This study was conducted in the Huoditang naturally-regenerated forest, which is located at the center of the natural forest region across the southern-slope of the Qinling Mountains. Rainwater and stream water samples were collected mainly in rainy seasons in the area. The sample pH values and chemical concentrations were measured. The response of stream water chemistry to rainwater acidification in the region was studied. The results showed that long time rainwater acidification could result in reduction of pH value, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration in the strean water. The changes of K⁺, Na⁺ concentration of stream water were not correlated with the rainwater acidification. There was no response of Zn, Pb and Cd concentration of the stream water to rainwater acidification. The acidified rainwater did not result in the release of the heavy metals enriched in the forest soil.

In this article, we investigated effects of lead and cadmium on the biomass of ginkgo seedlings, and roles of the seedlings in accumulation characteristics of the heavy metals and remediation of the soil comtaminated by Cd²⁺ or Pb²⁺ as well as their combination. The results showed that both Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ significantly or very significantly reduced biomass increment of ginkgo seedlings, with Pb²⁺ more adverse than Cd²⁺. The Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ combined pollution further reduced biomass increment of ginkgo seedlings. The mass fractions and enrichment coefficient of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in ginkgo seedlings were in an order of root>stem>leaf, which was in favor of transportation Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from root to stem and leave. The Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ compound pollution promoted ginkgo seedling absorbtion to Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺. The capacityof the upward transport of Pb²⁺ was greater than that of Cd²⁺, which suggested an obvious dose-effect and synergistic effect. Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ accumulations in ginkgo seedlings were relatively large The accumulation in roots was higher than that in stems and leaves. The ability of the absorption, transportation and accumulation of ginkgo seedlings to Pb²⁺ was relatively greater under Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ compound pollution. The phytoremediation efficiency of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ was relatively high.

Allometric equations for different biomass components were developed using stem diameters at different tree heights (DBH; crown base, D_C; 30 cm height, D₃₀ and tree base, D_B). The effects of tree competition on biomass partitioning was also analyzed. The results showed that DBH was a simple and reliable predictor for estimating above- and belowground biomass components. The allometric equations estimated with stem diameters at different tree heights all slightly overestimated biomeass components in the smaller stem diameter trees (diameter≤10 cm). The prediction errors increased with tree diameters. The aboveground to belowground biomass ratio (T/R) did not correlate with tree age, individual plant biomass, mean annual growth rate of individual plant biomass and mean annual growth rate of tree height (P>0.05). With increasing competition intensity, the relative proportion of stem biomass decreased, whereas, that of canopy biomass (i.e., living branch and needle biomass) increased. The coarse root biomass maintained virtually constant proportion. As expected, the mean annual growth rate of DBH, mean annual growth rate of tree height and mean annual growth rate of individual plant biomass were negatively affected by competition intensity while T/R almost kept constant and was free of the intensity.

Based on meteorological, hydrological, forest, and grassland data collected by location observation,remote sensing,field surveys and relevant literature during 1956 to 2009, the ecological environment change in northern slope of the Qilianshan Mountains was analyzed synthetically using regression and correlation analyses.The results showed that the temperature had an annual variation rate of 0.0334 ℃·a^-1 in northern slope of the Qilianshan Mountains since 1960,and exhibited a raising trend, especially since 1987.The annual variation rate of annual precipitation was 0.5702 mm·a^-1,indicating that the precipitation tended to increase. The climate had changed from arid to humid in this region since 1976.From 1956 to 2006,the glacier area of six inland river basin(Shiyanghe river,Heihe river,Beidahe river,Shulehe river,Danghe river and Halternhe river)and Datonghe river basin in northern slope of Qilianshan mountains decreased by 17.7%.Thickness of the glacier reduced about 5~20 m,and the snow line rose about 100~140 m.The Glacier ice reserves in inland river basin of Hexi decreased by 11.4%. From 1972 to 2007,27 glaciers in the eastern section of the Qilianshan Mountains disappeared.From 1956 to 2009,the runoff change in the northern slope of the Qilianshan Mountains was different in different regions. The runoff was reduced significantly in Shiyanghe river basin, increased slightly in Heihe river basin,and increased obviously in Shulehe river basin.From 1958 to 1988,the area of the deforest and farming was more than 10.0 million hm²,and the forest area was reduced 0.6 million hm².Since the Qilianshan Mountain Nature Reserve was established in 1989,the forest was restoring gradually because of continual protection and cultivating,and the forest area was increased 9.4 million hm² grom 1989 to 2008.Due to human interference,especially over-grazing impact,the quality of the wood-land,shrub-land and grass-land in northern slope of the Qilianshan Mountains were in a degraded condition,which resulted in serious harm of forest pests,decrease of shrubbery snow and water-retention capacity and exacerbation of soil erosion.The ecological environment in northern slope of the Qilianshan Mountains was improved in certain regions,but deteriorated in overall region, and the protection and management are needed to be strengthen.

