In a fixed plot of 100 m×100 m in a close-to-nature Phyllostachys edulis stand, which was divided into 100 units by adjacent grid inventory in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, a whole station was used to measure coordinates of each bamboo tree. Spatial structure unit was established with Voronoi diagram spatial analysis function of GIS. Four spatial structure indices, including aggregation index, age mingling, competition index and the nearest bamboo number, were selected and principal component analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between spatial structure and biomass of the P. edulis stand. The results showed that the ranking of spatial structure indices in their importance was: aggregation index>age mingling>the nearest bamboo number>competition index.Aggregation index was significantly negatively correlated with bamboo biomass per unit area, and high aggregation was a basic precondition for improving bamboo biomass per unit area. Increase in age mingling played a role in promoting bamboo biomass per unit area, and age mingling of great bamboo biomass was more than 0.5. Bamboo biomass per unit area decreased with increasing its nearest culm number. When the nearest culm number of target bamboo was four, the target bamboo most likely obtained high production. Bamboo biomass per unit area of target bamboo slightly declined with competition index.

The regeneration and plant diversity in different sized gaps and understorey were investigated in a 34-year-old Larix olgensis plantation in 8 years after thinning operated respectively only in gaps and uniformly in a stand. The results showed that saplings of shade tolerant tree species (Juglans mandshurica, Populus davidiana, Ulmus japonica) with height more than 1.5 m were found in gaps rather than understorey in the uniformly thinned stand. Even higher saplings more than 2 m of J. mandshurica was found in relatively large gaps. Simpson diversity index and coverage of woody species in gaps were greater than understorey of the uniformly thinned stand(P<0.05), and the coverage in large gaps was greater than that in small gaps (P<0.05). There was significant difference in the composition of under canopy functional groups. The ranking of importance values of woody competitor species was: large gaps small gaps, and understorey of the uniformly thinned stand, and the ranking of importance values of stress tolerant species was opposite (P<0.05). In large gaps, annual herby species had greater importance value and perennial herby species had lower importance value than those in small gaps and understorey of the uniformly thinning stand (P<0.05). The importance values of weeds in Grime' strategy groups in large gaps were greater than that in small gaps and understorey of the uniformly thinned stand (P<0.05). Our results suggested that gap thinning, combined with uniformly thinning of forests were able to transform the pure L. olgensis into a mixed forest with the larix, and promote natural regeneration and improve plant diversity, and the performances were better in relatively larger gaps (120-150 m²).

Based on 3 field measured ecophysiological traits (A_max, g_max and SLA) which directly related to plant-atmosphere interactions, major plant species in the tropical montane rain forest on Hainan Island were aggregated into functional groups using hierarchical cluster analysis and NMS(non-metric multidimensional scaling). And the changes of functional group composition along the four successional stages (primary, early, middle, and late) was analyzed. The results showed that 87 major plant species in the tropical montane rain forest could be classified into 8 distinct functional groups (with significant between group differences and high within-group homogeneity).The richness and relative aboundance of different functional groups varied significantly along the four successional stages, it was low in primary stage and became higher in the early stage while the peak appeared in middle stages, and then declined in late successional stage.The dominant functional groups in the primary stage has the highest A_max and lowest WUE, while dominant functional groups in early and middle successional stages has A_max and WUE of moderate level, and dominant functional groups in late successional stage has the lowest A_max and the highest WUE.

The quantity, composition and monthly pattern of litter-fall in Pinus massoniana forests were investigated in fixed plots at Tieshanping of Chongqing during growing season ( March to November in 2009) to study damage by long-term acid rain to the forests, and correlation analyses were conducted among litter-fall characters and the relevant environmental factors. Results showed that the total production of litter-fall was 4 704.27 kg ·hm^-2, which mostly consisted of needles (53.68%) and twigs (25.69%), whereas inflorescences, barks, cones and other-litters accounted for 8.29%, 5.12%, 1.71% and 5.51%, respectively. The litter-fall peak appeared earlier in damaged forests than in healthy ones. The total monthly quantity of litter-fall was significantly influenced by the wind speed of the same month (P＜0.05), and the soil moisture in 0-40 cm layers in the previous month (P＜0.01). There was a one-month time lag of the monthly litter-fall in response to soil moisture variation. When the topsoil moisture decreased, the needle litter-fall increased rapidly and continuously. However, the twig-fall did not rise markedly until the soil moisture content was low enough. Inflorescence-fall was affected by wind speed (P＜0.01) and cone-fall by rainfall (P＜0.05); Bark-fall was influenced by a combination of the air temperature, rainfall and evaporation (P＜0.05). In summary, the forests damaged by the acid rain reduced their resistance against soil drought, due to reduced fine roots, especially the fine roots in deeper soil layers.

