In this paper, ground coverage and the soil water-holding capacity of Zhegu alpine treeline ecotone in Miyaluo forest region of western Sichuan were studied using belt transect method. The results showed that maximum water holding capacity of ground coverage was 33.55-140.03 t ·hm^-2 with a trend of dark-conifer forest> timberline>treeline >dense shrub > apline meadow > sparse scrub. Maximum water holding capacity of litter was significantly higher in dark-conifer forest than in shrubs and meadow. Interception capacity of ground coverage in timberline was most obvious; from the perspective of modified interception amount, moss and litter layers were both dominant in the dark-conifer forest, the moss layer was dominant in the treeline and timberline, the litter layer was dominant in the shrub, interception capacity of herb layer, moss layer and litter layer in alpine meadow was all similar. Maximum water holding capacity of 0-30 cm soil layer was higher than 2 000 t ·hm^-2 with a trend of dark-conifer forest> timberline > sparse scrub >dense shrub≈ apline meadow>treeline. In 0-30 cm soil layers, non-capillary moisture capacity was 575.89-801.46 t ·hm^-2 with a trend of dark-conifer forest> sparse shrub> treeline> dense shrub> timberline> apline meadow.

Based on data from forest relief maps and field investigations, landscape scenarios in Xiaokelan forest region of Altai Mountains in Xinjiang were analyzed by using the TELSA (tool for exploratory landscape scenario analyses) and VDDT (vegetation dynamics development tool), which were introduced from North America. Five different simulation scenarios representing 5 different management approaches were established and analyzed by integrating disturbances from nature and human, and management treatments. In scenarios without disturbance, the pastures and unused lands were the main landscape types in this area, and Larix sibirica forests predominated in the tree landscape type during the simulated period of 80 years. The TELSA can successfully and clearly simulate the changes in landscape type, area, age composition, regeneration manner, and the simulated result has relatively higher visibility. The relative importance of adverse interference factors on landscape dynamics changes was sorted as following: grazing (36.50%) > fire (28.76%) > diseases and insect pests (23.68%) > wind (6.48%) > trampling and recreation (4.58%). The importance of positive interference factors on landscape dynamics changes was sorted as following: closing the land for reforestation (28.91%) > natural regeneration with artificial promotion (23.94%) > returning grazing land to forest and reforestation (17.81%) > fire prevention (14.04%) > disease and insect pest controlling (11.00%) > cleaning of fallen wood (4.29%). We believe that TELSA can be used in the forest regions which are similar to the Xiaokelan forest region in China, and our simulating results would provide a guide for developing management plans and practice in this area.

To explore patterns of plant diversity along altitudinal gradients on the west slope of Sejila Mountains, Tibetan, vegetation of different altitudinal gradients were investigated. Furthermore, we analyzed the reason of plant diversity patterns along altitudinal gradients. The results showed that there were 288 species, which belong to 58 families and 163 genera, on the west slope. There were four vegetation types, i.e. coniferous forest(3 000~3 200 m), dark coniferous forest(3 300~4 200 m), open forest or scrub(4 300~4 400 m), and alpine meadow (4 400~4 800 m) from low to high elevation. The altitudinal pattern of family, genera, species, shrubs, and herb species richness showed a double-humped pattern, while trees richness first increased and then decreased with increasing elevation, peaking at the altitudes of 3 300 m. Maximum values of Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index occurred at the altitudes of 3 300 m, while maximum β diversity occurred at the altitudes of 3 500 m, and three diversity indexes were all the lowest at the altitude of 3 700 m. The altitudinal patterns of the ratio of number of species/number of genera and number of genera/number of family also showed a double-humped pattern, but the ratio of number of species/number of family increased with increasing elevation. We also found that the number of stems decreased with increasing elevation, maximum values of basal area and maximum DBH occurred at the altitudes of 3 900 m, while it occurred at the altitudes of 3 600 m for maximum height. The correlation analysis between species richness and environments showed that species richness was negatively correlated with elevation, and was positively correlated with slope aspect. The relationships between species richness and altitude and slope aspect could be described by different regression equations.