To investigate differences in physiological characteristics of growth and physiological basis of high growth vigor in the first generation of Populus deltoides which are from different growth vigor clones, here we chose two groups of seedlings with different growth vigor: high(A) and low(B). Indexes of phenotype and physiology were successively measured to study the growth, photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. There were significant or very significant differences in dry mass of root,stem,leaf and the total biomass between A and B. Dry matter of roots had the smallest proportion in different components,and the largest proportion was stem in A,while the leaf had the largest proportion in B. Changes in growth and physiological characteristics showed a certain regularity during June to September.All clones grew the most rapidly and physiological characteristics varied the most significantly in July. Correlation analysis showed that seedling height and ground diameter were both significantly correlated to leaf area, night respiration rate, NH₄⁺ uptake rate and the total photosynthetic rate(R>0.826,P<0.05), suggesting that the seedling growth was mainly affected by their own total photosynthetic capacity, nutrient absorption and night respiration consumption. In general, A was superior to B in all these factors, which construct physiological basis of the high growth vigor.

In order to investigate the effects of ABA treatment on accumulation of the soluble proteins and dehydrins in leaves of ornamental crabapples under soil drought stress, we selected a drought resistance cultivar, Malus spp.cv. 'Royalty’ and a drought susceptible cultivar,Malus spp.cv. 'Red Splendor’ as plant materials, ABA solution or water (served as control) was sprayed on leaves of the plants subjected to soil drought. The relative water content (RWC), relative electricity conductivity (REC),soluble protein content(SPC), and the expression of soluble proteins and dehydrins in ornamental crabapples leaves were measured during the drought process. Our results indicated that for M. spp.cv. 'Royalty’ leaves, pretreated with ABA RWC increased significantly, REC and SPC decreased, while the indices in the ABA-pretreated M. spp.cv. 'Red Splendor’ leaves changed in the oppositely. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that ABA treatment resulted in the modification of molecule soluble proteins of 14.8, 18.0, 46.2, 50.9, 78.1 and 145.2 ku in 'Royalty’ leaves and 14.4, 18.0, 32.8, 46.2, 89.6 and 141.0 ku in 'Red Splendor’ leaves respectively. Immunoblotting results indicated that drought stress induced the expression of dehydrins 14.8 and 51.0 ku in 'Royalty’ leaves, and 14.4 and 32.8 ku in 'Red Splendor’ leaves respectively. Moreover, ABA treatment induced significantly these dehydrins accumulation of two cultivars leaves at 0 d of soil drought treatment, and inhibited the dehydrins accumulation of 14.8 ku and 51.0 ku in 'Royalty’ leaves and 14.4 ku in 'Red Splendor’ leaves in 7 d after soil drought treatment. In conclusion, ABA treatment was able to induce expression of dehydrins under non-drought conditions in leaves of ornamental crabapples.However, ABA inhibited accumulation of drough-induced dehydrins, when the plants were subjected to drought stress, which had a positive correlation with the drought resistance of different cultivars.