To detect the effects of nitrogen deposition on leaf litter decomposition of Eucalyptus grandis, and investigate whether there is a limit value in the decomposition process, a field experiment simulating nitrogen deposition was conducted from January 2008 to January 2010 in a plantation of E. grandis, which is located at a Rainy Region of West China. The levels of nitrogen deposition included control (CK, 0 g N ·m^-2a^-1), low nitrogen (5 g N ·m^-2a^-1), medium nitrogen (15 g N ·m^-2a^-1) and high nitrogen (30 g N ·m^-2a^-1). The total annual amount of nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) application was divided into 12 equal parts, and each part was added to the corresponding N-treated plot by the end of each month started from January of 2008. Results indicated that there was a leaching period at the early stages of leaf litter decomposition of E. grandis. Mass loss became very slow at the late stages after 14 months decomposition, and hereafter the litter was relatively stable. N deposition inhibited the decomposition of litter at the late stages and the inhibiting effect in the low-N treatment was strongest. There was no obvious effect of N deposition on nutrients release in the process of litter decomposition in the plantation of E. grandis. In the natural status, the limit value of leaf litter decomposition of E. grandis was about 90%, and N deposition lowered this value. There was significant difference in the limit value between low-N (72%) and the control (90%). The results in this study suggest that small amount of additional N may increase soil carbon pool through inhibiting litter decomposition process at the late stages.

In order to explore the effect of changes in plant communities and land use, brought out by anthropogenic disturbance, on soil properties, we applied the theory of fractals and hydrology as a means to quantify changes in particle-size distribution (PSD) and soil porosity. Fractal dimension analysis of PSD and soil porosity was determined for the 0-20 cm soil layer in different plant communities and land management styles in the Yimeng Mountain of the mid-eastern China. The results showed that, compared with that of the protected forest in preserve areas, soil physical properties in economic forestland (BL), cropland (TY) and mixed shrub-grass lands (GC) were more susceptible to soil degradation under their long-term management strategies. In general, amounts of silt and clay decreased under BL, TY, and GC land practices, while fine sand content increased, resulting in lower values of the fractal dimensions, soil total porosity and capillary porosity. For protected forests, soil physical properties were improved due to litter decomposition and plant root development under long-term preservation measures. The soil types in the studied area are typical of skeletal soils found in many mountainous areas. The relationship between fractal dimension and PSD and selected soil properties were also examined. There were significant correlations between fractal dimension and the amount of silt and clay, and fine sand (R²=0.83 and 0.64, respectively), with increasing fractal dimension values corresponding to higher silt and clay contents and lower sand content. There also existed strong linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil porosity with R² values ranging from 0.74 to 0.91. This study demonstrates that fractal dimension analysis may be used to better quantify differences in PSD and soil porosity associated with soil degradation caused by anthropogenic disturbance of plant community environments.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are a kind of organic pollutants which chronically remain in environments, and they are particularly concerned because some of them are potent toxic and can pose a carcinogenics risk to humans, and some can be highly persistent in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate changes of PAHs contents in diesel-contaminated soils and to conduct a preliminary evaluation on the potential risk of residual PAHs after phytoremediation. The results showed that after one year PAHs concentration in the planted soils was reduced by 50.6%, 61.4%, 43.9% compared with the control and PAHs in the soils declined mostly rapidly from the third month to the sixth month regardless afforested land or not. BaA, ANT, PYR were mostly decreased in the planted soils. Four tested tree species all enhanced degradation of the chemicals. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed for many potentially toxic substances, can be used to classify sediment samples with regard to their potential for toxicity, to identify contaminants of concern, and to prioritize areas of concern based on the frequency and degree to which the guidelines are exceeded. The calculated averages of the mean effect range median (MERM) were used to preliminarily evaluate the potential ecological risk of residual PAHs in the diesel-contaminated soils after one-year phytoremediation. The FLO, PHE, PYR in the planted soils in L3 exceeded 1.5 times of the values, indicating there existed the high ecological risk. Therefore, it is important to control PAHs pollution release.

