The five kinds of commonly used species diversity and the tree species spatial diversity based on the analysis of tree neighborhoods(TSS) were used to calculate the tree species diversity of the fictitious stand and empirical dataset. The fictitious stand used 2 kinds of 12 specifically designed patterns of spatial species mingling. The empirical dataset includes 3 field observations with known tree coordinates and 9 sample surveys from Xiaolongshan forest area. The results showed that the different models produced different conclusions by using species diversity calculated with species richness and relative abundance combination. The number of survey data and species distribution proportion in community directly influenced the calculated diversity. The Shannon-Wiener index and the Simpson index were not sensitive to the rare species. The value of the tree species spatial diversity (TSS) increased with increasing tree species richness, it was not subjected to the number of investigated trees and the size of plots, and was sensitive to rare species. TSS can properly express the size of the species spatial isolation in the communities with the same number of species, and is a good index measuring plant species diversity.

A model was constructed with a non-spatial structure to estimate carbon sequestration potential of a moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest on the basis of a biomass estimation model of individual Moso bamboo and the forest stand characteristics. The biological implications of the model were described in detail. The optimum solution of the model was solved by using Linprog and Solve functions in Matlab software under specified constraint conditions. Results showed that moso bamboo forest carbon storage reached a maximum value of 42 220.214 9 kg·hm^-2 when percentage of bamboo in 1du,2du,3du,and ≥4du is 0.25 respectively,stem density is 4 363 stem·hm^-2, and mean diameter at breast height is 12.169 1 cm. Some measures were proposed to increase carbon sequestration of a moso bamboo forest according to the optimized results from this study and the forest stand structure.

The soil enzyme activities and chemical properties were studied in five different land use types (i.e. woodland, grassland, abandoned land, farmland, and hydro-fluctuation belt) on riverbank slopes of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The results showed that the activity of soil catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase in woodland was the lowest among all the land use types. In contrast, farmland had the lowest activity of the soil invertase and protease. However, abandoned land had the highest activity of the soil urease and protease, while grassland exhibited the highest activity of the soil invertase and alkaline phosphatase. Moreover, the soil catalase and alkaline phosphatase activity presented significantly positive relationship with content of soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic matter, and pH value, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between alkaline phosphatase activity and soil available phosphorus content. The invertase and urease activity also showed a significant correlations with soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and pH value, respectively. In the meantime, a significant correlation was detected not only between urease activity and organic matter content, but also between protease and total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and pH values, respectively. The woodland had the lowest content of the soil total and available nitrogen, and the soil total and available phosphorus, compared to that in other land use types. The woodland might be able to effectively reduce content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and hence the amont into the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir. However, the content of soil available nitrogen, available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the hydro-fluctuation belt was the highest compared to that in other land use types The continuous agricultural farming in the hydro-fluctuation belt could be one of the crucial sources for inputting nitrogen and phosphorus into the water body of the reservoir to cause eutrophication. Thus, woodland should be further increased while imposing farming should be restricted in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This study provides useful knowledge for protecting results can be of help to protect riverbank slopes of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Leaf functional traits are closely associated with resource acquisition and utilization as well as changes of environment. In this study, we studied leaf functional traits of six common species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Jinyun Mountain and their relationships under different light regimes and compared leaf traits of species at different successional stages. The results showed that: 1) specific leaf area (SLA), mass-based leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and N:P ratio in gaps and understory were significantly higher than those in open areas of forest edge. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) in gaps was significantly lower than that in open areas of forest edge. There were no significant differences in mass-based leaf phosphorus content (LPC) among light regimes. 2) Species at different successional stages had different leaf carbon investment strategies. Early-successional species trend to have higher SLA, LNC, and LPC but lower LDMC and N:P ratio than late-successional species. 3) Across species, LNC was positively correlated with SLA and LPC, and LDMC was negatively correlated with LPC, LNC and SLA. N:P ratio was negatively correlated with LPC, but not correlated with LNC. The relationships between leaf traits under different light regimes were generally the same, but varied significantly along common slope (excepted LNC-LPC) and Y-intercept. These results indicated that the trade-offs of multi-traits had dynamic changes to adapt to different light regimes, and plants adapted to low-light environment by increasing SLA, LNC or maintaining a high N:P ratio.