The seed characteristics and main chemical composition of 8 natural populations of Xanthoce sorbifolia in the west of China were studied by field investigation. The results showed that the seed length, width and seed-shape index were 1.05~1.51 cm, 0.86~1.38 cm, and 1.07~1.32, respectively, these parameters were significantly different among different populations. The mass of 1 000 seeds and kernel rate from Yan'an of Shaanxi were 1 108.4 g and 48.28%, respectively and significantly higher than those from Gansu and Qinghai population. The average oil content in the seed kernel was over 53%, and there were 12 fatty acids in the oil, among which the linolenic acid was the most (40.90%~46.12%), followed by oleic acid (29.21%~31.25%). There were 17 amino acids in the seed kernel, including 7 essential amino acids (27.61%). The seed index showed a significantly negative correlation with longitude. A positive correlation was observed between the mass of 1 000 seeds and the rainfall from April to September rainfall, as well as the mean annual temperature. The greater the longitude and the longer the frost free period, the higher the content of amino acids.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Fraxinus rhynchophylla were obtained by using single cotyledons of zygotic embryos as explants. Cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos, cultured on half strength MS medium supplemented with 400 mg·L^-1 hydrolyzed casein, 70 g·L^-1 sugar, 6 g·L^-1 agar, 0.25 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 1.5 mg·L^-1 NAA, were able to be successfully induced somatic embryos. The somatic embryo (SE) induction rate could reach 34.7% and about 2-9 SEs were produced per each explant. However, cotyledons from mature zygotic embryos, culture on a similar medium with modification of adding extra 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA, and the SE induction rate could reach 10.0%. Somatic embryos after in vitro maturation on a MS1/2 medium could normally germinate, and the germination percentage rate reached to 87.6%. The germinated somatic plantlets grew well on MS1/2 medium containing 0.01 mg·L^-1 NAA and had the similar morphological characteristics of zygotic seedlings. Acclimated somatic plantlets grew normally after transplanted in a medium with 50% peat moss, 40% vermiculite and 10% polite, with 75.0% survival rate.

By drawing on studies of domestic and international forest landscape assessment and visual evaluation of urban soundscape, we summarized the main factors affecting the forest soundscape. On this basis, we established an evaluation system for level 2 class 3 forest sounds cape. 11 indicators of the forest sound landscape aesthetic evaluation system and the weight of the product were scored, and then the accumulated scored values were defined as the sound landscape aesthetic index. The acoustic landscape index was used to measure the size of the forest landscape beautiful degree.

The sex pheromone gland extracts from virgin females of the carpenterworm moth, Holcocerus vicarius were separated by gas chromatography (GC). The corresponding synthetic compounds were studied by electroantennogram (EAG) and trapping test in field to screen a kind of sex attractant with strong attractive activity. The results showed that sex pheromone gland extracts contain (E)-3-tetradecen-1-ol (E3-14: OH), (Z) -3-tetradecen-1-ol (Z3-14: OH), (E) -3-tetradecenyl acetate (E3-14: Ac), (Z) -7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14: Ac) and (Z, E) -3,5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z3E5-14: Ac). The Z7-14: Ac elicited the largest EAG response to a male (4.95 mV), followed by E3-14: Ac, Z3E5-14: Ac, E3E5-14: Ac, Z3-14: Ac, sex pheromone gland extracts and E7-14: Ac. The Z7-14: Ac was significantly (P<0.01) different from other synthetic compounds. The EAG values of these synthetic acetate compounds were significantly (P<0.01) different from corresponding alcohols. In field trials, the Z7-14: Ac had attractive activity. The E3-14: Ac and Z3E5-14: Ac could highly enhance the attractive activity when they were added to Z7-14: Ac. Traps baited with a combination of these three components Z7-14: Ac, E3-14: Ac and Z3E5-14: Ac in a 10: 4: 4 ratio at 900 μg per trap had a strong attractive activity. On average, a trap could catch 11.02 male moths per day.

To study the insecticidal activity and toxicity mechanism of spinosad,we assayed bioactivity of spinosad by leaf membrane method and its effects on the activities of detoxifying and protective enzymes in Malacosoma neustria testacea larvae by spectrophotometry. The results showed that spinosad had an extremely high toxicity against the 4^th and 5^th instar larvae. The glutathione S-transfer (GST) activity in 4 ^th and 5^th instar larvae was firstly inhibited, then induced, and finally inhibited, while the mixed-functional oxidase (MFO) activity was inhibited and then enhanced. The induced effect on carboxylesterase (CarE), the induced and inhibited effect on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and peroxidase (POD), and the complicated effects on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were determined in 4^th instar larvae with spinosad treatment. However, the obvious inhibition effects were found on the activities of CarE, AchE, SOD and POD in the 5^th instar larvae whereas the catalase (CAT) activity was inhibited, then increased, and inhibited finally. Therefore, spinosad could effectively disrupt and interfere not only the detoxifying and protective enzymes but also normal physiological metabolism of M. neustria testacea and show extremely high toxicity against this pest.