Forest development type refers to a guiding model of the nature-inclined forest management that perfectly combines the potential vegetation succession and the economic demands. In this study, We investigated differences in tree species composition, regeneration composition and regeneration status between the two different degraded secondary forests in a tropical region. The results showed the obvious difference in relation to the related parameters between the two forest types. According to the theory of the nature-inclined forest management and current conditions of the different secondary forests, two different forest development types were proposed. For the young secondary forest of early succession, the objectives of the forest development type are protective function and timber production. The dominate tree species in the future stands are Lithocarpus corneus, Syzygium cumini and Liquidambar formosana. The target diameter of Lithocarpus corneus is 50 cm and the felling age is more than 50 years, the final felling age of Syzygium cumini is more than 50 years with the target diameter of 70-60 cm, the target diameter of Liquidambar formosana is 45 cm with final felling age more than 20 years. For the older secondary forest, the main aims of the forest development type is the same as the young secondary forest, however the forest composition is different. In the future stand, the dominate tree species are Cinnamomum porrectum, Syzygium cumini, Machilus chinensis, Liquidambar formosana. The target diameter of Cinnamomum porrectum is 40 cm with felling age more than 50 years, the final felling age of Syzygium cumini is more than 50 years and its target diameter is 70-80 cm, the target diameter of Machilus chinensis is 60-70 cm with final felling age of more than 60 years. The target diameter of Liquidambar formosana is 45 cm with final felling age more than 20 years.

Quality of landscape structure in green spaces of built-up suburban parks in Beijing were quantitatively assessed on bases of scenic beauty estimation (SBE) in this paper. A total of 46 photos of forest landscapes, 50 photos of green space landscapes around artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads, and 54 photos of waterfront landscapes were taken and SBE models were constructed by using Polybasic Mathematical Theory Ⅰ. The results showed that the main factors influencing the quality of forest landscape were green space ratio, canopy coverage, quantity of plant colors, contrast of the colors, composition of plant growth forms, and wild-like degree of landscape. The main factors affecting the structure of green space around artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads in county parks were relative trunk height below crown, harmony of landscape, planting pattern of trees, branch and leaf density of trees, style of building. And the main factors determining quality of waterfront landscape more efficiently were space occupied by vegetation, harmony of landscape, planting pattern of trees and vertical stratum structure of vegetation. According to public perception reflected in the SBE models, the management principles for modulating landscape structure of green space in suburban parks in Beijing were put forwards as: 1) Forest stand structure which consisted of arbors, shrubs and herbs should be constructed on basis of sufficient applying wild herbs and native shrubs so as to efficient increasing green space ratio and promoting structures of forest communities to success in close-nature way. Forest landscapes with colorfulness and high contrast should be constructed by utilizing tree species with different colors when tree species composition modulation was incorporated into stock density management. Large-diameter trees should be cultivated, and more open spaces should be created for recreation in forests and under forest canopy while the canopy coverage of a forest was proposed to control at 0.6-0.8. 2) Green area should be more harmonious with artificial landscapes of buildings, building pieces and roads by means of reasonable applying plant species, controlling size and style of buildings. Open spaces in forest or under tree canopies which suited to people activities were recommend to be created so as to meet the recreational need by reasonable arranging plant individuals. Tree species with higher trunk height below crown and thicker foliage should be chosen, while trees planted in neat rows should be avoided. And the building style should be unsophisticated. 3) The relationship between spatial occupancy of vegetation and water area was preferentially harmonized for waterfront landscape. The better planting patterns of trees were isolated and linear way. Different growth forms of plants were used to construct multi-strata structure in vertical plant configuration to create natural and wild-like waterfront landscapes.

Bambusa multiplex (Gramineae, Bambusoideae) is a sympodial bamboo species with relatively strong cold-resistance and good fibre quality. In this paper we studied its flowering characteristics and cross breeding. The results showed that B. multiplex was a favorable parental line with long florescence, strong stigma and pollen vigor. A cross between B. multiplex and Dendrocalamus latiflorus was conducted and 10 putative hybrids were selected by morphological characteristics in comparison with the maternal selfed progenies. Those 10 putative hybrids at four months old exhibited middle values in leaf length, leaf width, leaf length/width, diameter, shoot number, leaf shape, leaf veins, height of leaf sheath, cilia in leaf sheath, leaf auricle, leaf ligule, etc between the paternal and maternal selfed progenies. There were 21.97％-28.10％ paternal specific loci expressed in the 10 hybrids exposed by AFLP markers. Clustering analysis showed that the 10 hybrids were clustered together firstly and then grouped with their paternal and maternal parents. Most hybrids exhibited vigorous growth performance and cilia in culm sheath of each clone showed great difference at fifteen months old.

