Based on data collected with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), a remote sensing technique, and a field survey, a model established with the partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) of Phyllostachys praecox forest in Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province. Results showed that AGB of individual Phyllostachys praecox was significantly correlated with diameter at breast height and AGB of Phyllostachys praecox forest was significantly correlated with culms density. The predicted accuracy of the PLS model has be improved through PLS-Bootstrap variable selection method, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.45 t·hm^-2. The PLS model is an effective way of estimating AGB of Phyllostachys praecox forest in a large area. Most of Phyllostachys praecox in the forested area had AGB values between 13 and 25 t·hm^-2, and the average AGB density was 19.52 t·hm^-2.

In this paper, the carbon storage and spatial distribution in young stands with four vegetation restoration patterns were investigated in Karsts area, Guizhou Province. The four vegetation restoration patterns included Sorbus pohuashanensis forests, Znthoxylum bungeanumi forests, Cupressus funebris forests, and Dodonaea viscose forests. The results showed that carbon concentrations varied with different tree organs in the same tree species and varied with different tree species in the same tree organ as well. Carbon concentrations were higher in aboveground organs than that in underground organ for all studied tree species except Sorbus pohuashanensis. Variation coefficients of carbon concentrations ranged from 0.88% to 7.02% for different organs of different tree species. Carbon contents ranged from 309.7 to 461.0, 335.4 to 569.6, 307.0 to 400.9 g·kg^-1 in shrub, herb, and litterfall layers, respectively. Mean organic carbon contents ranged from 30.238 to 57.243 g·kg^-1 in soils (0~10 cm depth). At the early stage of vegetation restoration, soil organic carbon content increased 56.4% and 33.5% in Cupressus funebris forests and Sorbus pohuashanensis forests, but decreased 2.1% in Zanthoxylum bungeanum forests when compared with pre-converted farmland. Soil organic carbon content gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil carbon storages (0~20cm depth) were 113.1, 82.4 and 126.8 t·hm^-2 in Sorbus pohuashanensis , Zanthoxylum bungeanum, and Cupressus funebris forests, respectively. Soil carbon storage was increased by 31.1% and 47.1% in Sorbus pohuashanensis and Cupressus funebris forests, but decreased 4.4% in Zanthoxylum bungeanum forests compared with pre-converted farmland. Carbon storage in soils (0~10 cm depth) was 50.5 t·hm^-2 in Dodonaea viscose forests, The carbon storages were 117.2, 84.1, 127.9 and 53.7 t·hm^-2 in Sorbus pohuashanensis, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Cupressus funebris and Dodonaea viscose forest ecosystems, respectively. Carbon stocks in different components of the studied forest ecosystems were in an order as: soil>vegetation>litterfall. Sorbus pohuashanensis forests had the highest capacity of carbon sequestration and was up to 1.2 t·hm^-2a^-1; Dodonaea viscose forest was the next (0.7 t·hm^-2a^-1) and Cupressus funebris forests was the lowest (0.08 t·hm^-2a^-1) in the four vegetation restoration patterns.

In order to verify applicability of the revised Gash analytical model in simulating canopy interception of the Phyllostachys edulis forest in the Jinyun Mountains, the rainfall, throughfall and stemflow characteristics and their heterogeneity was measured, and the canopy interception was simulated with the revised Gash analytical model. A comparison in week cumulative rainfall and a rainfall event interception was conducted between the simulated and actual values basing on meteorological data, forest survey data during April~July of 2009. In addition, effects of the model parameter on interception was analyzed with a sensitivity analysis method. The results indicated that the cumulative gross rainfall of 29 sampled events was 531.1 mm and the mean rainfall intensity was 2.11 mm·h^-1. The measured throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were 463.2, 6.5, and 61.4 mm, respectively. Most of the rainfalls had a low rainfall intensity, low rainfall levels, and long duration. Throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception simulated by the revise Gash model were 461.1, 6.1, and 63.9 mm, respectively. The revised Gash analytical model of rainfall interception was employed and the simulated interception values were close to the measured ones with an underestimation of 4.07%. The comparison between the simulated and the measured canopy interception per week and per rain event during the study period showed that the relative standard error in the two interceptions between the simulated and the measured ones was 5.02% and 7.13%, respectively, indicating that the Gash analytic model could be used for estimating canopy interception in the P. edulis forest in Jinyun Mountains. The simulation with the revised Gash model was impacted most by canopy cover (c), followed by mean rainfall intensity (R), canopy storage capacity (S), mean evaporation rate during rainfall (E). But the simulation was not sensitive to trunk storage capacity (S_t) and proportion of rain diverted to stemflow (p_t) since these two parameters only had a small effect on total interception.