A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on 1-year-old seedling growth of Camptotheca acuminata from 8 provenances. The camptothecin concentrations in leaves of the seedlings under drought stresses were determined by the ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the yields of camptothecin per plant were subsequently calculated. Results showed that: The drought stress inhibited the seedling growth by decreasing the basal diameter and height increment, and decreasing total biomass of all seedlings from the 8 different provenances. The differences in the basal diameter and height increment, the total biomass, and the yield per plant were significant among different treatments and provenances (P<0.05). Variance analysis indicated that the contents of camptothecin had significant difference among provenances and levels of soil moisture (P<0.05),and the contents of camptothecin increased at first and then decreased in all the provenances with drought stress strengthening. Under drought stress, the yields of camptothecin per plant decreased in almost all provenances, but under light drought stress, the yields of camptothecin per plant increased in GL and NJ provenances, with the highest yield up to 27.904 mg per plant in GL provenance. The differences in the yields of camptothecin per plant were significant among different provenances. It is concluded that GL provenance had the highest content and yield of camptothecin per plant, and especially its yield was able to be improved under light drought stress. Thus this study would provide a theoretical basis for selective breeding as well as the establishment and management of leaf-producing plantation of C. acuminata.

Herbivores feeding on plant inevitably results in the mechanical stimulation to plants. Plants, however, can perceive and respond to such stimulation at the cellular and organismal level. This paper studied early signaling events of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus induced by mechanical stimulation with the non-invasive micro-test technique and the confocal laser scanning microscope technique. The result showed mechanical stimuli activated different types of calcium channels, which induced influx of calcium to A. mongolicus cells. Pharmacology experiments proved plasma membrane of A. mongolicus cells have stretch-activated calcium channels. Mechanical stimulation triggered hydrogen peroxide production and proton influx, which was depended on the calcium influx. Hydrogen peroxide production was an upstream signal which induced proton influx.

The apical meristem differentiation influences the stem and root development, and the plant morphogenesis. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana was used to investigate the stem secondary growth because it has similar meristem differentiation and secondary growth as woody species do. An Abnormal Flower Development Line (AFDL) produces more branches because of the remarkably reduced expression of AP 1. The genechip was used to identify the differentially expressed genes in this study, and the result showed that there were 111 genes whose changes were more than two folds (P<0.01) in the AFDL compared to wild-type before bolting. Most of these genes were involved in responses to the internal and the environmental stimulations. It was indicated that reduction in AP 1 expression of AFDL was due to the excessive response to the stimulations. Two genes with remarkable changes in their expression were chosen from the genechip analysis, the expression vectors were constructed, and they were transferring to Arabidopsis thaliana via GV3101. The overexpression transplants of AT1G56300 and the RNAi transplants of AT1G65490 showed a phenotype of multi-stems stacked or caespitose stems. In addition, the euphylla development was postponed. The gene expression in these transgenic plants was measured by RT-qPCR, and the level of genes in different line was coincidence with their phenotype. Our results indicated that the two genes would be related to the development and differentiation of the stem and play a role in the plant morphogenesis.

Styrax tonkinensis is a woody species with multiple uses of timber, ornament, medicine and oil. We examined the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 20 populations which included 269 individuals of S.tonkinensis distributed in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, and Guizhou Provinces of China, and Yen Bai of Vietnam by using SRAP markers. A total of 88 bands were amplified with 8 SRAP primers,of which 81 bands were polymorphic. Percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) and Shannon’s phenotypic diversity index (H_o) were respectively 91.0% and 0.453 6 at the species level, 49.49% and 0.284 1 at the population level, reflecting a high level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the total genetic variation was 30.40% and 69.60% among populations and within populations, respectively. There was significant genetic differentiation within population and among populations. The Mantel test showed that the genetic distance was significantly positively correlated with the geographical distance.