In this study, a set of new polymorphic nuclear SSR markers were developed and characterized in Populus simonii by directly sequencing transcription factor genes expressed under abiotic stresses. A total of 31 polymorphic SSR loci were identified in 21 genes of 3 transcription factor families from 36 unrelated individuals of P. simonii. In the polymorphic SSR loci, there were di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-nucleotide repeats, and 3-20 motifs repeats, with dinucleotide SSRs being the most frequent, accounting for 51.6% of the total loci in the natural population of P. simonii. Thirty-one primer pairs for PCR amplification SSR loci were designed according to the conservative flanking sequences of SSR loci. The utility and conservation of SSR loci were tested with 22 genotypic individuals in genus Populus. The PCR amplification exhibited an average of 93.5% conservation within at least four Sections under genus Populus, and the number of the detected polymorphic alleles ranged from 3 to 12, with an average of 6.0 alleles per locus. The developed gene-based SSR markers of the abiotic stress resistant transcription factor could provide a powerful tool for marker-assisted breeding of new germplasms with desirable abiotic stress resistance in P. simonii, and would have theoretical and practical significance in tree breeding.

The potting Padus virginiana ‘Schubert’ was used as the plant material to explore the relationship between pigments, nitrogen content and spectral reflectance. A controlled release fertilizer was treated before the leaf discoloration. The spectral features of the leaves significantly changed after green leaves became purple. The reflection peak shifted right and reduced. The more anthocyanins content was, the more significant the reflection peak shifted. Correlation analysis demonstrated that at visible band 550-580 nm, the spectrum reflection had a significantly negative correlation with anthocyanins content. It could be used as sensitive band for monitoring the anthocyanins content in leaves of P. virginiana ‘Schubert’ by remote sensing. The correlation between spectrum reflection and nitrogen was consistent with the correlation between spectrum reflection and chlorophylls: at visible band 720-760 nm and near infrared 760-800 nm, the correlation between spectrum reflection and nitrogen & chlorophylls content was significantly positive. This spectral reflectance could be used to monitor the nitrogen and chlorophyll content in leaves by remote sensing.

In order to realize scientific fertilization and achieve successive high and stable yield, we investigated changes in main mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn) in leaves and fruits (kernel, shuck, shell) and weight in different organs of fruits during the kernel-filling period of "Lüling" walnut, an early-fruiting variety. The results showed that: nut and kernel weight, as well as gross fat and total protein in the kernel increased by 5.91 g(51.39%), 5.53 g(73.47%), 4.24 g(80.99%), 1.02 g(69.24%) respectively during the kernel-filling period. N, K, Fe and Mn contents in the leaves had a decreasing tendency, P, Mg, and Zn contents had an increase trend, and Ca content decreased at the early stage and then increased. In the kernel, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn contents had a decreasing tendency, while their gross had an increasing tendency. In the shuck, P, Fe and Mn contents had a decreasing tendency, while K, Ca, Mg and Zn increased at the early stage and then decreased. In the shell, N, P and Zn contents showed decreasing tendency, K content increased at the early stage and then decreased, Ca and Mg content increased gradually, and Fe and Mn had no significant change. The gross of fat in the kernel was significantly and positively correlated with the gross of N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn in the kernel, and significantly and negatively with the contents of N, K, Mn in the leaves, the contents of N in the shuck, and the contents of P, Zn in the shell. There existed significant negative correlations between the gross of fat in the kernel and the contents of P, Fe, Mn in the shuck, and between the gross of fat in the kernel and the contents of N in the shell.