Sindora glabra is an indigenous species in Hainan island, characterized by its exudation of oleoresin. To provide the techniques and references for exploring the oleoresin utilization for fuel oil, six oleoresin samples were extracted during Sept to Dec. in 2009 by perforating the trunk of S. glabra from three main populations. Physical and chemical properties of the oleoresin and their relationships were analyzed with 16 measured indicators. The result showed that eight indicators, such as solidifying point, flash point, boiling process, gross heat, net heat, iodine value, sulphur content and copper strip corrosion, were relatively stable, the first seven indicators varied ranging between -27 and -36 ℃, 114 and 124 ℃, 248 and 345 ℃, 42 and 43 MJ·kg^-1,40 and 41 MJ·kg^-1, 118 and 131 gI₂·(100 g)^-1, 0.000 5% and 0.009 3%, respectively, with copper strip corrosion all same of I_a, indicating slight variation of those indicators among oleoresin samples. However, there were significant differences (P<0.01) in density, kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point, water content, ash, impurities, acid, carbon residue and cetane index among those oleoresin samples, varying from 812 to 957 kg·m^-3, 24 to 48 mm²·s^-1, 12 to 28 ℃, 0.03 to 2.74%, 0.008% to 0.055%, 0 to 0.060%, 0.35 to 2.23 mgKOH·g^-1, 0.42% to 5.46% and 25-64, respectively, suggesting there were close relationships among oleoresin samples from different trees. Carbon residue was significantly negatively correlated with flash point (P<0.01), but positively correlated with iodine value, ash, cold filter plugging point (P<0.05). Density was positively correlated with kinematic viscosity and impurities (P<0.01), but negatively correlated with cetane index (P<0.05). Density and carbon residue were the two most important indicators in evaluating physical and chemical properties. In general, the oleoresin had low mobility in low temperature, low spray evaporation, as well as low oxidation stability, but possessed advantages of good engine performance, cleanness, corrosion resistance and renewability, therefore it could be explored as one kind of diesel fuel.

In this paper, I investigated impacts of four storage temperatures (room temperature,4 ℃,-10 ℃ and -20 ℃) and six storage times (0,72,144,216,286 and 358 days) on Pinus massoniana pollen germination and activities of SOD,POD and CAT. Results showed that P. massoniana pollen could remain a high germination proportion and strong resistance to oxidation for 72 days at the room temperature,216 days at 4 ℃ and 286 days at -10 ℃ or -20 ℃ respectively. During storage period,the germination proportion of pollen decreased significantly when the activities of SOD,POD and CAT were around the highest levels. The three enzymes had different responses to the storage temperature. CAT was a responding protection enzymes, but SOD and POD were non responding ones at room temperature or 4 ℃; however, POD was a responding protection enzymes, whereas SOD and CAT were non responding ones at -10 or -20 ℃.

The development of embryo and endosperm of Arundinaria simonii f. heterophyllus was studied by means of paraffin section.And the accumulation dynamics of starch grains were observed by PAS reaction. The results were as follows: The zygote had a dormant for 5 days. The development of embryo belongs to graminad type . There are some stages during the development of embryo, including the stage of 2-cell proembryo, multicellular proembryo, globular proembryo, pyriform proembryo, differential embryo and mature embryo. The mature embryo is composed of radicle, coleorhiza, plumule, coleopt ile, scutellum and epiblast. The development of endosperm belongs to nuclear type. It includes three successive stages, which are free endosperm nucleus stage, cellularization stage and mature stage. Starch grains began accumulating around nuclear,16 days after pollination. Finally it filled the whole endosperm.

A study on effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatment on enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle in young loquat (Eriobotrya japonica cv.'Zaozhong No.6’) fruits was conducted to explore the mechanism of SA in promoting the chill-resistance of young loquat fruits to low temperature. Results indicated that 40 and 70 mg·L^-1 SA treatments increased the reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and decreased the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content. Therefore, the treatment resulted in elevating the ratio of GSH/GSSG in young loquat fruits under low temperature stress. Meanwhile, SA treatment also promoted the activities of GSH-dependent glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in young loquat fruits, which could activate its cell detoxification function by degrading peroxides caused by low temperature stress. Furthermore, SA treatment increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) activities and ascorbate (AsA) contents,and decreased the contents of dehydroascorbate (DHA), super hydrogen (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and relative electric conductivity (REC), which led to an increase of AsA/DHA ratio, and ultimately resulted in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by low temperature stress. It is concluded that SA could significantly improve oxidation resistance and chill-resistance of young loquat fruits. SA concentration at 70 mg·L^-1 was preferable for young loquat fruits.