Since the occurrence of tree diseases has great correlation with the stand spatial structure, for poplar plantation composed with single tree species, to optimize the spatial structure, improve tree’s potential growth, increase resistance of disease is the efficient way of prevention and treatment of poplar canker. In this paper, the correlation between canker occurrence of poplar plantation and neighborhood comparison of diameter at breast height, tree height and the size of tree crown was analyzed. The result shows that poplar 107,108 and DN113 in the same density, the occurrence of canker has significant negative correlation with neighborhood comparison of diameter at breast height, tree height and the size of tree crown. Comparative analysis of the same species with different densities was conducted in poplar plantation with planting space of 3 m×2 m, the disease severity index of poplar 107 has great negative correlation with neighborhood comparison of those indicators as well. And the correlation decreased with the declining of the density. When the planting space reaches to 3m×4m, the occurrence of canker would not be impact by individual dominance.

With the software of ANSYS for finite element analysis, the bending strength of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica finger-jointed lumber for structural use under three different fitness ratio were modeled to realize the nondestructive test of the properties of finger-jointed lumber. According to the modeling results, the bending strength are 78.0, 72.0 and 45.0 MPa respectively when the fitness ratio is 0, 0.1 and 0.3 mm. Comparing the modeling results with the experimental results, it indicated that the bending strength from the modeling result is approximately 20% larger than that of the experimental test results. The discrepancy may caused by the neglection of the decrease of fitness ratio due to the shrinkage of the finger-joints after being cut. So it is necessary for the models to be modified to minimize the existed discrepancy.

Corn stalk enzymatic lignin-based polyurethane foams were prepared by two methods: blending and liquefaction modification. The structure of lignin-based polyurethane foam was characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The effect of the two types of preparation methods on physical characteristics and dynamic mechanical property of lignin-based polyurethane foams were determined by compression test and dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA), respectively. The result showed that the density of polyurethane foams from liquefaction modification method was lower than those from blending method. The gel content and compressive strength of polyurethane foams based on liquefaction product were higher than those from blending method. The maximal compressive strength of polyurethane foam reached 291 kPa when the substitution of liquefaction products up to 30% based on the total polyol. When the substitution for polyol was lower than 30%, the glass transition temperature of the polyurethane foams from liquefaction method was higher than those from blending method.

Mould, stain and decay fungi are the common microorganisms that can damage bamboo. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used in this study to investigate the macro- and micro-structural changes in bamboo after attack by these three types of fungi. The results showed that the mycelia of the mould and stain fungi were found only on the surfaces of the bamboo specimens and no hyphae were detected inside. The hyphae of the stain fungi were found to penetrate into bamboo and grew in metaxylem vessels, and then expand through the pits between cells; the stain fungi caused blue, brown and black discolorations from deep inside of the bamboo specimens. Similar to the stain fungi, the hyphae of the brown-rot fungus was also found to intrude from cell to cell through pits between cells; moreover, they gradually became denser and thicker causing very visible boreholes in the cell walls which then led to large-area cell wall rupture and collapse. It was observed from the vertical sections of the bamboo specimens under SEM that the brown-rot fungus firstly attacked the cell walls of the metaxylem vessels, followed by the parenchyma cells, and finally the fiber cells in bamboo.

The elasticity and elastoplasticity variation laws of longitudinal compressing elm wood study could enhance wood one-way bending performance in order to achieve wood multi-dimensional bending. Juvenile and mature elm wood was longitudinal compressed after compound alkali liquor processing, then stress-strain constitutive relations were established. The results showed that at the beginning of compressing, the curves of stress and strain accorded with linear Hooke’s Law, similarly, they satisfied a linear mechanic relationship in the elastoplasticity region. During longitudinal compressing, why juvenile elm wood has high variability, longitudinal compressive modulus of elasticity, stress and strain, which attribute to the degradation and extractive of elm wood chemical component after compound alkali liquor processing, were analyzed. Then basic variation laws of elasticity and elastoplasticity were found. In the elastic-plastic region, stress-strain curves displayed smoothly, in which folds were formed on wood cell walls.

By applying PSO(particle swarm optimization) algorithm to train BP(back propagation) neural network, this article puts forward a PSO-BP model of Phyllostachys edulis’ thermal conductivity and regards the process of neural network learning as that of iterative optimization for particle swarm, with the purpose of optimizing neural network weights and thresholds. The research results show that the PSO-BP model of Phyllostachys edulis’ thermal conductivity is superior to the standard BP network model in several aspects, such as generalization performance, fitting precision, training, error validation, etc., which provides a new method for the application of intelligent information processing technology in bamboo material analyses.

