To comprehensively evaluate the water conservation function of different forest ecosystems in mountain areas of Beijing, the landscape of forests was classified based on the data of CategoryⅡof the sixth forest inventory in Beijing. Function of the forest ecosystems in water conservation was estimated by means of InVEST model. The total area of 479 209 hm² of Beijing mountain forests was divided into 18 forest types, and the total water conservation capacity was 1.62×10¹³ m³, equaling to average water conversation capacity of 75 mm. There was great difference in average water conversation capacity among various forest types. Larch plantation had the biggest capacity of 148 mm, while the other broadleaved tree species plantations had only 47.61 mm. Among all types of forests, the natural oak forest had the biggest total water holding capacity of 8.25×10¹² m³, while the other broadleaved tree species plantations had only 6.07×10⁹ m³.

In this paper, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated based on the TM satellite image data taken in June, 1995 and June, 2009, and was in turn used to estimate vegetation coverage in Xi'an city. The vegetation change was quantitatively assessed with the NDVI when the vegetation coverage was more than 0.1. The result showed that the vegetation situation was improved. In 1995, the average value of NDVI was 0.252 2, but in 2009, the value reached 0.388 2. The highest NDVI was in mountain area and the ecotone region between the mountain and the plain, while the lowest NDVI was in plain region because the crops were just harvested by then. From 1995 to 2009, the area with extreme low, low and high vegetation coverage reduced by 1.05, 22.25 and 1.81 percentage, respectively, and the area with the medium and extreme high coverage increased by 12.68 and 12.43 percentage. The difference value index of NDVI indicated that the moderate and extraordinary amelioration area were occupied 86.81% of total area. The degraded area only occupied 5.58%, and mainly distributed in the Xi’an districts, the highest peak in a Taibai mountain range and the northern part of ecotone area between Zhouzhi County and Huxian County. The amelioration area was mainly distributed in the ecotone area among Qinling Mountain and Guanzhong plain, Heihe river valley, Lishan mountain and the plain part of Zhouzhi County. The driving forces of the vegetation change would include the implementation of natural forest protection and grain for green in the mountain, orchard development, new village construction, as well as the greening in the city.

In this we studied relationships between the total sand transport rate and wind speed, between the transport rates at different heights and wind speed, and between sand transport rate under different wind speeds with the height in the sand flow structure of artificially managed sand dune and mobile dune on the East shore of Qinghai Lake based on field measurement and SPSS data analysis. We also compared sand flow structures of the artificially governed dunes and mobile dunes at the same wind speed and the similar sand transport rate. The results showed that artificial measures had effects on sand flow structure. Total sand transport rate went up as wind velocity increased on artificially managed sand dune. When wind velocity was greater than 11 m·s^-1, total sand transport rate increased obviously. The variation of sand transport rate at 0~2 cm height was not obviously related to wind velocity. However, at 2~60 cm height, sand transport rate increased with wind velocity, but simple curve simulation did not fit the change pattern. The transport rate of the both sand dunes decreased exponentially with height. at the same wind velocity, the transport rate in artificially governed sand dune was lower than that in mobile dune. When sand transport rate was similar, the wind on mobile dune was stronger than that on artificially governed sand dune, and there was obvious difference in the sand flow structures between the two dunes.

In this paper we investigated kinetics parameters during the cell culture of Acer ginnala, such as cell growth, consumption of the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and change in the pH and electrical conductivity in the medium, as well as changes in cell fresh weight and dry weight at the various stages in the culture procedure. 1) The cell suspension culture cycle lasted about 15 days by which the maximum biomass in dry weight and the gallic acid content reached to 11.3 g·L^-1 and 0.49%, and the maximum specific rates of cell growth and gallic acid synthesis were 0.541 d^-1 and 0.682 d^-1, respectively. The specific gallic acid production rate was relatively high when the cell growth rate was 0.3-0.4 d^-1. Gallic acid accumulation was partially-growth-associated. 2) The electrical conductivity of the culture medium gradually descended during culture procedure, reached to the lowest point on the 21^st day, and then slightly increased. 3) After 15 days of the cell culture, sucrose and phosphate of the medium almost all were consumed. Ammonium was rapidly adsorbed at the early stage and was consumed on the 12^th day. Compared with ammonium, the absorption of nitrate was slow, it was not absorbed fastly until the 6^th day and the absorption rate reached to the lowest point on the 15^th day.