In this paper, the genetic effects on the reproductive fitness of Liriodendron were analyzed based on a 8×8 complete-diallel crossing, in which 4 adult L. chinense and 4 adult L.tulipifera were randomly chosen as mating parents. The seed germination ratio for each mating combination was used as an index to evaluate male/female reproductive fitness for its corresponding mating parents. The genetic effects on reproductive fitness, in terms of maternal effect, paternal effect, their interaction effect, general combining ability and specific combining ability, were further dissected. Meanwhile, in order to explore the relationship between the genetic distances (GD) of mating parents and their cross-compatibilities, 11 SSR loci were amplified in 8 mating parents to estimate GD for each parent pair. The results are as follows: the reproductive fitness of Liriodendron was mostly dominated by mother tree, whereas the paternal effect could be ignored. There existed a reasonable difference in the combining ability of reproductive fitness among 8 parents, with more for female reproduction than for male reproduction. The special combining ability of reproductive fitness in intraspecies mating was much bigger than that of interspecific crossing. Although the relationship between parent pair's GD and their cross-compatibility was not significant,there was a trend that the cross-compatibility increased as parent pair's GD augmented in intraspecific mating; while a reverse trend appeared in interspecific mating. These results above would provide valuable knowledge for parent pair selection in hybrid seed orchard and the utilization of heterosis in Liriodendron.

In this work, a full-length cDNA sequence of APETALA 2 gene was obtained from petals of Paeonia suffruticosa 'Zhaofen’ using RT-PCR and RACE, named PsAP 2 (GenBank accession No. HM167511). Sequence analysis indicated that PsAP 2 is 2 138 bp in full length, containing a 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of 47 bp, a 3'-UTR of 557 bp, and an opening reading frame (ORF) of 1 533 bp encoding a 510 predicted amino acids,and belongs to AP 2 family. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PsAP 2 shared more than 70% homology with Vitis vinefera. Relative Real-Time PCR analysis indicated that PsAP 2 expressed in roots, stems, leaves and four floral organs. The expression in petals was the highest and the expression in leaves was the lowest.

In this paper we conducted an anatomic study on the inflorescence, the female flower and the staminate flower of Jatropha curcas. The results showed that the flower development on the lower branch was earlier than that on the upper branch in the same inflorescence and the terminal flower developed before the two lateral flowers did in the same dichotomous cyme. There was a bisexual period in female flower during developmental period but not in male which is unisexual flowers. The ovule primordium changed its orientation by 90° during the development and finally formed anatropous ovule.

To explore the utilization of super absorbent polymer in container seedling culture, we investigated effects of super absorbent polymer in culture media on growth and nutrient uptake of container seedlings of Fraxinus chinensis in this study. Additionally, dynamic accumulationof the dry matter and nutrient was studied by means of variance analysis, multiple comparisons and regression analysis methods. Results showed that super absorbent polymer addition had no effect on the early growth stage of F. chinensis, but increased the height and ground diameter during later growth stage, compared with readily-available fertilizer treatment only. In different treatments, dynamic accumulation of dry matter and nutrient in F. chinensis seedlings could be well described by Logistic equation with different feature indexes. Compared with readily-available fertilizer treatment only, super absorbent polymer addition delayed the terminal time and extended the time of dry matter quick accumulation by seven days. Besides, the maximum increase rate of dry matter accumulation was increased by 6.62%. At the same time, super absorbent polymer addition prolonged the duration of nitrogen and potassium quick accumulation, and the maximum increase rate was increased by 16.61% and 7.52%, respectively. Super absorbent polymer had little effect on the time of phosphorus quick accumulation. Root, stem and leaf dry weight of F. chinensis was increased by 15.71%, 7.13% and 3.46%, respectively in super absorbent polymer addition than in readily-available fertilizer. Besides, application of super absorbent polymerontent increased the content of nitrogen and potassium by 8.33% and 4.24%, and increased the uptake amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by 16.56%, 8.25% and 12.75%, respectively. On the condition of non-nutrient, application super absorbent polymerontent in container media had no effect on the nutrient content and uptake of F. chinensis. In general, application of super absorbent polymer in readily-available fertilizer improved the later growth of F. chinensis and prolonged quick accumulation period of dry matter, nitrogen and potassium. At the same time, it increased the dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake. However, on the condition of non-nutrient, super absorbent polymer had no effect on the growth and nutrient uptake of F. chinensis.