White rot fungus Trametes gibbosa was statically cultured at 28 ℃ in 4 kinds of different LNAS media. The solutions were sampled at different interval, and the optical density of the solutions, representing oxidized products of 2,6-DMP, ABTS and veratryl alcohol (VA) catalyzed by manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase and lignin peroxidase (LiP), were measured spectrophotometrically at 470 nm at 420 nm at 310 nm, respectively. Results showed that T. gibbosa could synthesize MnP (only when Mn²⁺is present) and laccase (no matter Mn²⁺is present or absent) simultaneously, but no LiP. Substrates wood sawdust and 2, 6-DMP could significantly enhance MnP and laccase activities. Furthmore, T. gibbosa was statically cultured at 30 ℃ in LNAS medium containing Mn²⁺ and wood sawdust added was as initializing culture condition, and then two times orthogonal and several single-factor tests were conducted to optimize medium compositions and culture conditions of T. gibbosa for producing MnP. Results indicated that the most optimal culture condition within the fixed factors and levels was fructose 5 g ·L^-1,tartaric acid ammonium 15 mmol ·L^-1, Mn²⁺ 200 μmol ·L^-1, Tween -80 0.25 mL ·L^-1, MgSO₄ ·7H₂O 0.35 g ·L^-1, mineralt solution 10 mL ·L^-1, vitamin solution 1 mL ·L^-1 and pH 4.5 in the improved LNAS medium; culture temperature 27 ℃; and 110 mL culture solution volume at 150 r ·min shaking condition, and the produced manganese peroxidase activity could reach to 314.52 U ·L^-1, which was 8.4 times higher than that produced at initializing culture condition. MnP yield produced by T. gibbosa could be enhanced in a great deal in the optimizing culture condition.

Y-tube olfactometer and EthoVision3.1 behavior instrument were adopted to study the learning ability of Scleroderma sichuanensis at the age of 0-5 day after being stimulated by the smell of a mixture of Batocera horsfieldi excrement and sawdust. S. sichuanensis was released in the lab and field to compare its parasitism with or without learning experience on B. horsfieldi larva at the age of 2-3 day. This experiment was aimed at exploring means for enhancing control effect of S. sichuanensis on B. horsfieldi. The result showed that S. sichuanensis without learning significantly eluded the mixture of B. horsfieldi excrement and sawdust (P<0.05), while S. sichuanensis with learning remarkably increased its taxis to the mixture (P>0.05). EthoVision3.1 behavior instrument analysis indicated that at the smell source area, the density of behavior traces of S. sichuanensis with learning was much higher than that of S. sichuanensis without learning. S. sichuanensis with learning obviously had longer resident time, moving distance and moving time at the smell source area than that of S. sichuanensis without learning (P<0.05). At the gathering area, S. sichuanensis with learning obviously had longer silent time (P<0.05), but had shorter resident time, moving distance and reaction time (P<0.05) than that of S. sichuanensis without learning. The average time it took for S. sichuanensis with learning to find the host was 39.99 s, and the amount of the found hosts in 60 s was 23.33, which were significantly different from that done by S. sichuanensis without learning. In release experiment conducted in the lab the number of S. sichuanensis with learning and B. horsfieldi larva at the age of 2-3 day was at ratios of 1 ∶1, 2 ∶1, 4 ∶1, respectively. It was found out that at the ratio 4 ∶1 S. sichuanensis with learning had the best control effect (P<0.01) with a parasitic rate of 86.67%. Releasing S. sichuanensis in the field also had a good control effect on B. horsfieldi larva at the age of 2-3 day. S. sichuanensis with learning had the best control effect on B. horsfieldi with a parasitic rate of 58.44% when the ratio of S. sichuanensis and B. horsfieldi larva was 4 ∶1.

Different induction treatments were conducted to investigate the relationship between Larix gmelinii-induced resistance and euryphage insect Lymantria dispar collaborative resistance. In this study, larch seedlings were treated with Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) insufflation, Z-jasmone insufflation, Lymantria dispar larva feeding, Dendrolimus superans larva feeding, and the change trends of four detoxifying enzymes, i.e. acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), were measured over time after the larch seedlings, treated by different agents, were eaten by Lymantria dispar larva. The results showed that: after feeding larches treated with different agents, ACP activity of the larvae was significantly lower than control. In addition, the AKP activity increased first and then decreased after feeding the larches induced by Lymantria dispar feeding, while it was inhibited after feeding the larches treated with the other three agents. Compared with the control, CarE activities were significantly inhibited to various degrees. GSTs activity of larvae was significantly lower than the control after feeding larches treated with MeJA and Lymantria dispar feeding, while the activity was significantly higher than the control after feeding the larches treated with the other two agents. These results suggested that plant resistance induced by gypsy moth feeding could affect the detoxification mechanism of follow-up feeding in those same stocks, and reflected an integrated performance between resistance of plants and intraspecific competition of insects. MeJA, as an exogenous plant hormones, could induce plant resistance and effectively inhibit the detoxification of those follow-up feeding, and this treatment was very similar to the gypsy moth larvae feeding in strength and time of action. Therefore, MeJA-induced plants can be used as an effective agent in pest management which would have potential value and application prospects.