This study investigated changes in Ca²⁺ flux, hydrogen peroxide content and membrane potential of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus cells in response to methyl jasmonate treatment. Results showed that methyl jasmonate caused proton influx, hydrogen peroxide production and membrane depolarization, which were completely inhibited by pretreatment with intracellular calcium store release inhibitor ruthenium red, demonstrating that calcium release from intracellular calcium store was necessary for proton influx, hydrogen peroxide production and membrane depolarization. Both proton influx and membrane depolarization, triggered by treatment with methyl jasmonate, were inhibited by pretreatment with a hydrogen peroxide scavenger, indicating that hydrogen peroxide production was also necessary for proton influx which was the main reason of membrane depolarization.

Ecophysiological responses of Hippophae neurocarpa to elevated CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]were investigated), the leaf by measuring gas exchange, water use efficiency, growth and leaf traits in this experiment. Our results showed that elevated [CO₂] significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, and hence enhanced the accumulation of leaf, stem, root and total biomass of H. neurocarpa, with relatively more biomass allocated to aboveground (especially for stem). The specific leaf area, mean single leaf area and nitrogen content decreased by 27%, 33% and 41%, and the carbon/nitrogen ratio significantly increased by 73% under high [CO₂] compared with those under ambient [CO₂]. Overall, those results indicated that increased [CO₂] not only had a significant "fertilizer effect" on photosynthesis, growth and water use efficiency of H. neurocarpa, but also increased an acclimation ability by reducing decreases of specific leaf area, mean single leaf area and nitrogen content, which would confer this species to cope with other extreme environments.

Dynamic changes of Ca²⁺ in the mesophyll cells of outdoor Euonymus japonicus cv. ‘CuZhi’ under low temperature stress were investigated with a calcium antimonate precipitate-electromicroscopic-cytochemical method. Results showed that in the beginning the calcium particles in the mesophyll cell, from November 2010 to January 2011, mainly resided in intercellular spaces and vacuoles with a small number of calcium particles in the cytoplasm compared with those in summer conditions. Starch grains disappeared in most of the chloroplasts while more osmilphilic granules appeared. After then the number of calcium particles in intercellular spaces and vacuoles gradually decreased, whereas the particles in the cytoplasm significantly increased. Simultaneously, part of chloroplast membrane vesicled and began disintegration, more mitochondria emerged, and the central vacuole was divided into small vacuoles. Thus it could be concluded that there is a certain correlation between the changes of calcium distribution and concentration and the changes of the cell ultrastructure under low temperature stress.

Two CBF genes named EgrCBF 1 and EgrCBF 2 (GenBank No. JQ068827; JQ068828)were isolated from Eucalyptus grandis seedlings under low temperature. Sequence analysis showed that EgrCBF 1 and EgrCBF 2 cDNA had 1 062 bp and 1 203 bp, respectively. The two genes encoded 220 and 196 amino acids, separately and both contained an AP2 domain. The results of homology comparison showed that EgrCBF1 and EgrCBF2 protein shared 91% and 80% homology with EguCBF 1 a. Spatial expression analyses showed that EgrCBF 1 expressed mainly in leaves and roots while EgrCBF 2 expressed in all leaves, stems and roots. qRT-PCR result of EgrCBF 1 and EgrCBF 2 under 0 ℃,2 ℃,4 ℃,6 ℃,and 8 ℃ revealed that they were both induced by low temperatures and reached the highest level at 2 ℃. Time course of the genes expressions at 4 ℃ for 2 h,4 h,8 h,24 h,and 48 h showed that their expressions increased at the first and then decreased. Changes in EgrCBF 1 and EgrCBF 2 expression under 100 μmol·L^-1ABA, 200 mmol·L^-1NaCl and drought were also analyzed. The results showed EgrCBF 1 was up-regulated under drought stress and ABA treatment, while the expression of EgrCBF 2 increased under drought and salt stress.