It’s essential and important to carry out research on the Tamarix ramosissima high-valued biorefining for promoting national land afforestation, ecological construction and agricultural income as Tamarix ramosissima plant is a kind of aboundant lignocellulosic resources in western China. In this study effects of steam explosion intensity(lgR)on the woody components and cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis performance of Tamarix ramosissima were presented during steam explosion pretreatment(SEP). The result showed that SEP hardly changed the contents of cellulose and sulfuric acid insoluble lignin in Tamarix ramosissima, however, it could break effectively the native structure of Tamarix ramosissima and promote most xylan to degrade into xylose by its auto-hydrolysis, in which some small molecule derivates came together, such as acetic acid, formic, furfural and so on. In view of the recovery ratio and the enzyme hydrolysis yield of cellulose in Tamarix ramosissima, maximum glucose yields upon enzymatic hydrolysis were obtained after pretreatment at 210℃ for 10 min. Based on the cellulose recovery rate and the cellulose hydrolysis yield, the optimum steam explosion pretreatment conditions for Tamarix ramosissima biorefinery was at the lgR value of 4.239(steam explosion temperature was 210℃, residence time was 10 min). And in the steam-exploded Tamarix ramosissima the cellulose content reached the highest value of 52.4%, while the residual xylan was only 2.01%, and generated 0.76% formic acid and 3.17% acetic acid. The enzymatic hydrolysis yield of cellulose in the steam exploded Tamarix ramosissima raised to 86.6% from 15.5% of the native material at lgR =4.239 with the cellulase loading of 20.0 FPIU/(g cellulose)after reaction for 48 h. Overall, this study showed that steam explosion without an acid catalysis is a good pretreatment method for saccharification of Tamarix ramosissima. Optimal steam explosion conditions need to be a compromise between sugar accessibility and sugar degradation.

The thermo-gravimetric (TG) measurements of leaves in inert atmosphere was analysed by using a multi-component parallel reaction model in conjunction with a non-linear least-square fitting technique, which allowed for close observation on the contribution of individual chemical compositions to the pyrolysis process. The result showed that, with increasing temperature, the leaves experienced both physical and chemical processes, including dehydration, precipitation of volatile oil, successive pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, and the formation of chars (fixed carbon). The trend in the DTG curves over 150℃ was mainly a comprehensive result of the mass loss caused by thermal decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, which are similar to those appearing in the pyrolysis of the core compositions in wood. The hemicellulose primarily generated gases during pyrolysis, making little contribution to the formation of carbon, whereas the cellulosic compositions in leaves were slightly different. The lignin had predominated contribution to the formation of the carbon by pyrolysis. As a result, the amounts of hemicellulose and cellulose retained by a leaf mainly corresponded to the content of the volatile matter determined by the proximate analysis, while the content of fixed carbon very much relied on the portion of lignin stored in a leaf. A higher content of volatile matter in a leaf implies a relatively poorer thermal stability of the solid, and hence pointing to a higher flammability of the material; while for the content of fixed carbon is in the opposite. The established recognition would provide an important basis for evaluating the thermal stability of tree leaves and identifying fire-resistant tree species for fire prevention in forest areas.

The natural forest, secondary forest and plantation plots of Abies fargesii were selected in the Shennongjia nature reserve, and soil carbon storage of the three forest types was analyzed. The result showed litter storage of the natural forest, secondary forest and plantation was 97.15 t·hm^-2, 53.03 t·hm^-2 and 83.22 t·hm^-2, respectively. The content of the soil organic carbon gradually declined with the soil depth from 0 to 60 cm, and the mean soil organic carbon storage was 53.31 g·kg^-1 for natural forest > 48.66 g·kg^-1 for secondary forest > 47.62 g·kg^-1 for plantation. The total soil organic carbon storage was 271.93 t·hm^-2 for natural forest > 219.80 t·hm^-2 for plantation > 218.29 t·hm^-2 for secondary forest. There was a negative significant correlation between total soil organic carbon storage and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the shrub and herb layers, and the soil carbon storage from 0 to 40 cm layers was significantly positive correlated with the litter storage.