A change detection model based on neighborhood correlation images(NCIs)and decision tree classification using remote sensing data was proposed, and then applied to detect forest landscape change information induced by forest disturbance.Longxi-Hongkou nature reserve which was seriously damaged in 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake was selected as study area to verify the model, and various neighborhood configuration of correlation images were explored using bi-temporal Landsat5 TM images. Change detection maps were generated by using a machine learning decision tree(C5.0). The results shows that the accuracy of change detection results using NCIs is higher than that of result without NCI. Result with 5×5 window size is of highest accuracy among the different NCIs, and general accuracy and Kappa coefficient is 82.33% and 0.808 5 respectively.

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key forest structural parameter which plays an important role in controlling the exchange and cycle process of maters and energy in land ecosystem. Because of the disadvantages of unstable and various statistical models for LAI retrieval, this paper presents a new method of LAI retrieval from TM images based on the Geosail bidirectional canopy reflectance model coupled with the Prospect and Liberty leaf optical properties model and look-up-table. Compared with the LAI measurements by TRAC(tracing radiation and architecture of canopies), the results show that LAI estimated from phyisical models and look-up-table and LAI measurements are in good agreement, with precision is 83.7%.

Ground life history of Cyrtatrachelus buqueti, a main bamboo pest, is markedly impacted by temperature. From 2004 to 2008, the eggs and larvae in all bamboo shoots in three plots of a bamboo forest were regularly investigated in Muchuan, Sichuan Province. The principal component analysis,as well as correlation and path analysis and decision coefficient, was conducted to study effects of main climate factors on larvae population dynamics. The results showed that the larvae population fluctuation exhibited a single peak, occurred in August, and the larvae population density gradually tended to zero level after early October. The results suggested that the most important limiting-factor and the most important decision factor of larvae population fluctuation were respectively the mean temperature and the minimum temperature. Two forecasting models for the larvae population fluctuation were established, i.e. , C. buqueti larvae density (Y) and mean temperature(X) follow the equation of Y=-0.535+0.031X, and C. buqueti larvae density(Y) and minimum temperature (X) follow the equation of Y=-1.594+0.600lnX. Based on these results, forecast tables for C. buqueti larvae density were provided, and two temperature guide lines, mean temperature of ten days 21.5 ℃ or minimum temperature of ten days 17.7 ℃ , for controlling larvae density of C. buqueti, were suggested too.

Stomphastis thraustica is a serious leaf miner in Jatropha curcas in this study, we investigated adult mating behavior, mating rhythm and male EAG response to crude extracts of sex pheromones from female S. thraustica at (25±1)℃ with 16L ∶8D light period. The results showed that both female and male of 1-day-old adults could mate, and the highest mating frequency reached to 70.12% when the adults were all 1-day-old. The mating frequency decreased with increase of adults' age. The lowest mating frequency was only 5.81%. However,the mating duration increased from 89.33 min to 171.67 min with increasing adults' age. Under the different illumination intensity, adults could mate regardless of the daily age. However, the mating frequency of 1-day-old adults increased from 53.33% to 69.40% with illumination strengthening. However different illumination intensity had not significant influence on mating duration of 4 and 5-day-old adults. The experiment of male EAG response to sex pheromones crude extracts showed that the hexane was the best solvent for extracting female sex pheromone among hexane, pentane, dichloromethane and diethyl ether. With the increase of male adults’ daily age, the male EAG response to sex pheromones crude extracts decreased. The crude extracts from female sex pheromone glands were more active than that obtained by air collection. The lowest concentration of sex pheromones for consistent male EAG response was 10^-3 FE·(10 μL)^-1.

In order to study the insecticidal activity and mechanism of methoxyfenozide (RH-2485),this paper measured effects of the chemical on the activities of protective enzymes in the larvals of Lymantria dispar. The results showed that the activities of phenoloxidase (PO) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the larvae treated with methoxyfenozide were first induced, and then inhibited. The activities of peroxidase (POD) was different at different instar of larvals in response to treatment of methoxyfenozide. The activities of POD in the 4th and 6th instar larvals were first induced, and then inhibited too. The highest activities of POD in the 4th and 6th instar larvals occurred in 24 h,and were 1.603 and 1.805 times of CK in the same instar. The lowest activities of POD in the 4th and 6th instar larvals occurred in 48 h after being treated with methoxyfenozide, and they were 0.858 and 0.608 times of CK in the same instar, these differences were significant (P<0.01). POD activities of 2nd instar larvaes were remarkably inhibited by methoxyfenozide treatment,and the lowest activities of POD arose in 24 h,with 0. 541 times of CK in the same instar, the difference was significant (P<0.01). The activities of chitinase activities showed different with different instar after treatment with methoxyfenozide, and the chitinase activities in the 2nd instar larvaes were first induced, and then inhibited. But the chitinase activities in the 4th instar larvae and 6th instar larvae were inhibited obviously. Therefore, it was shown that methoxyfenozide disturbed the insect regular metabolism in the larvaes, by which the chemical could efficiently poison L. dispar.