The fruit shell of Camellia oleifera is a by-product in extracting oil from the frnit. The by-product is usually burnt. In this paper, antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruit shell was investigated to offer further information to its development and utilization.Crude water extract of the fruit shell was used as raw material,and three fractions were obtained by extracting it with ethyl acetate and butanol.The total polyphenol contents of the crude extract and the three fractions were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu method. With ascorbate (Vc) used as the control, the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay, TEAC assay, FRAP assay and T-AOC assay,respectively. The results showed that the extracts from the fruit shell had strong antioxidant activity. The four assay methods produced the same results. Their antioxidant activity was ranked in an order of ethyl acetate fraction＞butanol fraction＞crude extract＞water fraction.Moreover,the antioxidant activity of extracts were correlated with total polyphenol content.

Growth and physiological mechanism for ornamental crabapple in re-sponses of to soil drought stress and re-watering was investigated, and some growth and physiological parameters for evaluating drought resistance were selected. Changes in leaf relative water content(RWC), water weight loss(WWL), ratio of shoot growth(SGR), special leaf dry weight (SDW), net photosynthesis(P_n), transpiration(T_r), stomatal conductivity(C_s), water use efficiency(WUE), relative electric conductivity (REC), proline content(PRO), soluble protein content(SPC) and drought injury index(DI) of 13 ornamental crabapple cultivars were examined under soil drought stress by withdrawing water and then re-watering in potting plants. Drought resistance of ornamental crabapple cultivars was evaluated synthetically by cluster analysis. The results indicated that soil drought stress reduced significantly RWC, SGR, WWL, P_</em>n, T_r and C_s, increased significantly DI, WUE and REC, but had no consistent effects on SDW, PRO and SPC in ornamental crabapple cultivars. Drought resistance of ornamental crabapple cultivars were divided into 4 classifications by cluster analysis. 'Belgian Erect’ and 'Royalty’ were the strongest drought-resistant, followed by 'Belgian Weep’,'Kelsey’ and 'Sparkler’, and then by, 'Radiant’ and 'Snowdrift’, while 'Red Splendor’, 'Red Jade’ and 'Indian Magic’ belonged to the lowest drought-resistance. It proved that there was a significant differences in resistance to the soil drought stress among the ornamental crabapple cultivars.

With poplar clone (Populus×euramericana cv. '74/76’) as the research object, this paper investigated the variation of stem sap flow, transpiration rate(T_r) and leaf water potential(LWP) during the growing season(June to September). The experiment set two experimental sites:one was 4-year-old poplar clone, and the other was 6-year-old. There were 3 treatment levels in each site: the CK(unpruned), Pl(1/3 crown was pruned) and P2(2/3 crown was pruned).The results showed: 1) The flux and velocity were P1>CK>P2 during dry season(June to August).But, in wet season of September, the flux and velocity were CK>P1>P2.The Flux and velocity of P1 were almost same between drought or wet months, which indicated that the stem sap flow of poplar was maintained at a certain low level by proper pruning and the capability of counteracting drought observably was increased after the pruning. 2) The order of transpiration rate(T_r) and leaf water potential(LWP) was CK<P1<P2, which suggested that the physiological capability of individual leaf in maintaining water balance was observably improved by pruning.

Effects of GA₃, IBA as well as different cultivating temperature on scale cutting propagation were studied in Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Elite’. The results indicated that low concentration of IBA(IBA-80 mg ·L^-1-1 h)was better for improving propagation coefficient and produced higher uniformity of bulblets. IBA treatment promoted enlargement of bulblets within a short period. However, when the culture duration was long enough, GA₃ was better for producing larger bulblets. With low temperature (5 ℃) pretreatment IBA accelerated the degradation of starch and the utilization of soluble sugar in the mother scales, further improved scale propagation coefficient and average grade as well as single bulblet diameter. But GA₃ with the low temperature pretreatment inhibited the starch degradation in the mother scales and the utilization of soluble sugar in the bulblets, resulting in the bulblets grew slowly. Under the condition of this experiment, IBA-100 mg ·L^-1-1 h with low temperature both 5 ℃ pretreatment was the best treatment for improving the propagation cofficient and uniformity of bulblets, and GA₃-100 mg ·L^-1-2 h with even 25 ℃ culture was most conductive to expansion of bulblets when cultured in a constant temperature of 25 ℃, which was the best treatment to obtain the excellent individuals.