Zinc finger proteins play important roles in regulating gene expression in both prokaryote and eukaryotice. A zinc finger protein gene was isolated from leaves of Bambusa oldhamii with RT-PCR and RACE methods, and designed as BoBZF (GenBank No. EU606025). The full length cDNA of BoBZF is 1 076 bp containing an open reading frame which encodes 256 amino acids. The protein encoded by BoBZF has two B-Box domains, which indicates BoBZF belongs to B-Box zinc finger protein. Tissue specific expression showed that BoBZF expressed in leaf, sheath, stem and root, with the highest level in leaf. BoBZF gene was subcloned into the multiple cloning sites of pBI121 vector driven by 35S promoter, and transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana. RT-PCR analysis showed that BoBZF was expressed in the Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant was more drought tolerance than control, indicating that BoBZF was related to the drought tolerance ability of the bamboo.

Fluorescence SSR markers were used to study the feasibility of molecular identification for 36 rose varieties and to investigate the genetic relationships among the varieties. A total 85 allele variations were detected at 8 SSR loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 15 with an average of 10.6 alleles. By integrating the information at 8 loci, unique DNA profiles were obtained for each of the 36 varieties. Ra043a locus had the highest identification, and with it 32 allele phenotypes were detected. At least 2 loci were needed to identify the 36 rose varieties. Pairwise Dice’s genetic similarity varied from 0.105 to 0.791. Cluster analysis showed that the rose varieties were divided into 6 groups approximately. China roses, including those from China and Europe, were clustered into one group, and showed significant genetic variation from the rest varieties. The varieties with similar origin were clustered together. The results indicated that SSR markers used in the study were feasible for variety identification and analysis of genetic relationships among the varieties, providing a profound understanding of the genetic background among modern rose varieties.

Plant functional traits can reflect their adaptability to environment and their ability of utilizing various resources. The major functional traits of 7 wild fruit tree species in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang were measured and analyzed. The functional traits include specific leaf area (SLA), wood density, thickness of leaf and bark, and the N, P, K contents in roots, leaves and stems. The results showed that Malus sieversii had the lowest wood density among the 7 tree species, while Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa had the highest wood density and SLA, but the lowest leaf and bark thickness among the 7 tree species. Juglans regia had the smallest SLA, but the highest bark thickness among the 7 tree species. The SLA was significantly and positively correlated with leaf N content (P＜0.05). The nutrient contents in leaves, stems and roots were significantly different among the 7 tree species except P in stems. Z. jujuba var. spinosa and Amygdalus ferganensis had higher nutrients contents in the three organs than the other tree species, while J. regia and Crataegus sanguinea were lower nutrients contents in the three organs than the other tree species. The average leaf nitrogen content of the 7 tree species was 28.4 mg·g^-1, which was higher than the average value for terrestrial plants worldwide. The average leaf phosphorus content of the 7 tree species was 2.20 mg·g^-1, which was higher than the average value for plants in China, but close to the average value for terrestrial plants worldwide. The studied wild fruit tree species could be categorized into three types according to their nutrients utilization efficiencies: (1) low efficiency type: A. ferganensis and Z. jujube var. spinosa; (2) middle efficiency type: M. sieversii, Prunus divaricata and Armenioca vulgaris; (3) high efficiency type: J. regia and C. sanguinea.