Tetrigoidea insect assemblages were investigated by sweep netting in paddy field, dry land, natural forest, and plantation forest in lac-plantation-farmland ecosystem in Lüchun County, Yunnan Province. A total of 606 specimens were collected, representing 33 species in 64 families of Tetrigoidea, among which insects of Tetrigidae, Scelimenidae and Metrodoridae were more abundant. According to the estimators of Chao1, the captured species were nearly 90% of the estimate value of species richness. The species abundance distribution in the agroforestry ecosystem fitted Log-normal model well, and the model was S(R)=8exp-(0.2R)²(χ²=0.688<χ²(4,0.05)= 8.488; R²=0.623), indicating fine environment for the Tetrigoidea insects. The species diversity of Tetrigoidea insects differed across the four habitats. The Tetrigoidea species richness and diversity in paddy field were highest; those in dry land and in plantation forest were moderate, while those in natural forest were lowest. Some Tetrigoidea insects preferred some habitats to the others, and there were seven indicator species (IndVal≥0.5,P<0.05) in the different land-use habitats in the agroforestry ecosystem. Coptotettix gongshanensis, Thoradonta lativertex, T.yunnana and Euparatettix circinihumerus were indicators for paddy filed, Flatocerus brachynotus and Bolivaritettix longitarsus were indicators for natural forest, and Hedotettix shangsiensis was indicator for plantation forest. In lac-plantation-farmland ecosystem, Tetrigoidea insects reflected the effect of land management on insect biodiversity better than that of grasshoppers. It is more reasonable to identify bioindicator by IndVal index than only by individual numbers.

The preparation of nano-Al₂O₃ slurry and modified waterborne wood coating with nano-Al₂O₃ slurry were studied in this paper to improve the wearing resistance and hardness of the polyacrylate coating on the surface of wood. The effects of the preparative technique and the contents of nano-Al₂O₃ on wearing resistance and hardness were discussed. The results showed that nano-Al₂O₃ slurry, which was prepared with polyacrylamide, polyglycol, polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether and protective colloid by bead mill and ultrasonic device, stored stably and was suitable for the system of waterborne coating. The slurry had good dispensability and Al₂O₃ kept in nano size observed by TEM. The films have good wearing resistance and hardness when Al₂O₃ content reach 1.5% without change the transparence by additive. The wearing resistance and hardness of the hybrid films were better than that of the films mixed with nano additive.

Pseudomonas sp. was mutated by ultraviolet (UV). Then the UV mutated Pseudomonas sp. was immobilized on bamboo-carbon to investigate its effect in the removal of m-cresol. The effects of various parameters, such as amount of immobilized mutant Pseudomonas sp. and pH, on m-cresol removal were examined. Meanwhile, the m-cresol removal kinetics and the relationship between concentration and reaction time were obtained. The results show that compared with wild strain, the growth cycle of the strain which is treated by UV mutation is shortened by 6 h. Pseudomonas irradiated by UV for 120 s can form obvious zoogloea on the bamboo-carbon surface area and inner pore, and the biomass generated by the mutant on the bamboo-carbon is significantly larger than that by the wild strain. Parameters such as immobilized biomass and pH affect the removal of m-cresol. The removal effect is better with pH at the range of 4 to 6. When 20 g of bamboo-carbon immobilized UV mutated Pseudomonas sp. is used to treat 100 mL of simulated m-cresol water sample, with its initial concentration being 50, 100, 120, 150, 180 mg·L^-1, removal effect is respectively 90.9%,76.4%,72.9%,64.6% and 49.7% after 42 h and the removal of m-cresol follows zero-order kinetics.

Nanocrystal cellulose(NCC) was prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by sulfuric acid hydrolysis assisted with ultrasound,in addition the NCC was obtained from supernatant hydrosol of high-speed centrifugation. Furthermore,the size and morphology, crystal structure and spectral properties of NCC were investigated and analyzed with field emission transmission electron microscopy(FETEM), field emission gun environment scanning electron microscopes(FEGE-SEM), X ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The results show that the same like morphology of NCC can be observed by FETEM and FEGE-SEM, they are rod like, and the diameter is about 2-24 nm, with the length of 50-450 nm. Moreover,the XRD pattern show the NCC is characteristic of the celluloseⅠcrystal form,and the crystallinity of NCC is 77.29%, the grain size is about 3~6 nm. On the other hand,NCC still keep with the basic chemical structure of cellulose analyzed with FTIR.