Increase in forest carbon sinks is widely accepted as an important measure for reducing climate change. In this paper, a growth model of Chinese fir, and the Faustmann model of carbon density and price were used to comparatively analyze the optimal rotation age and forestland expectation value of the traditional timber management and the combined timber and carbon management. The empirical data was collected from the Changhua Forest Farm in Zhejiang Province. A sensitivity analysis was conducted with different interest rates and carbon prices, and the carbon supply curve was developed. It was found that the optimal rotation of Chinese fir in the joint management did not changed due to the fact that timber price was much higher than carbon price, suggesting that carbon supply for current forestland would not increase significantly within a large range change of carbon price. However, in terms of rapid increase in expectation value of the Chinese fir forestland with the carbon management model, carbon sink of the woodland has a huge potential investment value, which also suggests that forest carbon sinks may have a huge impact for the land-use change.

This study studied the changes of soil physical and chemical properties and carbon flux of broadleaved mixed secondary growth stands and birch coppice low-quality forests after clearcutting with various bandwidths in the Daxing’anling Mountains. Pinus sibirica, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Larix gmelinii were planted after cutting. An improved AHP method was used for comprehensively evaluating the sites’ fertility after the treatments. Results showed that the soil fertility quality index was higher than the control site for all treated sites except the broadleaved secondary P. sibirica stands in the 6 m cutting strip, where the soil fertility index was slightly less than the control site. In all the low-yield broadleaved secondary stand improvement treated sites, the soil fertility quality index of the site with the L. gmelinii stand planted in the 14 meter cutting strip showed the highest value of 0.744. In the sites after clearcutting birch coppice low-quality forests, P. sylvestris var. mongolica stands in the 14 meter cutting strip had the highest soil quality index of 0.617. According to the Spearman correlation analysis, major factors affecting soil fertility include soil organic matter, total nitrogen and hydrolysis phosphorus content.

A systematic anatomic study was conducted on morphology and structure of inflorescences, spikelets, florets, stamens, pistils of Phyllostachys edulis from a typical flowering area. This study updated and supplemented comprehensive statistical data of the flower organs, and for the first time found that there are four locules in an anther which is basifixed. The systematic descriptions are as follows: P. edulis is fake inflorescences and spicate inflorescences (indefinite inflorescence), average length of the inflorescences is 8.01 cm, there are 2-7 gradually auxetic scaly bracts; 4-13 spathes, there is one spikelet in each spathe; An inflorescence has about 10 fake spikelets on average, the spikelet is 3.76 cm long on average, and has 1-3 glumes and 1-6 florets, the average length between rachises is 0.48 cm. Average length of florets is 2.6 cm,a floret has 2-3 shells and 3 lodicules, 2-3 stamens whose average length is 4.34 cm. The anther has four chambers and is basifixed, its average length is 1.26 cm, the average number of pollens in an anther is 15 807, the average diameter of the pollen is 61.00 μm, it is about globular under a scanning electron microscope, the ornamentation of its outer wall is granulated smally, it has a round germinal aperture which has a circle around, the outer diameter of the germinal aperture is 8.69 μm, the inner 4.52 μm, filaments are 2.98 cm long on average, they stretch out 1.59 cm when opening widely. There is a pistil, an ovary with a chamber; a reversal ovule; the average length of styles is 1.19 cm, the stigma is 1.70 cm long on average, and exposes length of 0.95 cm when it opens widely. The duration from the appearing anther to the pollen falling out of the anther is about 1-2 h.

In order to screen culture conditions of a bioreactor for multiplying blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), the raft culture method was used in an air-lift bioreactor to study effects of inoculation density, air volume, and light intensity on proliferation and growth of shoots. The results indicated that a mass of shoots were able to be produced by using raft culture in a bioreactor. Inoculation density affected multiplication of blueberry, 60 inoculates in a 5 L bioreactor were the most suitable inoculation density, which led 38.6 adventitious shoots per explant, and total 2 316 vigorous shoots per bioreactor were obtained. Air volume rate of 100 mL·min^-1 had the best effect on proliferation, and it produced significantly higher growth of shoots, more shoot numbers, greater fresh and dry mass than did the air volume groups of 50 and 150 mL·min^-1. Multiplication of shoots was also affected by light intensity, and 45 μmol·m^-2s^-1 was better than either 30 or 60 μmol·m^-2s^-1 for producing dark green and vigorous shoots in the bioreactor.