Data of TM remote sensing in three time,652 sample plots, wetland distribution, vegetation distribution and topographic map was used to analysis change trend of of alpine wetlands in three rivers' source region near twenty years. The result was that: area of each land type has different degree change. Area of river,lake,low coverage grassland and marsh present decrease trend. Area of middle coverage grassland, high coverage grassland, river bottomland, nakerock and sandland present increase trend.Decrease scope of marsh is the bigges(16.73%), Increase scope of sandland is the biggest(123.58%).Wetland area of river, lake, marsh and river bottomland reduce 40 320.92 hm² from 1990 to 2007 year, it is 11.18% of total wetland area, each year reduced percentage is 0.66%,this show that all wetland will be disappeared after 150 year in this area if it don't protected.Range of area constitution of different land type hasn't change, show that proportion of each land type occupied space is relate steady. Type patches level show in pace with reducing of land type area, shape complex,fragmentation and dispersion of patches is decreasing. Landscope level show diversity, evenness and aggregation of patches is increasing,supperiority is decreasing.

To realize close-to-nature transformation of plantations, in the paper, with the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in Mao'ershan as the research object, and from the viewpoint of forest spatial structure optimization and methods of forest visualization simulation were studied, and the model of spatial structure optimization for Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, which was based on the basis of the general rule of forest succession, was developed on spatial structure parameters, i. e. mingling degree(M), neighborhood comparison (U) and uniform angle (W) index. Then three-dimensional(3-D)visualization management simulation system of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was established by combining the model of spatial structure optimization with the model of stand visualization simulation organically. The results of simulation examples showed that the mean value of uniform angle index turned into 0.487 from 0.461, indicating the stand structure was changed from uniform distribution to random distribution. And the mean values of mingling degree was raised from 0.284 to 0.308, improving the mingling degree. Meanwhile, the mean values of neighborhood comparison from 0.515 to 0.481, the advantage degree of individual tree growth was improved. The forest spatial structure are optimized after the cutting which based on stand spatial structure. The system can achieve the simulation of forest management process in virtual forest environment, evaluate and optimize forest management plan, and predict future growth condition of stands, as well as, the influence of forest management activities on the forest conditions, etc so it was possible to offer a new platform for forest resource scientific management and business.

Phylogenetic relationships among 38 species in 7 subfamilies of Cerambycidae were investigated using partial ribosomal 28S rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using Maximum Parsimony methods and Bayesian Inference method. Sequence analysis indicated that there were 521 conserved sites, accounting for 67.5% of all sites, and 136 parsimony informative sites, accounting for 17.6% of all sites. The average content of G+C was 60.8%, significantly higher than that of A+T, showing that the base compositions were biased in G+C. Transition was slightly higher than transversion. Phylogenetic tree results indicated that Cerambycinae, Prioninae, Lepturinae and Lamiinae were monophyletic group. This result was consistent with the traditional typoiogical classification. These results suggest that nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA would be a viable genetic marker to resolve divergences among subfamilies of Cerambycidae.

A disease on Koelreuteria bipinnata var. integrifoliola was reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years. The disease caused a series symptoms, beginning with a serious bark including phloem crack in stem, later the cracked bark largely shed off and the exposed xylem turned brown. Trees with serous lesions produced less new shoots in spring, wilted and then died in summer. The suspected pathogen was isolated from diseased phloem. After pathogenicity tests in field and re-isolation of the pathogen, the strain KL-1-2 was determined to be responsible for the disease.The fungus colony on PDA was circular or nearly circular in shape with irregular edge and gray, and then turned to black green or black. The fungus had abundant hyphae, villous, septate and irregular branched. Conidia were elliptical (or rounded) and hyaline at the stage of immature. However, conidia became dark brown and septate longitudinally at the stage of mature. Mature conidia size was ranged from (23.2-27.0) μm×(10.8-16.2) μm [average (25.3×13.6) μm]. Its rDNA ITS sequence had 99% similarity with those of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Patouillard) Griffon=Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences show that the strain KL-1-2 would be Lasiodiplodia theobromae.