In this study, we compared the aerial electrostatic spray with non-electrostatic spray by helicopter R44 and fixed-wing aircraft Y5B equipped with an own-made aerial electrostatic spraying system. The results showed that the spray deposits on targets and leaves of tree crowns were notable enhanced comparing with the non-electrostatic and conventional aerial spray. The spray deposits were fine, uniform and the densities were 1.0~1.75 times higher than the non-electrostatic spray. Deposit rate of the electrostatic spray on the backs of leaves by helicopter R44 was 2.15 times of the non-electrostatic, and 3.31 times of the conventional aerial spray. The deposit rate of the electrostatic spray on the backs of leaves by the Y5B was 2.38 times of the non-electrostatic, and 3.44 times of the conventional aerial spray.

In this study, the sample data was based on 2 790 samples of 9 trees from dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations located in Qitaihe Forest Bureau in Heilongjiang Province. The modified Logistic model y=b₁/ +b₃ was selected to modeling microfibril angle from six models based on nonlinear regression. Then, the logistic model was fitted using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach based on NLME of S-PLUS software. Evaluation statistics, such as AIC, BIC, Log Likelihood and Likelihood ratio test were used for model comparisons. The results showed that the Logistic model with parameters b₁, b₂, b₃ as mixed effects showed the best performance. Correlation structures included compound-symmetry structure (CS), first-order autoregressive correlation structure AR(1), moving average correlation structure MA(1) and autoregressive-moving average correlation structure were incorprated into the best microfibril angle mixed model. significantly improved the precision of mixed model. Validation confirmed that the mixed model with calibration of random parameters could provide more accurate and precise prediction. Therefore, the application of mixed model not only showed the mean trends of microfibril angle, but also showed the individual difference based on variance-covariance structure and correlation structure.

This paper proposes an automatic method of pore combination recognition, which is an important feature to hardwood recognition. After extracting edge from wood microscopic cross-section, based on area histogram of the similar circle regions, the method classifies all regions into two classes with maximum between-class variance, so as to distinguish the pore from other textures, which are similar in shapes but different in sizes. Meanwhile, second objective function about average area of closed regions is used to improve the pore segmentation performance. At last, the method uses adjacency degree of pore set to judge pore combination. The experiments demonstrate that the task of pore segmentation can be completed successfully for all kinds of pore distribution and combination, and also the correct combinations of pores are given.

The local damages such as knots, decay, and cracks can be translated into a reduction of service life due to mechanical and environmental loadings. In wood construction, it is very important to evaluate the weakest location and detect damage at the earliest possible stage to avoid the future catastrophic failure. In this study, the modal testing was operated on wood beams to generate the first two mode shapes. A novel statistical algorithm was proposed to extract the damage indicator by computing the modal flexibility curvature before and after damage in timbers. The different damage severities, damage locations, and damage counts were simulated by removing mass from intact beams to verify the algorithm. The results showed that the proposed statistical algorithm was effective and suitable to the designed damage scenarios. It was reliable to detect and locate local damages under different severities, locations, and counts. The peak values of the damage indicators computed from the first two mode shapes were sensitive to different damage severities and locations. They were also reliable to detect the multiple damages.

In order to raise the precision of stress wave imaging technology(SWIT),under the conditions of different area and outline of simulated cavity defects in timber discs of spruce, different number of used sensors, the relationship between imaging graph defects and real defects is studied. The result shows: SWIT can display graph of defects, the precision of imaging graph relates to rate of real defect area and area of the tested wood cross section, the number of used sensors and outline shape of the defects. When the rate rises from 1.6% to 25.0%, the relative error of graph defect area and real defect area drops from 22.6% to 9.7%. When the number of used sensors is from 6 to 24, the graph of SWIT can show the existence of real defect. But the number of sensors used influences the precision of SWIT. Outline shape of defects has certain effect on detection of defects. Under the condition of the same defect area, the defects of long and narrow shape are easy to be shown by graph. The relation error of defect area of suborbicular shape is smaller than that of long and narrow shape.

This article discussed the changes in color and chemical components on the surfaces of wood flour(WF)/high density polyethylene(HDPE)composite used outdoor in different orientation. Light stabilizer, antioxidant, and iron oxide red were introduced to reduce the changes when exposed to accelerate ultraviolet aging. The results showed that WF/HDPE composite changed significantly in color after only one month natural weathering in hot summer, especially for those facing to south and east orientation. FTIR test showed C O increased and wood index decreased. Comparing to photostabilizer and antioxidant, iron oxide red pigment reduced color change more significantly. However, neither of these additives could obviously prevent flexural properties decreasing.

