear spectral mixture analysis model (RMSE=18.75%). Erf-BP model was a feasible method to extract remote information of different forest types, even of different tree species.

A provenance test forest of Pinus massoniana was established in 1984, and the major growth parameters were respectively measured at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 years to detect the genetic variation in major growth traits among provenances and to evaluate the selection effect at different test age. Genetic variation in DBH, plant height, and volume index among provenances was detected, and the result demonstrated that the degree of variation was increased with the testing age. The variation coefficient at 25-years was 94.85%, 47.66% and 355.68% for DBH, plant height and volume, respectively. These results provided insights into the strategy of the provenance selection of P. massoniana . Although the trait value and the rank based on major traits were correlated significantly between different selection ages, the selection at too early age might lead to false-selection or miss-selection for some potentially superior provenances. Based on this result, to obtain the correct selection rate of 90%, the appropriate selection age for P. massoniana provenance test should be in 10-15 years, and the selection intensity should be >20% gain for volume index, or 30%-40% of provenances being selected.

Vegetable traits are a major target of genetic improvement on chrysanthemum (Dendranthema morifolium) cultivars. Heterosis and genetic analysis of vegetative traits such as plant height, plant crown, and leaf type will provide a very important guidance for chrysanthemum breeding program. In this study, genetic analysis was carried out for eight vegetative traits of chrysanthemum based on phenotypic data collected in 2008-2009 from 142 plants of a F₁ population derived from the crossing between creeping ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivar 'Yuhualuoying’ (female parent) and erect potted chrysanthemum 'Aoyunhanxiao’ (male parent) by using single generation segregation analysis method of major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model. The result indicated that the 8 vegetative traits were widely segregated in F₁ population with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 11.54% to 41.89%. The phenomena of heterosis and extra-parent segregation existed generally in F₁ pogeny. Compared with mid-parent value (MPV), the heterosis value of mid-parent (H_m) of the 8 investigated vegetative traits, except leaf width, showed a significant difference (P=0.01). The mixed genetic analysis suggested that plant height, leaf length and width were fitted to A-0 model and no major gene was detected; plant crown was fitted to A-2 model with an additive effect, and the heritability of major gene was 78.61%; the ratio of plant height to crown, the raito of leaf length to width, and length of flower neck accorded with B-2 model with an additive-dominant effect and their major gene heritability was 40.33%, 45.19% and 99.56%, respectively. The inter-node length fitted A- 4 model with a negative complete dominant effect with major gene heritability of 51.46%. Detection of these major genes controlling the vegetative traits would provide a theoretical basis for the further study of QTL analysis and molecular marker assisted breeding program for elite vegetative traits in chrysanthemum.

In order to investigate the changes and the characteristics of proteins during somatic embryogenesis of Xanthoceras sorbifolia, two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to study the changes of protein expression at different development stages of somatic embryogenesis, such as non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), globular embryoid, torpedo embryoid, cotyledonary embryoid and regenerated plant which were obtained from seed embryos of X. sorbifolia. The results showed that the protein components were the fewest in NEC, and increased gradually during somatic embryogenesis. The protein components decreased when the plant was being regenerated. Particular proteins spots of pI/MW (molecular weight) were found at the different development stages. Particular proteins spots of pI / MW could be the characteristic protein for the particular stage. Protein spot of 23.0 ku (pI 6.9) was observed at the EC developing stage. Protein spot of 27.1 ku (pI 7.5) was observed at the torpedo embryoid developing stage. Protein spot of 25.1 ku (pI 6.6) and 26.2 ku (pI 6.6) were observed at the cotyledonary embryoid developing stage. Protein spot of 23.2 ku (pI 9.5) was observed at the regenerated plant developing stage.

Histopathological changes of Cotinus coggygria inoculated with Verticillium dahliae were observed by using paraffin sections and optical microscope photography. The results showed that the different parts of C.coggygria had different infection levels, with leaves the highest (18.83%), and branches the lowest (6.72%). After inoculation, the hyphae initially invaded the elongation zone and mature zone of roots, and then appeared in the intercelluar space cortex parenchyma cells within 1-3 cm of the root tip, and further went into vessels of the roots, then reached leaves through the vessels of stems and branches finally. V. dahliae mainly occurred in vessels of xylem in the form of hyphae, however it did not appear continuously. In order to prevent expansion of the pathogen after infected, wall of the vessel was thickened, inner diameter of the vessel was decreased by accumulating jelly and tylosis generated in the xylem, or even the vessel was totally blocked. When the C. coggygria was infected, the vessel walls, parenchyma cells and cortical cells were thickened, the inclusions of pith, resin canals and secretory cells nearby increased, the jelly appeared in the parenchyma cells and wood rays. Although parts of vessels were blocked with hyphae, jelly and tylosis to different extent, most of the vessels were healthy and were able to function water transport normally. The partial block of vessels sometime caused plants wilt, but the plant managed to maintain almost normal activities.