Pyrolysis processes of 12 herbaceous species grown in Maoershan in Heilongjiang Province were studied by the Thermogravimetric analysis with a temperature rising rate of 10 ℃·min^-1. The TG-DTG curves of these fuels were used to analyze their pyrolysis characteristics. The results showed that the pyrolysis processes of the 12 species could be separated into three phases. Flammability of the 12 species was evaluated by the average decomposition rate of the three phases and the starting pyrolysis temperature. The three phases are: 1) dehydration when temperature is ambient one to 120 ℃. Athyrium multidentatum, Paeonia lactiflora, and Aquilegia vulgaris are the most flammable species when evaluated by the mean dehydration rate and the starting pyrolysis temperature. 2) Pyrolysis process of holocellulose under 100-370 ℃, in which 41%-51% of its original mass losses. In terms of the mean pyrolysis rate of holocellulose, Aquilegia vulgaris burns most severely for flammable combustion. 3) Decomposition of lignin,which occurs under 370-500 ℃ and losses 31%-37% of the mass. Artemisia stolonifera and Filipendula palmata burns most severely in smoldering phase evaluated by the mean decomposition rate of lignin.

Biomass burning has long been recognized to release a number of important trace gas species and particulate matter to the atmosphere. Forest fire is a main disturbance factor in forest ecosystems, and an important pathway decreasing vegetation and soil carbon storage. Large amount of carbonaceous gases in forest fire can release into atmosphere, giving remarkable impacts on the atmospheric carbon balance and global climate change. Scientific and effective measurements of the carbonaceous gase emission from forest fire are important in understanding the significance of forest fire in the carbon balance and climate change. In this paper, based on Daxing'anling forest fire statistics in 2010 and various forest types of fuel load data, we conducted field surveys and indoor control-burned experiments to determine a variety of measurement parameters, and estimated emissions of the total carbon and the main carbon-containing gas of the Daxing'anling Mountain forest fire in 2010 at the stand level, by applying forest fire emissions model. Results showed that the total carbon emission from the forest fires was about 117 870.62 t, and carbonaceous gases emissions of CO₂, CO, CH₄ and non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHC) were 379 606.01 t, 23 425.74 t, 1 081.46 t and 758.61 t, respectively. Our study indicated that burned area of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest accounted for 26.35%, however the carbon emissions accounted for only 13.79% of total emissions. The burned area of two Pinus pumila forests accounted for 29.92%, and the carbon emissions accounted for 50.35% of total emissions. We proposed the corresponding forest fire management strategy. Our studies indicated that the carbon emissions had an important impact on the regional carbon balance.

The use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with regression analysis prediction method to detect wood biological decay was investigated in this paper. Principal component regression (PCR) analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis were compared with the results of extensive research on SIMCA and PLS-DA methods by analysis of the correlation coefficients and the model residuals. The results shown that correlation between the predicted variable of calibration and validation and the measured variable is significant with correlation coefficient (r) over 0.95 with low SEC and SEP (0.07-0.20); the discriminant accuracy for the non-decay, white-rot and brown-rot decay samples are 100% (deviation<0.27) by the PCR and PLSR models based on test set samples; the discriminant accuracy by PLSR is better than that by PCR due to the lower deviation, while both of PCR and PLSR have better discriminant accuracy than that by SIMCA pattern recognition, and has the same discriminant accuracy as PLS-DA method. It’s suggested that NIR spectroscopy coupled with PCR and PLSR analysis prediction methods could be used to rapidly detect wood biological decay.

The adsorption behaviors of Ni(Ⅱ) ion on bamboo charcoal were investigated with various chemical methods in NaAc-HAc buffer system. The results showed: the sorption was controled by pH, average particle size, initial ion concentration, contact time and temperature and the statically saturated adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal is 55.57 mg·g^-1 when the temperature was 298 K, pH was 3.0,C₀=0.113 mg·mL^-1, contact time was 24 h,particle size was 0.2-0.4 mm.Compared with pseudo-first-order kinetics, the adsorption of Ni(Ⅱ) ions fitted better with pseudo-second-order kinetics,and the equilibrium time was 100 min.The adsorption of Ni (Ⅱ) obeyed the Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption capacity is greater, when the particle size of bamboo charcoal is smaller. The adsorption parameters of thermodynamic were ΔH=8.19 kJ·mol^-1, ΔS=78.12 J·mol^-1K^-1and ΔG_298K=-15.08 kJ·mol^-1. What’s more, the change of chemical functional groups was examined by IR spectrometry. This study demonstrated that bamboo charcoal could be used for the removal of Ni(Ⅱ) ions in water treatment.