As the core component of RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), Argonaute (AGO) proteins play an essential role in plant development and cellular metabolism. Our previous studies suggested that a predicted gene from Populus trichocarpa genome sequence, POPTR_0001s22120.1, was preferentially expressed in adventitious root development of Populus cuttings. In this study, the target cDNA clones were isolated from the cDNA library prepared from adventitious roots of P. × euramericana and P. deltoides using RT-PCR technique, respectively. The two cDNAs were both 2 809 bp, and would encode for polypeptides of 907 amino acid residues with the molecular mass around 102.31 ku and 102.34 ku, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 9.34 and 9.7, respectively. There is difference in seven distinct amino acid residues between the two deduced proteins which contain 3 conserved domains: DUF1785, PAZ and Piwi, and share 64.8% and 64.3% identify with AtAGO5 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. They were, therefore, named as PeAGO5 and PdAGO5. Phylogenetic tree revealed that PeAGO5, PdAGO5, AtAGO1, AtAGO5 and AtAGO10 were assigned to the same clade. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that PeAGO 5 was differentially expressed during adventitious root development in hardwood cuttings of the poplars, indicating that PeAGO 5 would be involved in adventitious root development.

In this study, a full-length cDNA encoding PtSUS 1 was isolated from the cDNA library prepared from mature xylem zone of Populus tomentosa by the RT-PCR method. The cDNA is 2 703 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) which encodes a protein of 805 aa. The deduced protein sequence of the PtSUS 1 shares 83.4％, and 75.7％ identity with Arabidopsis thaliana AtSUS 1 , and Oryza sativa OsSUS 1 , respectively. Tissue differential expression detected with Realtime-PCR indicated that the PtSUS 1 transcripts were the most abundant mRNA products in mature xylem, medium in mature leaf, root, and developing xylem, scarcer in the phloem and cambium, and the scarcest detected in young leaf and apical shoot meristems. The genomic sequences of PtSUS 1 in 40 individuals were aligned, compared and analyzed using the software of MEGA4.0 and DnaSP4.50.7. A total of 235 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and the frequency and diversity of SNPs were 1/25 bp and 0.009 24, respectively. There were 66 SNPs detected in the coding regions of PtSUS 1 , of which 55, 10 and 1 are silent, missense, and nonsense mutations, respectively. In coding region of PtSUS 1 , the nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions (π_nonsyn) was markedly lower than π_syn, with the π_nonsyn/π_syn ratio ＜ 1, suggesting that diversity at the synonymous sites of exon regions resulted from strong purifying selection.

Sixty core EST-SSR primers, among which 59 were newly developed from the ESTs of tea plant, were selected and used to analyze genetic diversity and genetic structure of 51 landraces of tea (Camellia sinensis and C. sinensis var. pubilimba) distributed in Guangxi, China. A dendrogram based on genetic distance was constructed from software PowerMarker 3.25 using Neighbor-Joining clustering method. Two hundred and thirty-two alleles were amplified, and the number of alleles per primer ranged from 2 to 7, with an average of 3.88. The observed heterozygosity (H_</em>o) ranged from 0.02 to 0.92 but expected heterozygosity (H_</em>e) varied from 0.13 to 0.73, with average of 0.37 and 0.47, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.41. The genetic similarity coefficient among eight different regions was from 0.83 to 0.94, indicating there were close relationships among tea landraces in the different regions. Most of the diversity (98%) was found within populations, only 2% was between populations of C. sinensis and C. sinensis var. pubilimba. It was suggested that serious inbreeding occurred within the groups as shown by the coefficient of inbreeding (F=0.21). The 51 landraces from the different regions were grouped into three. Most tea landraces from Guilin, Laibin and Hezhou, and all from Qinzhou and Wuzhou were clustered into group Ⅰ of the dendrogram, while those from Chongzuo, Fangchenggang and Nanning were assigned into group Ⅲ. Other landraces were assigned into group Ⅱ. The results from Neighbor-Joining clustering method agreed with that from the model-based analysis of genetic structure.is