In order to study the relationship between secondary metabolism substances in poplar and resistance of Saperda populnea L. to the substances, the insects were fed with 10 kinds of secondary metabolism substances, selected based on previous researches. The larvae mortality and activities of enzymes, including SOD, CAT, glutathione s-transferase, carboxylesterase and α-napthyl acetate, in the larvae were investigated. Results showed that 2.00 mg ·g^-1 and 20.00 mg ·g^-1 syringic acid, 16.00 mg ·g^-1 phenol, 8.00 mg ·g^-1 trans-cinnamic acid, 50.00 mg ·g^-1 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4.00 mg ·g^-1 chlorogenic acid increased mortality of the larvae. Meanwhile the activity of SOD in larvae increased significantly, after being fed with secondary metabolism materials. The activity of SOD of larvae increased significantly after fed with secondary metabolism materials, and the activity of α-napthyl acetate was increased by tannin. However, secondary metabolism materials had no obvious effect on CAT and glutathione S-tramsferases of S. populnea.

Sixty two-year-old saplings of poplar ‘Ⅰ-107’(Populus× euramericana ‘Neva’)which were divided into five groups were planted in spring and artificially inclined at the angles of 0°,15°,30°,45°and 60° from the vertical. The samples were collected from secondary xylem of the last growth ring after four months growth and separated as tension wood area(TW)and opposite wood area(OW). Then the microfibril angle, basic density and longitudinal shrinkage were analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn:1)Along with the increase of inclined angles, microfibril angle of tension wood area and opposite wood area all decreased, the values of tension wood area were smaller than those of opposite wood area. The ANOVA results revealed that there were significant effects of inclined angle and area. 2)Along with the increase of inclined angles, basic density of tension wood area increased, those of opposite wood area increased first and then decreased little. The values of tension wood area were 5.7%-14.4% bigger than those of opposite wood area. The ANOVA results revealed that there were significant effects of area; there weren't significant effects of inclined angle and the interaction between inclined angle and area.3)Along with the increase of inclined angles, longitudinal shrinkage of tension wood area increased first and then decreased later, those of opposite wood area decreased. The values of tension wood area were 1.0-2.0 times bigger than those of opposite wood area. The ANOVA results revealed that there were significant effects of area; there weren't significant effects of inclined angle and the interaction between inclined angle and area.4)For tension wood area and opposite wood area there were negative relationships between longitudinal shrinkage and microfibril angle and negative relationships between longitudinal shrinkage and basic density.

To determine feasibility of intensive short-rotation management of triploid hybrids of Populus tomentosa, timber yields and fiber morphology were in detail investigated in 3-year-old intensive short-rotation pulpwood plantations planted at spacing 9 900, 6 660, 4 995, 4 440, 3 330 and 2 490 tree ·hm² with hardwood container seedlings in Yanzhou, Shandong Province. It was shown that there were extremely significant differences in tree height of intensive short-rotation pulpwood, and significant differences in stem volume within clones. There were also extremely significant differences in diameter at breast height and stem volume among spacing. Mean stem volume of pulpwood plantations planted with spacing 9 900 tree ·hm² attained 80.1 m³ ·hm^-2. Mean fiber length 3-year-old pulpwood plantations of triploid hybrids of Populus tomentosa ranged from 0.77 to 0.86 mm, mean fiber width from 24.18 to 28.07 μm and ratio between fiber length and fiber width from 28.83 to 34.59.It was suggested that all data could, to some extent, meet the need of pulp and paper making.

Related to the building environmental quality and human health, the materials' comfort attribute and its scientific evaluation has of positive significance. The rough sets fuzzy evaluation method was introduced to evaluate the comfort level of ten kinds of common wood-based materials. First, the primary factor set that affect the comfort of wood-based materials was definited, and then it was minimized to a number of five by using the rough sets Skowron differential matrix. Fuzzy evaluation grade of all materials on comfort were achieved and sorted after the membership function and membership degrees were fixed. Finally, the final results were analyzed and grouped comparison with the radar chart aided. The combination of rough sets and fuzzy method provides a new evaluation method for better choosing and utilizing the wood-based materials according to whose comfort attributes.