To investigate the effects of temperature and moisture content on the propagation velocity of stress wave in wood, we conducted stress wave tests on sixty korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) clear wood specimens at different moisture contents(MC)and temperatures (-30,-20,-10,-5,0,5 and 20 ℃ respectively)in laboratory. Based on this, the relationship between the propagation velocity of stress wave and moisture content or temperature was analyzed respectively, and the regression models among three parameters were built finally. The analysis results indicted that both moisture content and temperature were two important factors for affecting the propagation velocity of stress wave. Stress wave velocity decreased gradually as MC or temperature increased. Stress wave velocity is more significantly affected by moisture content as MC is below the fiber saturation point(FSP)than as MC is above the FSP. When MC was below 50%, stress wave velocity decreased linearly as temperature increased, but stress wave velocity had an abrupt jump near 0 ℃ temperature when MC was above 50%. The binary linear regression models between MC and the propagation velocity of stress wave for specific temperature conditions were found fitting to the experiment data very well(R²> 0.95).

By means of phenol liquefaction (or phenolation) in the presence of sulfuric/phosphoric acids as catalyst, the soy flour translated into raw material for water-resistant wood adhesive. The techniques of GPC, HPLC, FTIR and plywood evaluation were employed to characterize the phenolated soy flours (PSF) and the PSF-formaldehyde (PSFF) adhesives. It indicated that more than 90% of soy flour translated into phenolated resultants with molecular weight ranged 250-7 250 after the soy flour liquefied at 130-150 ℃ for 90min with phenol/soy flour ratio ranged from 3/1 to 2/1, and some phenol was bonded to soy flour via 1,4- and 1,2- substitutions after liquefaction. Phenolation not only unfolded the globular structure of soy protein but also increased the quantity of reactive groups in PSF, therefore a low-free-formaldehyde adhesive with good bond strength and water resistance was prepared with PSF. The plywood panels manufactured with the PSFF adhesives resulted in 28 h boiling-dry-boiling wet bond strength from 1.24 to 1.81 MPa. The phenol/soy flour ratio had various effects on the many properties of phenolated soy flour and PSFF adhesives, and the PSFF adhesive prepared with phenol/soy flour ratio of 3 had the best bond strength.

A study on the different thickness of poplar ( Populus nigra ) veneer. The effects of the different strain levels,temperature,moisture content(MC) and the adhesive on stress relaxation of poplar veneer were explored. The results showed that: (25±2)℃, under the same deformation, the amount of stress relaxation in proportional to moisture content, 0% moisture content, as the temperature increases, the amount of stress relaxation increase slightly; 0% moisture content,under the same deformation, poplar veneer with adhesive have a greater amount of stress relaxation. And the stress relaxation of poplar veneer behavior can be used by the Maxwell model and spring model composed of three-element to simulate.

As technologies become more precise to deal with each aspect on silviculture, great attention has been putting on the root pruning which is viewed as the most important root culturing. In this paper, root pruning includes bud-seedling root pruning, post-seedling root pruning, and table pruning. Post-seedling root pruning is divided into undercutting, wrenching, lateral pruning and box pruning. For each type, effects of root pruning on the morphological attributes, physiological attributes and field performance was reviewed. When Pinus radiata, characterized by a carrot-like taproot tree species, is severed by bud-seedling root pruning, undercutting and wrenching, a loss in apical dominance in the entire root system was caused. Following that shoot growth is arrested, lateral root growth increases, a more compact and fibrous root system develops, and shoot-root ratio decreases. These are attributed to the field performance especially in the arid areas. Slower growing evergreen species such as Pseudotsuga menziesii tend to have a more fibrous root system than P. radiata. Results from root cutting of the species have been more variable. Although hormones, mineral nutrition, carbohydrate, water in the seedlings were responded to root pruning, mechanism of seedling quality regulated by root pruning was inconsistent.

Euzophera pyriella is a primary reason causing the death of fragrant pear in Xinjiang. On the basis of the literature and field survey, this paper reviewed and summarized occurrence and damage of the pest, and morphology and biology of the insect. Additionally, the control measures, used in agriculture production, were also summarized. Furthermore, we put forward an integrated pest management measure. It was pointed out that the occurrence of E. pyriella was closely related with pear valsa canker, freeze injury, cultivation and management measure, host situation, and so on. Control of E. pyriella is very difficult. Some measures are urgently needed such as developing practical techniques of sex attractant, improving efficiency of light trap, screening specific pesticides and making pest risk analysis.