Grown for both its fine timber and medicinal use, Cyclocarya paliurus is a monotypic genus of Juglandaceae, and is an endemic plant to China. However, the seeds remain deeply dormant in natural condition. In order to assess the dormancy mechanism of the seeds, a germination test of both isolated embryos and seeds were conducted with different treatments, and water and gas permeability of the husk, as well as the bioassay and identification of extracts from different seed fractions were measured. The results showed that C. paliurus seed scarcely had embryo dormancy, and the dormancy of the seed was mainly attributed to its pericarp and seed coat. The mechanical and permeability barrier of pericarp and seed coat had a negative effect on germination to a certain extent, but seed dormancy of C. paliurus was mainly due to the inhibitory substances in the pericarp. The bioassay results indicated that the inhibitors were distributed in all the fractions of the seeds, and the inhibition activity was found as the following: pericarp>seed coat>intact seeds>embryo. Methanol extract of the pericarp was further separated by the method of systemic solvents, and a bioassay of the separated fractions showed that the ether phase had the strongest inhibitory effect. Analysis of GC-MS revealed that the maximal component in ether phase of the pericarp was vanillic acid, accounted for 35.09%. The results from this study systematically illustrated the dormancy mechanism of C. paliurus seeds for the first time, and would provide some theoretical bases for breaking the seed dormancy in practice.

Root biomasses, of average individual tree, and in rhizosphere between rows in 20-year-old Pinus massoniana forests with five different planting densities were measured by total root excavating and soil auger methods. The results showed that total root biomass of the average individual tree decreased with increasing planting density. Biomasses of different root diameter classes ranked as root stake > thick-root > large-root > medium-root > small-root, among which root stake and thick-root accounted for more 90% of total root biomass. Root Biomass of different diameter classes in rhizosphere between rows ranked as medium-root >fine-root >small-root. The effect of planting density on biomass decreased gradually from medium-root, small-root to fine-root. Under the five planting densities, major roots distributed in 0-30 cm upper soil, accounted for more than 82% of total root biomass. Root biomass in rhizosphere between rows decreased with increased soil depth in all planting densities. Mathematic models showed that root biomasses of different classes of average individual tree were correlated to stand average breast diameter, average height and planting density. The correlation coefficients were all above 0.8 except for small-root. The root biomass of different classes in rhizosphere between rows was also correlated to planting density.

Litter mass and the distribution pattern in 4 different microhabitats under 5 kinds of Karst forest vegetables (Lithocarpus confines+Itea yunnanesis,P1; Platycarya longipes+Itea yunnanesis,P2; Platycarya longipes+Quercus aliena,P3; Platycarya longipes+Rosa cymosa, P4; Platycarya longipes+Rhamnus hetrophylla,P5) in Puding, Guizhou, were investigated and calculated. Hydrological characteristics of the litter, such as the maximum water storage capacity, water absorption speed curve and the abilities of restraining soil water vaporization were studied. The result showed that the thickness of litter was between 2.7-13.7 cm on the forest floor, while the litter mass was between 4.9-9.1 t ·hm^-2. The maximum water storage capacity ranged from 1.608 to 3.445 kg ·kg^-1, with P5>P4,P3>P2>P1. The relationship between the water absorption speed of litter and immerse time was fitted to equation of V=at^-b. The soil evaporation speed was evidently reduced by the coverage of litter. The thicker the litter as, the lower the speed was. The abilities of restraining soil evaporation by litter under 5 different forests were significantly different. P1 and P5 were highest, followed by P4, and then P2 and P3.