This paper systematically compared variations in antioxidant systems and physiological responses to SO₂ fumigation between a SO₂-resistant clone of poplar (Populus×euramericana cv."74／76") and its ordinary clone. The resistant clone expressed significantly stronger resistance to SO₂ than the ordinary clone. Under SO₂ fumigation, the resistant clone maintained relative higher net assimilation rate and had higher survival rate in comparison with the ordinary clone. Under 12 mg ·m^-3 SO₂ concentration fumigation, the resistant clone reduced by 13% while the ordinary clone reduced by 56%. The resistant clone had (P<0.01) 16% higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and 24% higher reduced glutathione (GSH) content than the ordinary clone. Moreover, the size of stomata of the resistant clone was larger, with a lower density in comparison with the ordinary clone. The resistant clone had thicker cuticle than the ordinary clone. The results suggested that higher SOD activity and GSH content in the resistant clone played an important role in resisting atmospheric SO₂ pollution.

Effects of nutrients and acidity on production of tannin and other organic matters in branchlets of Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings were studied. The results showed that, nitrogen fertilizer application significantly decreased total phenolics, TP, extractable condensed tannins (ECT), nitrogen contents and ECT ∶N ratios. The result lends support to source-sink theory such as the carbon-nitrogen balance (CNB) theory and the growth-differentiation (GDB) theory. Phosphorus fertilizer application had no significant effects on TP and ECT contents. TP contents increased, and ECT contents remained unchanged with the increasing of pH. But starch, chlorophyll a, carotenoid, nutrient contents and chlorophyll a/b ratios decreased significantly. Accordingly, TP ∶N and ECT ∶N ratios significantly increased. The discrepancy of relationship between nutrition with TP or ECT indicated that the biosynthetic route of different tannins were different. In this study, there was no significant correlation between TP and N, or ECT and N, which did not support protein competition model (PCM). TP ∶N and ECT ∶N ratios were higher under nutrient deficiency conditions, which was one of the important nutrient conservation strategy for C. equisetifolia.

In this study, a liquid medium for culturing poplar endophytic Chaetomium globosum ND35 was optimized with an orthogonal design of L₁₆(4⁵). Physical and chemical characteristics of antifungal substances from C. globosum ND35 were preliminarily analyzed by pH paper chromatography and Jack’s eight solvents system paper chromatography as well as UV-Vis spectrum. Bioactive fractions in crude extracts were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their inhibition to Valsa sordita was examined in agar plate. At the same time, dynamics of the antifungal substances in liquid culture were also tested. The results showed that an optimal medium was obtained with 1% dextrose, 1% sucrose, 0.5% beef extract, 0.02% ferrous sulfate, 0.01% vitamin B₁, pH 7 value. Both intracellular and extracellular substances of liquid cultured mycelia had antibiotic activity, with good heat stability. The antifungal substance were of weak polarity, and able to be easily dissolved in organic solvent, but hard in water relatively. C. globosum ND35 antibiotics had a maximum absorption peak at 221 nm, composed of four components which all showed antifungal activity to Valsa sordita. Analysis of growth dynamics showed that output, absorbency, pH and inhibition rate of the antibiotics were continuous changing in the liquid fermentation process.

In order to clarify the change characteristic of Hylobitelus xiaoi population, a field observation was conducted in 11 plots in Wuyishan scenic region from 2005 to 2007, and the collected data were used to further analyzed the relationship between population and environmental factors by using an integrated correlative method. The selected forest factors had marked influence on Hylobitelus xiaoi population dynamics( R =0.861 9, P <0.001), and their importance was in an order of coverage, slope location, slope direction, tree height, elevation, close degree and forest age. Similarly, the selected climatic factors had remarkable influence on Hylobitelus xiaoi population( R =-0.530 9, P <0.05), and among them the mean humidity played the most important role, followed by total rainfall, mean temperature, maximum temperature difference and air pressure. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between diameter of pine breast height and Hylobitelus xiaoi population, and the pest seemed to mainly attack the pines with the diameter ranging 21~60 cm. These results suggested that the ambient factors had important effects on Hylobitelus xiaoi population, and the integrated correlation could be a practicable and innovative method for analyzing of environmental effects on the pest population.