Kaolin/sodium lignosulfonate graft acrylic acid and acrylamide superabsorbents composites(LPAAM) were prepared by solution polymerization using sodium lignosulfonate(LS-Na), acrylic acid(AA)and acrylamide(AM)as raw materials, kaolin as inorganic filler, potassium peroxydisulfate(KPS) as initiator, N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide(NMBA)as crosslinker. The optimized formula using orthogonal experiment design based on the assessment of the absorbencies in distilled water and 0.9%NaCl solution was obtained as follows: m(AM) ∶m(AA)=1 ∶1, m(KPS)=1.0%, m(NMBA)=0.1%, pH=3. Then the saponification reaction based on the above-mentioned optimized formula superabsorbent was used with different concentration NaOH solution at 90 ℃ for 2 h. Its absorbencies in distilled water and 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution were respectively 1 003 and 89 g · g^-1.

In order to study stress wave propagation velocities and those influencing factors in log's cross section, logs of Quercus mongolica , Pinus koraiensis , Abies nephrolepis and Populus ussuriensis were chosen as test materials to measure stress wave propagation velocities at different tangential angles. In addition, MATLAB was used to establish fitting models of stress wave propagation velocities and tangential angles. The results showed that nonlinear relationship existed between stress wave propagation velocities and tangential angles in log's cross section of Quercus mongolica, Pinus koraiensis , Abies nephrolepis and Populus ussuriensis. When tangential angles exceeded 36°, highest stress wave propagation velocities existed in log's cross section of Populus ussuriensis but lowest in log's cross section of Quercus mongolica . Finally, maximum velocities of in log's cross section of Quercus mongolica , Pinus koraiensis , Abies nephrolepis and Populus ussuriensis were 1 109.0, 1 220.4, 1 245.8, and 1 618.3 m ·s^-1, respectively.

The advances in tree seed biology and seed production techniques in China were summarized in the aspects of tree seed physiology, biochemistry, production techniques, and methods of seed treatment. Compared to ten years ago, the main features of the advance are: 1) the studied tree species have been greatly expanded; 2) some researches have extended to the molecular level; 3) many new techniques have been used; and 4) the consciousness, in solving problems by integrate approaches in seed production and treatment practices, has increased.

Climate change is a global political,economic and social hot topic,and coping with climate change is an important mission for Chinese forestry. A clear understanding of the factors that influence wood cell structure is indispensable to the scientific support for Chinese forestry and the research of wood cell structure on response to climate change. In this paper the studies of wood cell structures,such as intra-annual tracheid numbers,dimensions and wall thickness and numbers of resin ducts in softwoods,and vessel numbers and dimensions in hardwoods,on responses to temperature and precipitation were reviewed. In the meantime,some non-climate influences on wood cell structure,such as terrain,soil,altitude, latitude,air pollution, insects,disease,planting density, fertilization and irrigation were discussed in the paper.

Based on a survey from a random sample of 591 farmer households distributed in 28 administrative villages of 9 townships of 3 counties (cities) in Lishui, Zhejiang, this paper studied factors influencing demand behavior of collateral loan with their forest property and analyzed the relationship between these factors and the demand of collateral loan with forest property by using a Probit model. The result showed that determinants of demand for the collateral loan by farmer households mainly included personal characters of main members in household, purpose of loan, the number of labor force, expenditure of households. In addition, this paper discussed demand status of collateral loan with forest property for farmer households and proposed some policy suggestions for further promoting the demand of forest property collateral loan.

In this paper the synergetics theory was introduced and further used analyze the log supply chain for forest industries in Heilongjiang Province. An order parameter equation was established, and was applied in collaborative log supply chain subsystems. Based on this equation, the main factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness were found out and the coordination degree model of log supply chain was constructed consequently. The trend analysis of coordination degree changes showed that, the forest engineering industry was generally in the chaos status between 1999 and 2008, with the financial and business subsystems changed in disorder. Also, it was found that the overall change trend of coordination degree of log supply chain was relatively stable, but at the lower level with the range from -0.2 to 0.2, and the coordination degree was relatively low among the component elements of supply chain during the developing period. It was recommended that, an innovative management concept, which is comparable with the latest economic era, should be employed by the forest industries in Heilongjiang Province for guiding the future development, and further for setting up the new management mode to meet the new situation requirements.

This paper briefly reviewed the long-distant water transportation and the association with plant drought and cold resistance. Vessels in plant xylem widely emerged cavitation and emblism when being subjected to drought and low temperature, which reflects to some degree plant drought or cold ressistance capacity. As for the resistance, capacity of recovering from vessel emblism plays an important role. A modified bubble manometer was employed to investigate root pressure of 52 bamboo species in spring of 2007, in Nanjing, China. The result showed the almost all species produced root pressure, which indicated that the root pressure exerted important influence on recovery of low temperature-induced emblism in winter. Additionally, in this study, an own-installed low temperature apparatus was used to locally treat bamboo culm and the responses of stomatal conductance and assimilation were monitored with a Li-6400 gas exchange system. All three species of bamboos immediately responded to a -10 ℃ treatment, suggesting that vessel cavitation would be a commen response to low temperature. Integration of root pressures and response of stomatal conductance and assimilation to low temperature reflected the cold resistance of the bamboo species.