This field experiment was conducted in a 12-year-old Chinese fir plantation. Four levels of nitrogen, that is N0 (0 kg N ·hm^-2a^-1), N1(60 kg N ·hm^-2a^-1), N2 (120 kg N · hm^-2a^-1) and N3 (240 kg N ·hm^-2a^-1), were annually added with three replicates in each level. After seccessive two-years additions of the nitrogen, the annual litterfall production was estimated to be 1 164.10, 1 147.30 and 2 599.50 kg ·hm^-2 , respectively for N1, N2 and N3 treatments, compared with 976.47 kg ·hm^-2 for the control (N0), indicating that the low-to-medium N loads (N1 and N2) increased litterfall amount significantly, while high levels of N deposition (N3) decreased the quantities to some extents. The concentrations of C and N in fallen leaves increased with the increasing nitrogen deposition, but C/N ratios decreased gradually from 65.55 (N0) to 65.38 (N1), 61.77 (N2), and 53.77 (N3). The annual C flux through litterfall to the forest floor was estimated at 474.70, 544.07, 538.55 and 474.02 kg ·hm^-2, and the annual N at 7.21, 8.56, 9.03 and 9.04 4 kg ·hm^-2, and the P at 1.17, 1.24, 1.32 and 1.09 g ·hm^-2; respectively, for the above four treatments (N0, N1, N2 and N3). The annual N flux responded positively to the increased nitrogen loads, C and P fluxes were promoted by N1 and N2 treatments, but inhibited by N3.

Based on the tree volume and above-ground biomass data of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) plantation of Guizhou Province in China, population average models for province-level estimation and region-specific dummy variable models and linear mixed models were established at first. Secondly, the differences between two specific models for central region and other region and population average models were compared and analyzed, and the predictions of various models were conducted on fit data and validation data. The results showed that the region-specific models and population average models were not significantly different for tree volume and above-ground biomass estimation, and dummy variable models and linear mixed models were not significantly different too. The models constructed in this study would provide quantitative basis for monitoring and assessment of forest stock and biomass of Masson Pine plantation, and the method used here might provide a feasible approach to construct generalized models with specific parameters.

By using LI8100, measured the soil respiration rate and soil temperature in a conifer-broadleave forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountain. By using the model of Q₁₀, the author studied the sensitivity of soil respiration rate to soil temperature. The result showed that after select cutting Q ₁₀ value were higher than that in no cutting land. Higher intensity select cutting(60%,71%) made high sensitivity of soil respiration to soil temperature. This phenomenon was the result of the response of three partitioning respiration to soil temperature. Litter layer respiration had less sensitivity to soil temperature. Root respiration and mineral respiration had higher sensitivity to soil temperature.

Through field survey and a review of the relevant literature, the basic biological information about Carpomya veusuviana was collected. The suitability analysis software, CLIMEX and GARP, combined with ArcGIS were used to analyze and predict the potential geographic distribution of C. veusuviana in China. The integrating analyses results shows there is a wide potential distribution for C. vesuviana. The primary suitability regions include the most parts of Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Henan, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan. The secondary suitability regions include north and south Xinjiang,eastern part of Linhe in Inner Mongolia, south Ningxia, part of Gansu next to Xinjiang and the transect districts of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi, Geermu City and Dulan County of Qinghai, north Shanxi, north Hebei, part of Jilin next to Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, the middle parts of Sichuan, eastern parts of Chongqing, Motuo County and Chayu County and Cuona County of Tibet, West Hubei, West Hunan, north Guizhou, north Zhejiang, north Guangxi, north Guangdong, west Taiwan. According to the quantitative methods of the pest risk analysis, the risk level of C. vesuviana to the different regions in China was evaluated. The result shows that C .vesuviana is a highly dangerous pest to jujube in China. It will potentially threaten the development of jujube in China.

Massicus raddei was a new outbreak pest in the northeast of China. To analyze the distribution pattern of the pest, some oaks (Quercus liaotungensis) in 5 plots were anatomized. The results showed that in the tree with all tops dieback, the larvae mainly lived in oak trunks below 4m and the pupae distributed in 1-4 m of the trunk, and in the tree with partial dieback the larvae mainly lived in the trunk below 6 m and the pupae were 3-7 m. The amount of larvae was positively correlated with the bark thickness, as well as with the trunk diameter. The pests were only found in the trees until the bark thickness was more than 0.47 cm and the trunk diameter was more than 9.02 cm,. Larvae of low instar mainly lived on sunny part of trunk phloem, while most of pupae lived in xylem. In the current year, when the eggs were hatched, and until next June, the larvae fed in phloem, larvae begun to bore into xylem in June, the boring reached to a in July and August, and most of them entered xylem in September. The relationship between Number of the wormhole below 2m of the trunk was positively correlated with trunk diameter at breast height, and was negatively correlated with the highest height of living branches. The larvae occurred the most between 4 to 7 m of the height of the highest living branch.