In order to compare the wind-preventing effect of three patterns of wind flow field, horizontal and vertical wind speed changes was studied under the condition of tunnel, with the "two-row in one-belt pattern" in arbor sand-fixing forest and with the coverage of 20% and 25%, and the experimental wind velocity was set 10 and 15 m ·s^-1,respectively.The result indicated that:a complex wind flow field formed under four centimeters in height in three kinds of configuration mode,the field structure was composed of the wind shadow and the wind speed acceleration areas. The "two-row in one-belt pattern"with the coverage of 25% was better than that with the coverage of 20%.The change of wind speed showed the same pattern at different heights in the three different patterns. They were able to be divided into three layers—micro-level changes(1.54H and 2H),significant change in layer(0.46H and 0.92H),and stable changes in layer(0.06~0.12H).The effect of reducing wind speed of three patterns showed that the windbreak effect of the D=4H(H is the spacing interval between the forest belts),L=4 cm(L is row spacing)was better than D=5H,L=0.08 m and coverage of 20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),and the last two modes had the same effect.

By using the space substitution of time method,the forest soil physical and chemical properties in the burned areas, which burned from 1982 to 2007, were investigated. The unburned nearby areas served as the control. This study was conducted in Betula platyphylla-Larix gmelinii mixed forests in Daxing'anling area. The results showed that: soil bulk density increased after being burned, soil porosity and soil water content reduced after being burned. But the variation gradually reduced with time, and the parameters eventually returned to close to the level of the unburned in 20 years; Soil organic matter in A and B layer in the burned area had a descending trend, and the decrease rate in A layer gradually slowed down with time until the 20^th year by which the soil organic matter was more than the level of the unburned. Soil total phosphorous content in A and B layer in the burned area basically showed an increasing trend, and soil total nitrogen in A layer had the same variation trend, while the nitrogen in B layer fluctuated over the years after being burned, without any apparent regulation. Soil effective phosphorous basically showed an increasing trend, but the change rate in A layer with time gradually reduced, and that in B layer had no obvious regulation. Soil hydrolysis nitrogen content in A layer increased, but its variation in B layer had no regulation. Soil available potassium did not show any regulation. The purpose of this study is to find out the change pattern of the soil physical and chemical properties with time after being burned. This study would provide a scientific basis on ecological restoration and land reclamation in burned areas.

The structure and mechanism of cooperation between paper industry and forestry are researched,in order to provide a theoretical support for the practical implementation of Chinese forestry-paper integration (FPI).First of all,the development trends of FPI organizational pattern and operating mechanism are researched.Then,the symbiosis modes and characteristics of FPI green supply chain (GSC) are analyzed.On these grounds,GSC operation models of FPI are researched on macro and micro levels,according to symbiosis theory and circular economy principle.As a result,an operating mechanism model of FPI three-chain symbiosis is established,which includes resources chain,eco-chain and value chain of GSC.Afterwards,the model is further unfolded to construct a model of GSC substance cycles.It is concluded that supply chain system is the development trend of FPI organization,and green symbiosis is an effective operating mechanism of FPI.For realizing the green symbiosis,resources chain,eco-chain and value chain not only circulate severally,but also are interwoven together,and promote with each other,to form a green symbiosis mechanism for cooperated development.Each of the three chains plays an important role in GSC:resources chain as a foundation,eco-chain as a support,and value chain as a motive power or a bond.Neither of them is dispensable.

It is helpful of finding the regular of development of China plywood industry on the industrial cluster study as the most of plywood products are from industrial cluster area in China. Base on Marshall’s external economic theory and Porter’s"diamond"model of industrial clusters and on systematic analysis to their forming factors in the article, their forming regular was discovered that the cause of four large plywood cluster was basically action of market spontaneity and government guidance, which characteristics was decomposition of producing section, independent of accessorial section, and specialized products mix. The phenomenon of two instability ends (veneer end and panel end) during producing was found and several suggestions were put forward.