On the basis of international research of soil respiration monitoring technology, an automatic eight-channel long-term soil respiration measurement system was developed by integrating dynamic chamber and infrared gas analyzer. The reliability of the automatic multi-channel chamber system was comparatively tested with LI-8100 in a Robinia pseudoacacia stand at the Xiaolangdi Forest Ecosystem Research Station. The results showed that: The air-tightness, stability and reliability of this system meet the design requirements. The system was able to be used to make automatic, continuous and multi-points measurements that were influenced in significanthy by natural environments. The tendency of diurnal variation of soil respiration rate tested by the automatic multi-channel chamber system was similar with that measured by LI-8100, The measured results of different chambers still had differences. It’s possibly due to spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration.

The effects of humic acid application on biomass of I-107 Populus euramericana, soil nutrients and enzyme activity were studied under regular- and higher-fertilized level with a potting experiment. The result showed that: The application of humic acid with inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the root, stem and leaf biomass of I-107 P. euramericana, and among them the increase of root biomass was the most by 58.60%. Addition of humic acid also increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents in the poplar by an average of 5.35%, 25.52%, and 25.06%, respectively, therefore, the contents of soil available phosphorus and available potassium were lowered. Compared with inorganic fertilizer, the addition of humic acid also decreased the content of nitrate nitrogen, increased the content of ammonium nitrogen, total C, humic acid and fulvic acid, as well as the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid. Under regular and higher-fertilized, application of humic acid increased urease activity by 24.71% and 5.83%, respectively, enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity by 21.05% and 46.34%, respectively, but had little effect on catalase activity. To sum up, application of humid acid with inorganic fertilizers had significant effects on nutrient absorption of the poplar and soil fertility.

In order to determine the effects of water stress on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Paeonia suffruticosa, two varieties (Luoyanghong and Huhong), that were cultivated under controlled soil water regimes in the pots, were comparatively studied. The results showed that under water stress condition, the net photosynthetic rate(P_n)and soluble protein content in leaves of two peony varieties significantly decreased, while the total amino acids, soluble sugar and free proline content, production rate of superoxide anion radical(O₂^·), and relative permeability of cell membrane of the leaves significantly increased. The decrease in P_n, soluble protein content and the rate of increase of O₂^·, relative permeability of cell membrane of leaves in Huhong was slower than those of Luoyanghong, while the increase in total amino acids content, soluble sugar content and free proline content of leaves in Huhong was faster than those of Luoyanghong. Under soil water saturation condition, these changes were reverse. Under drought condition, Superoxide Dismudase (SOD) activity of leaves significantly decreased in the two peony varieties, and the decreased degree of Huhong was less than that of Luoyanghong. Peroxidase (POD) activity of leaves increased in the two peony varieties, with Huhong increased more than Luoyanghong. Catalase (CAT) activity of leaves decreased in Luoyanghong, while the activity increased in Huhong. Under soil water saturation condition, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT of leaves decreased in two peony varieties with bigger decreased degree for Huhong than Luoyanghong. These results indicated that Huhong had stronger resistance to drought than Luoyanghong did, but the latter was more resistant to waterlogging than the former.

The aim of this study was to assess effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) on Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis) seedlings at late stage of growing season in a nursery. From July to September 2009, the seedlings was fertilized with nitrogen during a period of 2 weeks as follows: control (no fertilization), 60 kg N·hm^-2, (two applications of urea with each 30 kg N·hm^-2), 120 kg N·hm^-2 (four applications), and 180 kg N·hm^-2 (six applications). By the end of growing season, the seedlings fertilized during fast-growing and hardening period had greater shoot biomass, but no significant differences in height, root collar diameter, shoot to root mass ratio, and root biomass in comparison with the control seedlings. Compared to control seedlings, the seedlings fertilized in August and September increased root and shoot N concentrations by 11.5%－15.9% and 6.0%－8.2%, respectively, and the P concentrations by 5.4%－22.9% and 16.7%－22.7%, respectively. In the mid of October, the N concentration increased sharply, while the P concentration declined substantially. This study suggested that P fertilization would be recommended at the late growth period in L. olgensis seedling cultivation to release the decline of the P concentration.