Based on an investigation conducted between 1991-1992 in 21 Masson (Pinus massoniana) and Black pine (Pinus thunbergii) plots unattacked by pine wood nematode (PWN) in Zhoushan islands of Zhejiang province, the 21 plots were divided into 7 types of succession by SPSS fuzzy clustering with the importance values of regeneration tree species. A comparative analysis was conducted 17 years later between the previous investigated data and a set new survey data collected between 2007-2008 in representative plots of 7 types of succession, integrated with tree species composition, dynamic characteristics, eco-biological characteristics of pine, plant structure, soil, elevation and other factors. Thus, recent pine forests were developed into 8 vegetation types, including deciduous broadleaved forest dominated by Quercus fabric, Liquidambar formosana; evergreen mixed with deciduous broadleaved forest dominated by L. formosana, Q. fabric and Castanopsis sclerophylla or Lithocarpus glaber, Symplocos setchuensis and Q. variabilis; conifer mixed with broadleaved forest dominated by Pinus massoniana, Dalbergia hupeana and Albizia kalkora; deciduous broadleaved forest with sparse density which is dominated by L. formosana or Celtis sinensis; sprouted shrub community dominated by Q. fabric and evergreen shrub community occupied by Eurya japonica etc.. The results showed that the natural succession direction of PWN slash could be defined and judged to some extent. Thus, according to different succession trends, site conditions and cultivation purposes, restoring measures, such as closing forest, artificial afforestation and some other ways, should be adopted as soon as possible. Simultaneously, in the future forestry management, through the papers finding and the former investigation and classification, the succession process and sequence could be deduced and diagnosed quickly. Consequently human intervening and programming could be applied based on different succession directions as soon as possible after the pine wilt disease occurred.

Six natural stands of Schima superba with latitude and elevation gradient were selected in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces to study individual phenotypic variation in stem form,bark morphology and wood properties, as well as effect of latitude and elevation on these traits. The purpose of our experiment was to provide a theoretical basis for the further exploitation and utilization of within-species variation of S.superba. The results revealed various types of bark traits and wood color among natural stands of S.superba. There were significant differences in stem form, bark type and wood basic density, but not in wood texture distortion degree among different stands. In contrast, the largest within-stand variation in wood texture distortion degree and the lesser within-stand variation in stem fullness, stem straightness and wood basic density were observed. Radial analysis in wood property showed that wood basic density decreased from pith to bark gradually. The ring width was increased at first but followed by reduction, and remain constant during 15^th to 25^th rings. Results also demonstrated that natural stands from higher latitudes exhibited higher stem fullness and straightness, thinner bark and lighter wood color relatively, whereas no clear regularity were observed for other characters. The effect of elevation was more significant in comparison with latitude, as increased trunk fullness, thinner and smoother bark, as well as decreased trunk straightness, ring width and wood basic density were observed in natural stands from higher elevation. The individual correlation analysis based on two natural stands from different elevation in the central production region showed that the correlation among traits were quite different and depending on different elevation of stands. In high elevation stands, bark traits could be used as good morphological indicators for wood properties and diameter growth. Individuals with higher stem fullness usually exhibited less wood basic density, as well as bark with lighter color and smooth surface. At the same time, individuals with higher stem straightness and dark bark usually exhibited faster grew speed in diameter. For stands from low elevation, bark thickness was demonstrated to be a good indication on wood basic density and other traits, as decreased wood texture distortion degree and increased wood basic density were observed in individuals with higher stem straightness, lighter bark color and large DBH increment.