In this paper, community diversity of longhorn beetles was investigated in Baishuijiang Nature Reserve of Gansu from 2007 to 2009, to study influences of different vegetation types along altitude gradient on community composition of longhorn beetles, and dissimilarity in communities of longhorn beetles lived on the different vegetation types. Total 826 individuals were collected, belonging to 88 species, 52 genera and 5 subfamilies. Among these, <i>Anoplophora glabripennis</i>, <i>A. chralis</i> and <i>Chlorophorus motshulski</i> were dominant. In the different vegetation types, the species and community diversity of longhorn beetles decreased with increasing altitude. we collected 674 individuals in broad-leaved forests and evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests at the altitude ranging from 900 to 1 600 m, accounted for 81.6 percent of total individuals. The result indicted that the most species of longhorn beetles were distributed in low altitude. Analyses of community diversity showed that the dissimilarity of the beetle communities in the different vegetation types was generally high. Among them, the dissimilarity of longhorn beetle communities was the lowest in evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest zone and deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, with the dissimilarity coefficient of 0.485 7. It was concluded that biodiversity of longhorn beetles largely responded to altitude gradients and the vegetation variation.

The migration ability of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus in Pinus thunbergii shoot sections was investigated with artificial inoculation. Compared with B. mucronatus, B. xylophilus passed through a shoot section of P. thunbergii with a higher speed and more population numbers of passing through shoot section. B. xylophilus had stronger reproduction capacity than that of B. mucronatus in the shoot section in 20 days However,the strain Bmo3 of B. mucronatus showed higher migration ability than some strains of B. xylophilus. It is concluded that the cellulase, the time and the numbers of passing through shoot section and multiplication should be taken into consideration for the virulence assessment of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus.

Forest burned scar area is an important factor for monitoring forest fire and assessing the losses. The traditional method quickly extracting burned scar area is based on satellite images with low-middle spatial resolution and cannot fully meet the need of the accuracy of assessment. This paper presents a new approach which takes advantage of high spatial resolution of CBERS/CCD and high temporal resolution of MODIS. Firstly, the vegetation coverage derived from CBERS/CCD was used to calculate NDVI with the Linear Special Mixed Model. Based on the data, the vegetation coverage data with the MODIS spatial resolution was obtained by calculating the average. Secondly, the burned scar pixels were derived by using the NDVI difference between the MODIS data before and after the forest fire. Finally the burned scar region area can be calculated based on the vegetation coverage data and the burned scar pixels. The validation, conducted in Yakeshi City in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the late of May,2006, showed that the new method enhanced the accuracy in estimating the burned scar area over the traditional one.

The new felled fresh cane of Daemonorops margaritae is attractive yellowish white or creamy, but often change color during the course of transportation, storage, processing and utilization. Through the chemical composition analysis, the scanning electron microscope observation and the stain-fungi inoculation test of normal cane, the causes and types of the rattan cane are discussed, which is important for further research in preventing and removing the cane discoloration. Results showed that: 1) The cane's yellow discoloration was mainly chemical discoloration or photodiscoloration. The cane's blue, dark-brown and red stains were mainly caused by fungi, since there were always much fungus mycelia in the vessel and basic parenchyma tissue cells of the stained canes. 2) Compared with the normal cane, the extractive contents in all items of the fungal stained cane were decreased, and the pH value, the content of moisture, pentosan, holocellulose and ash were all increased. The chemical compositions of the core had greater change than the cortex, which indicated that the stain-fungi had greater influence on the core than on the cortex. 3) Fifteen fungi species were mainly isolated from the stained canes. After being inoculated with these fungi respectively, weight loss of all the normal canes was a little, but changed color greatly. The discoloration of the inoculated cane was consistent with the color of the stained cane from which the inoculating fungi were separated. Considering the stain-fungal cultivating characteristics, the blue, dark-brown and red discolorations of D. margaritae cane were mainly resulted from the colors of the stain-fungal mycelia or the pigments secreted by the stain-fungi such as melanin.