In this study, the durability of rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) which was thermally treated at 170, 185, 200, and 215 ℃ for 3 h respectively was investigated. The results showed that the durability of heat-treated rubber wood was improved, and the improvement became more obvious with the increase of the treating temperature. When treated at 185 ℃ or lower temperature, the decay resistance of treated wood had no significant improvement. The lowest weight losses were 21.6% and 6.8% after attack by brown rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and white rot fungi(Coriolus versicolor) respectively, which were reached by the specimens treated at 215 ℃. Their resistance to mold fungi was not improved, but the heat-treated wood performed better than untreated wood when both were painted. In field test, the heat-treated specimens exhibited no advantage in termite resistance compared to untreated.

In this study,bamboo charcoal was modified with Fe³⁺/TiO₂ through percolation and high-temperature roasting treatments,and the final product was characterized by SEM and XRD. In the above-mentioned process,bamboo charcoal powder was used as carrier,and TiO₂ sol was prepared by a sol-gel method and then intermingled with Fe³⁺. Both a single factor test and an orthogonal experiment were applied in the investigation to explore the effects of the baking temperature,the Fe³⁺ content and the number of loading layers on the removal rate of formaldehyde. Based on the data analysis,an optimum process of Fe³⁺/TiO₂ modified bamboo charcoal was then determined. The results showed that bamboo charcoal,TiO₂ sol and Fe³⁺ can be well compounded according to SEM observation and XRD analysis. Among the three chosen factors,baking temperature had the most significant effect on the formaldehyde removal rate. The optimal preparation parameters for the modified bamboo charcoal were as follows: the baking temperature was 450 ℃,the number of load layers were 2,and the Fe³⁺ content was 1% to achieve the highest formaldehyde removal rate of 61%. This rate is higher than those of bamboo charcoal itself,and modified bamboo charcoal with TiO₂ only,which indicates that bamboo charcoal,Fe³⁺ and TiO₂ have a synergistic reaction driving the degradation of formaldehyde.

In this study, we use data collected in a survey on 602 households of 8 counties in Jiangxi Province to analyze the relationship between the fragmentizing degree of woodland, farmers' investing level and the output level of forests under the condition of the separating powers of collective forests. With this study, we intend to test economic rationality of woodland fragmentizing after the reform of collective forest property right system(RCFPRS). The results showed that the fragmentation degree of woodland, measured by S index, negatively influenced farmers' investment and productivity of the woodlands. The study also showed that within a certain range, the higher the fragmentation of the woodlands, the more unfavorable for farmers to invest. When the fragmentation degree was higher than 0.23 or less than 0.69, farmers showed the positive attitude to investment in woodlands. When the fragmentation degree was higher than 0.67 or less than 0.22, the fragmentation had a negative impact on output of woodlands.

Using some methods such as document research,questionnaire survey,interview,stakeholder analysis,opportunity cost method and willingness investigation to analysis the influence on community resident caused by the establishment of Meihuashan National Nature Reserve in West Fujian,the paper discussed the ecological compensation mechanism of Meihuashan national nature reserve in west Fujian from ecological compensation subject,object,standards,fund sources and modes. The results showed that the majority of the community residents agreed to establish meihuashan national nature reserve. Establishing the nature reserve reduced incomes of most community residents,but they didn’t get corresponding compensation. The community residents faced some questions as lacking funds and compensation system and manufacturing technique. Based on the methods of stakeholder analysis and willingness investigation, the eco-compensation subjects of Meihuashan National Nautre Reaerve in West Fujina were determined as public interest representative such as governments at all levels, the benefited enterpriese and the tourism sector. In the other hand, the eco-compensation object was community resident. The eco-compensation standards were made for per household as 3 800~5 000 yuan per year depended on the losses of development limited and the willingness to accept by community resident. The eco-compensation capital sources were put forward by questionnaire survey and statistical analysis, which were mainly to be higher authorities' financial transfer payment and special funds of central finance. Last but not the least, the ways of eco-compensation were funds compensation first, substantial and policy compensation secondly.