The composite material of bamboo charcoal pottery(BCP)was made from pottery and bamboo charcoal powder as the major materials, which was manufactured by mixing, shaping, drying, calcining, testing and analying process. BCP was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared radiation, raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area test to get the crystal structure, pore structure, adsorption,infrared emissivity, and others. The results showed that: Bamboo charcoal particles embedded in the clay matrix and kept their origin mesoporous structure. In addition the Bamboo charcoal particles bear the structure characterization of graphite. The BCP prepared in this manuscript possesses larger specific surface area and its pore structure is dominated by mesoporous.It could be absorb noxious gases such as formaldehyde and benzene efficiently. A certain amount of bamboo charcoal can improve the far-infrared emissivity of BCP.It is higher than the pottery and bamboo charcoal. Through analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we can conclude that the essence of BCP with high infrared emissivity is due to the double-frequency absorption, molecular group vibrations, rotation and lattice vibration.

Feasibility of manufacturing wood-waste tire rubber composite(WRC) panels with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate adhesives(PMDI) and urea-formaldehyde(UF) combination binder system was investigated. The study on correlation of independent variables(board density, hot press time and temperature)could indicate mechanical properties through dependent variables in board manufacturing. And interactive mechanism for independent variables was developed. As test results of dependent variables were statistically analyzed by using response surface method(RSM) on the Design-Expert software to determine the significant variables that influenced board properties. A mathematical simulation or response surface models were developed to predict the board properties(MOR, MOE and IB). The optimal manufacturing conditions for making high quality panels were determined from numerical optimization of Design-Expert software. The results showed that board density, some interactions of independent variables were significant factors that influenced board mechanical properties. Low cost PMDI and UF combination binder system was adopt for manufacturing high quality wood-rubber composites. The optimal board manufacturing conditions were about 170 ℃, 300 s, and 1 000 kg ·m^-3 for hot press temperature, hot press time and board density, respectively. In addition, the microstructure of WRC was deep examined using a scanning electron microscope(SEM), there are strong and smooth interface zone of wood-rubber were also displayed. And the physical and chemical mechanism effects of WRC were developed.

For improving the quality of raspberry wine, dry wines of raspberry were made through four kinds of traditional process and CO₂ soaking process in small containers (10 L) and detect mono-phenolics in them. The results show: phenolic compounds except rutin in the dry wines of raspberry made through CO₂ soaking process were more than ones through traditional process. Compared with dry wines of raspberry 11％(v/v) no aged, dry wines of raspberry 11％(v/v) aged two years contained less ferulaic acid, coumaric acid and lutin; equal to salicylic acid, and more others especially meletin and flower of benzoin. Strong liqueur contain less lutin than other drinks, and the content of lutin tended to reduction followed the increase of alcohol content. Compared with the traditional process, the CO₂ soaking process was beneficial to thansfer of phenolic compounds. And aging process avail deduction of content of lutin and improve taste of wine further, in order to carry out balance of body.

Forest is a typical example of natural capital.The difficulty of its fair value measurement is the key of the forest natural capital accounting application. Based on analysing the problem of the accounting measurement for the forest natural capital, this paper discusses the reality and possibility of transforming the economic measurement of the forest natural capital into the accounting measurement. Furthermore, the measurement framework is constructed from an accounting standpoint. At the same time, it explores the accounting measurement of the forest natural capital from three aspects: physical measurement, monetary measurement and application of monetary measurement approach in financial accounting system. Currently, the value appraisal methods should take from those applied in current mature economics as reference. However, economic measurement method for forest natural capital valuation is different from its accounting measurement method. Afterwards, the valuation result would be considered as fair value only if it satisfied the definition and restriction of fair value.

Potted seedlings of 3-year-old red-leaf peach 'tsukuba-6’ were used to study pigments content, soluble sugar and starch content, activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and net photosynthetic rate in leaves with the foliar spray of KH₂PO₄ and sucrose solution during the regreening of red-leaf in early summer. The results showed that, both KH₂PO₄ and sucrose solution promoted accumulation of anthocyanin (Ant) of red-leaf peach remarkably, increased the ratio of Ant, chlorophyll (Ant/Chl), the soluble sugar, starch content and activity of PAL in leaves. KH₂PO₄ also improved net photosynthetic rate(P_n) of red-leaf peach. Furthermore, of all the treatments, 0.3% KH₂PO₄ solution or 0.5% sucrose solution was best in promoting leaf-colored. The foliar spray of KH₂PO₄ or sucrose solution was an economic and easy method to alleviate regreening of red-leaf peach in summer for urban greening management.