This paper investigated the waterside forests of 88 countries in Fujian by using stratified sampling method. The results showed the plant composition included 30 families, 42 genera and 48 species. The species were mainly composed of mountainous type, hill type and flat type, while coastal type was relatively scarce. The plant numbers of flat type was richest, followed by coastal type and mountainous type, while hill type was relatively rare. The coast type was dominated by ornamental and fruit species, and the main applied species included Dimocarpus longgana,Phyllostachys edulis,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami,Celtis sinensis,Liquidambar formosana,Pterocarya stenoptera,Cinnamomum camphora,Salix babylonica,Salix dunnii,and Phragmites australis. The waterside forests mainly distributed by rivers, followed by rills, and further less by the ponds. Most of the forests were distributed unilaterally and bilaterally along the waters, while the minority distributed around the waters. There were continuous and scatter distribution patterns, and the two had similar number proportion. Distribution length was usually within 50 meters, some distribution could be over 100 meters, and the length between 50 and 100 meters was scarcely found. The plants on waterside forests mainly were large and medium in dimension, with the average height of most plants around 10 meters. The forests were healthy, and the proportion of health plants, fair plants and poor plants were 15.82%,75.24%,8.94%, respectively.

In this paper some dominant rhizosphere fungi of the Ostryopsis davidiana were collected and its metabolites were extracted from the liquid pure culture. The metabolites in different concentrations were added to the culture medium for 60-day-old seedlings of Piuns tabulaeformis to investigate allelopathic effects that rhizosphere fungi of Ostryopsis davidiana might have on Piuns tabulaeformis. The results showed that the strain P3 of Paecilomyces and strain S1 of Stachybotrys significantly promoted seedling growth, and the effect was strengthened as the concentration increased. However, strain P1 of Paecilomyces obviously inhibited seedling growth. Strain G1 of Gliocladium and strain P2 of Paecilomyces showed effects of promoting seedling growth in low concentrations, and prohibiting seedling growth in high concentrations. On the base of allelopathic effects study, we chose three strains which had obvious effects on the Piuns tabulaeformis, i.e. P3, S1, P1, and then cultivated them in liquid pure culture method. The chemical productions were analyzed by GC/MS method, and compounds, such as oleic acid, methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid(E); 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z); 9-octadecenoamide; hexahydropyrrolo(1,2-α) pyrazine-1,4-dione were detected in the promoting strains(P3, S1), and lycoxanthin and euphorbiae diterpene glycol were found in inhibiting strain (P1).

The scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were applied to characterize the morphology, chemical and crystalline structures of several Castanopsis carlesi modified starches. The formation procedure of micro-porous starch is that the hollows in the surface of starch granule can be hydrolyzed from the outside to the inside, and be further punctured through the granule center by the mixture solution of α-amylase and glucoamylase, finally the net-cavity structure of starch granule which is distributed by plenty of about 1 μm holes can be made. The carbonyl groups and glycosidic bonds in starch carbon chains can be enzymatic-hydrolyzed, while phosphide ester linkage can be formed by crosslinking reaction between hydroxyl groups in starch carbon chains and POCl₃. Whichever native, microporous, crosslinked or crosslinked microporous starch granule is a multi-crystal system which made from crystal and non-crystal,and belong to C-type crystalline. The crystalline degree and crystal size of crosslinked, native, crosslinked microporous and microporous starch increase in sequence, while the change of crystal interval is just adverse.

‘Jubao’ is a new variety of Ginkgo biloba with narrow crown. It is derived from an individual tree found in a ginkgo resource garden, by optimizing comparative cultivation test. Its crown is obviously different from the ordinary varieties. with a compact narrow ovate, and all branches are obliquely growing and bending toward the trunk. The crown wide at the widest point is only about 40 cm; leaves are sector in shape, and small and dense; the long branches of branch are approximate 28~30 cm, with 61~82 blades. The largest leaf dimension is 3 cm×4 cm, while the smallest dimension is 1 cm×2 cm. This variety is female, and the female cone has a long stem with 1~2 disk-shaped beads on the end, each student yields 1 ovule that develops into a seed; seed is drupelike, subglobose, exocarp fleshy, covered with white powders; fruits ripen during October and November, when ripe the fruit exhibits yellow or orange color, with bad smell. The testa is bony, white and the endotesta is membranaceous.

‘Pin Xia’ is a new variety of ornamental peach derived from a cross of Prunus persica × davidiana by artificial pollination method in Beijing Botanical Garden (BBG). The male parent is the Prunus persica × davidiana ‘Bai Hua Shan Bi Tao’, and the female parent is the Prunus persica ‘He Huan Er Se Tao’. Cross-breeding and selection were conducted during 1994 to 1996 in BBG. The hybrids, grown from seeds, started to flower in 1998, and a pink variation (69A,RHS) was found and it flowed earlier than the female parent significantly and similar to the male parent. The following years’ propagation showed that the characteristics of this cultivar are uniform and stable. Prunus persica × davidiana ‘Pin Xia’ is suitable for the garden.