The protection period of a sand-fixation plantation is an important part of sustainable management theory for artificial forests. This study was conducted in an artificial sand-fixation ecosystem in Huangyangtan sandy land, and 18 representational forest stands (grasslands) were selected and investigated. The characteristics of initial protection maturity and protection period were analyzed by the hierarchical clustering method. The result showed that the protection period of sand-fixation plantations could be divided into four types. The first type was referred to no protection period and extremely short protection period. The species in this type included Populus simonii, Robinia pseudoacacia and Astragalus adsurgens. Forests of P. simonii and R. pseudoacacia were not able to reach protection maturity. A. adsurgens grassland had only 5 years of protection period. The second type had short protection period. This type included four vegetables, including Ulmus pumila, Populus bolleana, Salix gordeivii and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, and most of them were arbor trees. The protection period was between 21 to 36 years, with late initial protection maturity. The third type had intermediate protection period, including forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica × Amorpha fruticosa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Caragana korshinskii, Sabina vulgaris and S. vulgaris × A. fruticosa. This type was mainly composed of shrubs. The protection period was between 53 to 75 years, and the initial protection maturity came earlier than the arbor forests. The last type had long protection period which only included forests of Platycladus orientalis,its protection period was as long as 74 to 80 years, initial protection maturity came the latest but the protection period was the longest.

In this paper, changes of some physio-biochemical indexes in pine needles of approximate 20-year-old black pine (Pinus thunbergii) and masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were studied after pine wood nematode infection in the natural state. The results showed that after being infected, the water content in black pine and masson pine decreased with the disease development except at the early stage after infection. The changes in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in the needles had the similar trends. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), in the two pines were gradually decreased with the disease development, among which the decrease in the CAT activity was significant. The SOD activity slightly decreased, while the POD activity was increased at the early stage. It is concluded that chlorophyll, carotenoid and POD all played an important role in occurrence and development of pine wilt disease, and they took part in defense action and compensating action of the plants to the disease in initial infected phase.

To explore the composition and structure of Arthrinium phaeospermum toxins which cause wilt of the tender leaves and twigs of a hybrid bamboo (Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocalamopsis grandis), the crude toxic proteins were extracted from the bacterium by liquid culture, ammonium sulfate precipitation and polyethylene glycol concentration. One composition (P₃) with pathogenic activity was obtained by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography and Q sepharose fast flow anion exchange resin. The sequencing result of P₃ showed that the 7-ammonia-acids sequence at the N-terminal end was H₂N-Ala-Gln-Ser-Val-Pro-Tyr-Gly, which had high homology with the precursor of subtilisin protease from Bacillus subtilis by the homophyly retrieval in NCBI. The molecular weight of P₃ (27 kD) was very close to that of subtilisin protease. The pathogenicity experiment of P₃ indicated that it could cause the same typical symptom as that of the pathogen, but the reaction was quicker than that of the pathogen itself. The effectively originative concentration was 5-10 μg·mL^-1, and the higher the concentration, the stronger the pathogenicity.

The variety ‘Wanqiu8402’ was naturally selected from Catalpa bungei populations which were propagated by grafting and cutting methods. The average height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of five-year-old Catalpa bungei ‘Wanqiu8402’were 6.60 m and 6.60 cm respectively, which were improved by 10.0% and 4.0% compared with the control(C. bungei ‘Dayejinsiqiu’); Average DBH and individual volume of 15-year-old trees was 29.40 cm and 0.48 m³, which were improved 65.4% and 182.5% compared with the control. Moreover, qualities of timber had no significant differences between ‘Wanqiu8401’ and ‘Dayejinsiqiu’. This elite variety has the characteristics of fast growth, excellent timber qualities, and strong resistance.