Microfilament skeleton plays important role during the process of pollen development and pollen tube growth. We observed the distribution of microfilaments in the pollen and pollen tube of Cunninghamia lanceolata by phalloidin labeling fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscope. The images showed different distribution of microfilaments during pollen germination process. At the early stage of pollen germination, filiform microfilaments occurred in the pollen cytoplasm, and formed thick F-actin bundles around the nuclear surface; With pollen tube growth, microfilament bundles extended and distributed axially in the pollen tube; Thick F-actin bundles were absent near the pollen tube tip and a dense actin cap was formed with thin microfilament fragments in the tip of pollen tube. The microfilament density in the pollen and pollen tube was different from other angiosperms. The results sugguested that the difference in the microfilament density might be related to the slow growth of a pollen tube in C. lanceolata .

The genetic characteristics and combining ability for growth,stem-straightness and wood density were estimated on 16 seven-year-old F₁ families derived from crossing with 4 female and 4 male parents of Pinus taeda×P. caribaea with the NC II mating design. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences(P<0.01) in growth and wood basic density among 16 crosses, and (P<0.05) in stem-straightness. The heritability (h²) analysis showed that family mean heritability of growth,stem-straightness and wood density for female parents was higher than that for male parents, while the mean h² for the full-sib families was in the middle of the parents heritability. The h² of growth was 0.292 3-0.469 9 for female parents, and 0.191 9-0.403 3 for male parents. The family mean and single tree h² of wood basic density for female parents was 0.176 4 and 0.034 6, respectively, and the single tree h² of stem-straightness for male and female parents was 0.162 7 and 0.098 3, respectively. The heritability of DBH and volume was increasing in the last 6 years while the heritability of tree height was decreasing. The analysis of genetic correlation showed that growth traits had positive correlation (|r_G| =0.467 2-0.351 6) with stem-form, and had a negative one(|r_G| =0.220 3-0.679 8) with wood basic density. The general combining ability (GCA) effect of male or female parents for growth traits and stem-straightness was significantly different, and their special combining ability (SCA) effect for wood basic density was significant. The effective value of combining ability for GCA and SCA was estimated and the better parents and hybrids were evaluated. The correlation between genetic background of the parents and genetic differences of the progenies was discussed.

Based on investigation of 6 year old plantations of Populus×euramericana ’Neva’ in Hengshui, the relationship between stand density and growth was studied. The results showed that there was negative relationship between stand density and stand mean diameter, mean tree height, mean crown width and mean individual volume. The average tree's diameter, height, crown width and volume for individual trees decreased with the increase of stand density in a certain range. The ratio of height to diameter of trees increased with high density. Stand volume first increased with the stand density in low density range, however decreased with the increase of stand density in higher density range. The optimum plantation density for stand growth was 1 000-1 200 stem ·hm^-2 in Taocheng District and 800-1 000 stem ·hm^-2 in Wuyi County.

In this paper data of tree-ring width were used to establish the chronologies of tree-ring width of the survival Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) after fired, i.e. Standardized chronology (STD), Residual chronology (RES) and ARSTAN chronology (ARS). The chronology features were further analyzed. The results showed that: 1) the fluctuation of tree radial growth displayed a certain periodic and the average ring width was 1.615 mm with the lowest value happened in 1889—1917 and the highest one in 1958—1995;. 2) The fired samples had a good consistency, containing a lot of high frequency information and some low frequency information, which were closely related to the atmospheric environment with an apparent "lag effect" to climate change; 3) The RWI values changed in the cycles of 5.2 years and 3.6-3.9 years.

An elite variety of Eucommia ulmoides’Huazhong NO.9’female plant was selected through selective breeding of superior tree, survey and evaluation of afforestation and regionalization trail. It had characteristics of strong adaptability and early fructification, stable yield with high linolenic acid content. It was fit for establishment of Eucommia orchard for gutta-percha and linolenic acid produce.