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an essential component of forests. However, quantification of both the storage and carbon stock of CWD in a given environment requires long-term studies conducted for collecting viable data, which is a fairly labor-intensive work. As a result, the storage and carbon stock of CWD in forest ecosystems are not clear. In this review, we attempt to compile all available estimates of CWD storage and carbon pool in a variety of forest ecosystems over the world. Global studies on CWD storage in various forest ecosystems found the highest CWD storage in temperate coniferous forests ranging 30-200 t ·hm^-2, and the lowest in broad-leaved forests ranging 8-50 t ·hm^-2. Also, global stores of carbon in CWD approximately range from 75 to 114 or 157 Pg. The CWD storage data varied substantially with stand age, decomposition stage and management practice (e.g. thinning, clear-cutting and prescribed burning). More extensive investigation of CWD in forest ecosystems is needed to develop a functional understanding of relationships between CWD, stand structure, species attributes and disturbance history. Further long-term studies on CWD storage and carbon pool sizes in a variety of forest types are required at larger scales in order to be able to evaluate accurately the ecological value of CWD in forest ecosystems.

In order to know the present situation of research on theories of fluids penetrating wood overall and systematically, the paper presents a summary of the main styles and flowing theories of fluids in porous medium, the main penetrating channels of fluids in wood, and the main theories and experimental methods of research on fluids penetrating wood. Several major development directions of research on theories of fluids penetrating wood are also put forward. Advanced technologies are supposed to be adopted to observe dynamically during the whole continually process of liquids penetrating wood in the experimental observation on the research methods aspect, and more rational models of wood simple structure for fluids penetration, especially liquids penetration should also be established for exacting description on penetrating channels with less parameters. The mature theories and methods used in the heat and mass transfer, liquids permeability of construction material such as cement, stone and brick, soil and rock oil underground to establish the planar or three-dimensional theory model which conforms to the practical process of liquids penetrating wood unsteady are predicted in the theoretical studying. The two methods are suggested be combined to describe the mechanism of fluids penetrating wood qualitatively and quantitatively.

Based on data of the seventh national investigation of forest resource and multiple-years consecutive observation by the long-term Ecological Research Station affiliated to the Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), the forest ecosystem services in China was evaluated by using the method of 《Specification for assessment of forest ecosystem service in China》(LY/T 1721—2008),which was published by State Forestry Administration in 2008. The results showed that the total value of the forest ecosystem services in China was 100 147.61×108yuan ·a^-1 in 2009, and the value of the service functions of forest ecosystem was in an order of water conservation＞biodiversity protection＞C fixation and O2 generation＞soil conservation and fertility maintenance＞air purification＞nutriment accumulation. This research also assessed the value of forest ecosystem services in different provinces in China. The forests in southwest, northeast and south of China had relatively higher total valuation of forest ecosystem services. The forest ecosystem services in north China generally had higher total valuation than in the south. The value per unit area in the southern coastal areas was more than in the northwest and central region. This research could provide the scientific basis for the policy of sustainable development and the protection of forest resources.

The seed germination rate, germination index, germination value, vigor index, growth of radical and hypocotyls and activities of protective enzymes of Atriplex canescens were investigated under NaC1 and Na₂CO₃ stresses. The results showed that: 1) While low NaC1 concentration (0.05 mol ·L^-1) promoted the germination rate, germination index and germination value of Atriplex canescens seeds, high NaCl, as well as Na₂CO₃, inhibited these parameters, and the inhibition was aggravated with the increasing salinity. Under Na₂CO₃ stress, seeds were not able to germinate at 0.25 mol ·L^-1 Na+ concentration. The osmotic stresses were the dominant factor to inhibit those three parameters in seed germination period. 2) The length and growth rate of hypocotyls and radical, and vigor index under NaCl treatment were 1-5 times higher than Na₂CO₃ treatment, which suggested that high pH value was the main factor to affect the seedling growth. 3) At low concentrations of NaCl treatment (NaCl≤0.1 mol ·L^-1), SOD and POD in Atriplex canescens seeds played the principal role, while at high concentrations of NaCl treatment (NaCl＞0.1 mol ·L^-1), the POD and CAT were the principal factor. The changes of protective enzymes of the seeds in low concentration Na₂CO₃ stress were to the same as that under low concentration NaCl stress. POD maintained a high activity only in high concentration of Na₂CO₃ treatment, however, POD activity started to decline when the Na+ concentration was higher than 0.2 mol ·L^-1. For all above factors the injuries imposed by Na₂CO₃ stress were greater than by NaCl stress.

To investigate gene diversity and expression pattern in Camellia Sect. Oleifera, 454 GS FLX platform and Titanium regent were used to produce expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from flower buds of 3 Camellia species. A total of 5 920 499 ESTs were generated. Clustering those sequences twice by Cap3 produced 15 733 contigs and 20 606 singlets in C. oleifera , 19 397 contigs and 26 882 singlets in C. chekiangoleosa , 14 779 contigs and 25 389 singlets in C. brevistyla . The GC gradients in 3 transcriptomes basically followed a normal distribution. In additional all contigs and singlets were functionally categorized into GO(Gene Ontology) categories respectively.

The gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) was cloned by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) method from the leaf tissue of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis . The gene was designated EuHMGR1 and its GenBank accession number is GQ915611. The full-length EuHMGR1 cDNA was 1 955 bp, containing a 1 560 bp open reading frame(ORF) which encodes a peptide of 519 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55 ku. The predicted EuHMGR1 showed 74%,72%,72%,70% and 70% identities with Cyclocarya paliurus,Gossypium hirsutum,Hevea brasiliensis,Tilia miqueliana and Nicotiana tabacum by Blast P on-line NCBI. Tissue expression profile analysis by Real-Time quantitative PCR indicated EuHMGR1 expression was the highest in branch, followed by leaf and no expression in root. Through constructing the prokaryotic expression vector pQE-30-EuHMGR1 into Escherichia coli M15 strain, the recombinant EuHMGR1 protein about 55 ku was successfully obtained by IPTG induction.

A potting experiment in greenhouse was conducted to study the effects of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) on the photosynthetic parameters, including net photosynthesis rate( P _n)、transpiration rate( Tr )、chlorophyll content and nitrogen content in leaves of poplar seedlings ( Populus × euramericana 'Guariento’). Six treatments were set, i.e. , four different dosage MSS as follows: 30 t ·hm^-2(LS), 60 t ·hm^-2(MS), 90 t ·hm^-2(HS), 120 t ·hm^-2(SS), and inorganic compound fertilizer 0.45t ·hm^-2 (F) and control (without application of sewage sludge and inorganic fertilizer). The results showed that the P _n and Tr in treatment F were greatest with 22.59% and 3.57% higher than those of control treatment, respectively. With the increase of MSS dosage,the chlorophyll and nitrogen contents in leaves tended to increased, but the P _n and Tr had a decreased. Treatments LS,MS,SH and SS treatment led to a decrease in P _n by 13.10%~37.03% and 29.11%~48.63%, and the Tr by 14.31%~31.38% and 17.27%~33.74%, respectively, compared with control and F treatment. Furthermore, the stomatal limitation ( L_s ) decreased with P _n decrease, suggesting that the decrease of P _n might be mainly caused by nonstomatal limitation. Our results suggested that the above changes in photosynthetic and the related physiological characteristics of poplar seedlings might be induced by the interaction between nutrition level and heavy metal in MSS.

The fatty acid compositions and their contents in lacquer wax and oil of Chinese lacquer and Japanese lacquer seeds were measured by using Thermo Finnigan Trace DSQ gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to compare the variations of wax and oil between the two species. The main aims of this study were to further develop and utilize the abundant wild lacquer seed resources, to obtain important renewable chemical raw materials and deep-processing products which would replace imported Mineral wax. The results showed: The main fatty acids of the two species were Tetradecanoic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic(z) acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic(z,z) acid, Eicosanoic acid etc. Three fatty acids with the highest wax content were palmitic acid, oleic acid and satiric acid, accounting for over 97.69% of total fat in the two lacquer wax. The lacquer seed oils of both two species were mainly composed of 11 fatty acids, among which, linoleic acid content was up to higher than 56%. There were little differences are shown in the fatty acids composition and their contents between the two species.

The effects of slope position on growth and nutrient status were investigated in the artificial wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest of Hedysarum Laeve (6 a) in semi-mobile dune of Horqin sandy land by comparing with natural abandoned land(the department with 50 m adjaceut in same slope). Results showed that: slope affacted the growth status significantly. The height, numbers, canopy density, coverage density, survival rate in downhill were higher than those in uphill and midslope, and ground diameter in upslope was higer than downslope and midslope. The growth status in downhill and uphill was better than midhill. In the downhill, average height was 79.01 cm, plant density was 64 567 hm^-2, canopy density was 0.253, coverage was 0.314, and survival rate was 82.43 %. Organic matter and hydrolyzable nitrogen in the soil depth of 40~60 cm were influenced obviously the slope and the values were higher in downhill, respectively being 0.38 % and 20.5 mg ·kg^-1. The roots of Hedysarum Laeve mainly distributed in that region. However, the content of available potassium and available phosphorus was lower in the well growth condition. The comprehensive evaluation of the growth and nutrient status of Hedysarum Laeve in different position of slope was that downhill was the best, next came uphill and midhill in sequence.