Activated carbons were prepared from bagasse with ZnCl₂ by mechanochemical process. The effects of technology on methylene blue and iodine adsorption value of the activated carbon were discussed. The results showed that the best technology of preparing activated carbons: the impregnation ratio was 1∶1, activation temperature was 660 ℃, activation time was 120 min, ball-milling time was 15 min. Under this condition, the iodine adsorption value, the methylene blue adsorption value and specific surface area of the prepared activated carbon was 1 178.92 mg·g^-1,270 mg·g^-1 and 1 541.165 m²·g^-1, respectively.

Surface of ordinary bamboo-charcoal was pretreated with nitric acid and microwave heating,ammonia. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer, elemental analysis measurements demonstrate that the contents of O-containing groups and N-containing groups on the bamboo-charcoal surface increase via HNO₃ and NH₃·H₂O treatment. Results showed of adsorption that adsorption capacity of the modified bamboo-charcoal for metal ions were elevated remarkably. Among them, the mercury(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity increased by 25%, and palladium(Ⅱ)adsorption capacity increased by 32% or more. And the adsorption process was changed from the physical adsorption to the chemical adsorption. This study will expanded the applications of bamboo charcoal, and become into functional adsorption material.

Bamboo is a type of biomass materials and has great potential as a bio-energy resource of the future in China. Based on some characteristics of bamboo resource, its structure and pyrolysis, bamboo, as a potential resource of biomass pellets in china, was described in the paper. According to microstructure and chemical composition comparison between bamboo and wood, the feasibility of bamboo pellets was analyzed. Bamboo pellets were manufactured using a laboratory pellet mill, and all properties of bamboo pellets could meet the requirement of Pellets Fuel Institute Standard Specification for Residential/Commercial Densified. Bamboo pellets would be the proposed new biomass solid fuel and had the potential to be development as commercial pellets.

This experiment was conducted to study densities and spatial distribution of seed rain and soil seed bank of endangered plant Amygdalus mongolica at different altitudes between 2008 and 2009 in Baotou, Inner Mongolia. Self-renewal abilities and effect of changes in the micro-habitats on A. mongolica populations were analyzed. The purpose is to provide reference information for protection and reconstruction of A. mongolica populations. The results showed that the seed rain density changed obviously, while the soil seed bank density did not change significantly in the inter-annual. Seed rain mainly distributed around the shrub crown within 2 m, and the horizontal distribution was relatively narrow. The soil seed bank mainly distributed in the litter layer of 1.50 m circumference section around the parent tree, in which it was not conducive to seed germination. There existed more significant differences in the seed rain and soil seed bank at different altitude zone (P＜0.05), which showed a decreasing trend with the elevation increased. The correlation analysis showed that, seed rain densities had a significant negative correlation (P＜0.05) and soil seed bank densities had even a more significant negative correlation (P＜0.01) with altitude gradient. Therefore, altitude would be the most important factor that determines the seed rain and soil seed banks.

In this study, we investigated the impact of frequency of drip irrigation on survival and growth of shelterbelts in an extremely arid area, which would be important information in determining scientific irrigation regime of shelterbelts, and defensing stability of shelterbelt systems in arid areas. To determine an efficient irrigation frequency of drip irrigation on shelterbelt of Elaeagnus angustifolia in the extreme arid area, the present study evaluated the effect of four irrigation frequencies (irrigate one time every 5, 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively) on survival rate, basal diameter, tree height, crown, and the protective effect against wind through three years of field monitoring. The results showed: (1) The T2 treatment had significantly (P<0.05) different the survival rate from the T1 and T4 treatments, but not significantly different with the T3 treatment. (2) With T2 treatment, a tree needed irrigation of 540 L annually. In a plantation model of 1 m × 3 m, a hectare of land was planted with 2 625 trees, and the water consumption in the first four years was 378 m³. The T2 treatment achieved a good water-saving goal. (3) The T2 treatment significantly promoted tree height, basal diameter, and crown; (4) As for the wind control benefit, the T4 treatment was worst, the T2 treatment was the best, with no significant difference between T1 and T3 treatments.

To select high yield and high nitrogen(N) efficiency of Catalpa bungei clones, a pot experiment with the 10 clones were conducted to observe the economic efficiency of nitrogen utilization, the coefficient of low nitrogen tolerance and stem biomass in response to nitrogen levels, i.e., high (+N) and low(-N) nitrogen. The results showed that there existed a significant difference in stem biomass among clones, and the stem biomass was significantly increased by high nitrogen. A significant difference was found in economic efficiency of nitrogen utilization among clones under high nitrogen, in a range from 19.274 g·g^-1 to 28.055 g·g^-1, whereas there was no significant difference under low nitrogen (26.403-37.637 g·g^-1). The repeatability of economic efficiency of nitrogen utilization was 0.54 and 0.78 under low and high nitrogen, respectively. With combination of stem biomass, economic efficiency of nitrogen utilization, low nitrogen tolerance and stem biomass response to nitrogen, appropriate clones were selected for different nitrogen conditions. In consequence, clone 2-7 was suitable for low and high nitrogen conditions, clone 2-8 suitable for low nitrogen, and clone 2-6, 9-1 and 015-1 suitable for high nitrogen conditions.

In order to reveal the pattern of ant diversity in southeastern Tibet, the ant communities from east slope of Mount Demola to Zayu Valley along altitudes of 1 590-4 776 m were surveyed by sample plots and search-collecting methods. In total, 90 species belonging to 5 subfamilies and 30 genera of Formicidae family were recognized. The communities from the 14 plots at different altitudes had 4-12 species (average 10.3), individual densities of 4.4-938 head·m^-2 (average 241.1 head·m^-2), diversity indexes of 0.674 9-2.121 3 (average 1.195 8), evenness indexes of 0.299 5-0.729 0 (average 0.548 1), and dominant indexes of 0.162 7-0.692 4 (average 0.417 6). Unlike the diversity pattern of ant communities in northwestern Yunnan Province, the restricting force of temperature on ant communities was reduced on the east slope of Mount Demola and Zayu, while the influence of vegetation types, vegetation nature, and habitat condition was enhanced. Similarity coefficients between the ant communities at different altitudes were 0.000 0-0.692 3 (average 0.199 4), which represented the extremely dissimilar to median similar level. The similarity level between ant communities increased with increasing altitude, but decreased with increasing distance.

The physiological response of Haloxylon ammodendron fed on by Desertobia heloxylonia larvae was investigated by measuring changes in contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and malondialdehyde in the shoots. The results showed that the change of chlorophyll content was not correlated with the number of larvae. The larvae feeding significantly caused changes in the total content of osmotic regulation substances and content of MDA in the damaged and undamaged shoots of a H. ammodendron plant, and the changes were positively correlated with the number of larvae, indicating that accumulation of osmotic regulation substances and increase in MDA content in H. ammodendron in response to D. heloxylonia larvae feeding were systematic responses.

robina pseudoacacia cl. ‘Henan 1 for forage’ is a species variation of R. pseudoacacia. Its compound leaf is very long, average length is 60 cm and the longest compound leaf is to 72 cm, two times or three times than the common robinia. The average crude protein content of leaves is 23.85%, 39.66% more than the general locust, the highest crude protein content of leaves in the current collection of locust clones, it is an excellent clone which is used to produce feeding stuff.