Seedlings of Cerasus humilis of collected from the Yanshan Mountains were used as materials, and the leaf epidermal cells and stomata micro-morphology characteristics were studied by a Scanning Electron Microscope. Variations of mineral elements in leaves and fruits and their correlations with leaf epidermal micro-morphology characteristics were also investigated to reveal the absorption and accumulation mechanism of mineral nutrients in C. humilis. The results showed that the upper and lower epidermal cells could be divided into two types, one type was concave and connected like a honeycomb and the other type was ridgy and nearly round. The upper epidermal cells were covered with striated cutin. There were some epidermal trichomes but no stomata on the upper epidermis, and stomata only distributed on the lower epidermis. The stomata extruded from epidermal cells with irregular shapes. The average length, width, size and density of stomata were (8.17±1.37)μm, (2.60±0.68)μm, (21.99±9.17)μm² and (867.43±198.65)mm^-2 respectively. There were significant differences in the leaf epidermal micro-morphology, the stomata length, the stomata width, the stomata size, the stomata density, and the content of mineral elements in leaves and fruits over different lines. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive linear relationships between the content of Ca and Mg in leaves and the stomata width and stomata size. The Ca and Zn content in fruit were significantly positively correlated with stomata width but significantly negatively correlated with stomata length. The Na content in fruits was significantly positively correlated with stomata density. No significant correlation existed among other elements content in leaves and fruits and stomata morphological indices. The study indicated that mineral elements absorption and accumulation in C. humilis leaves and fruits could be characterized by the leaf epidermal stomata morphological indices.

A cDNA fragment encoding ETR2-type ethylene receptor was isolated from partial-red fruits of ‘Dongzao’jujube with 3' RACE technique using degenerate primers corresponding for the conserved nucleotide and amino acid region sequences of the ETR2 family. The 5' encoding sequences of the cDNA were obtained by RT-PCR technique. The cDNA, named as ZjETR 2, contains a predicted 2 289 bp ORF(Open Reading Frame)encoding a 763 aa protein with 288 bp 3'UTR(Untranslated Region). The accession numbers in GenBank is DQ834687. ZjETR2 showed high similarity with ETR2-type ethylene receptor members from other plants at both nucleotide and amino acid level. Northern blot analysis indicated that ZjETR 2 transcription in jujube leaves was undetectable, and expressions of ZjETR 2 in young jujube fruits were very low, whereas expressions at the ripening stages of jujube fruits obviously increased.

The regional vegetation is severely influenced with the global climate change and rapid urbanization. The NDVI (normal differentiation vegetation index) was applied as the indicator to present the vegetation pattern and dynamics in Tangshan, a rapidly-urbanized area, in order to study the vegetation distribution and dynamics. The result showed that NDVI had an increasing tendency from 1979 to 2009, and was more and more polarized. The NDVI apparently reduced in Zunhua, Qianxi, Qian'an, Tanghai and the city center during the past three decades. In the northern mountainous area, the reduction of the NDVI became severer, the NDVI patches were further fragmented, and the fragmented patches had a trend to spread out and connect each other, compared to the southern coastal area. It was also found that the urban development direction and the land use pattern, especially the construction of roads, were the underlying factors that led to this vegetation pattern. Based on all of the above, the vegetation restoration in Tangshan should be in line with situation in every region, namely, in the northern mountainous area, the original vegetation should be preserved, and it is necessary to afforest the mines and make the town planning. The central urban area needs to accelerate the construction of urban forests, the agriculture shelter forest needs to be planted in the middle and the rural area. In the southern coastal region, the coastal windbreak and the protection forests should be constructed.

An investigation was conducted in plots of the Quercus wutaishanica forests in the Huanglong Mountain of China. The forests were undertaken the close-to-nature management thinning of 13.4% (light thinning) and 30.0% (heavy thinning). An unthinned forest served as the control. The life table, age structure, survivorship curve and spatial distribution were studied in 6 years after the thinning. The results were as follows. 1) The age structure of the population exhibited that seedlings and saplings were predominated, while the young trees were the scarcest. 2) Population mortality rate was the highest inⅠ~Ⅲ age class. With age increasing, the mortality displayed a "high-low-high" mode, while the expectancy life of populations displayed a "low-high-low" mode. 3) The survivorship curve of populations generally matched the Deevey Type Ⅲ. 4) With sampling dimension increasing, the spatial distribution transformed from clumped or random to clump distribution. 5) As the population grew older, their distribution transformed from the clumped into a random distribution while their clumped intensities reduced. 6) Compared with the control, the light and heavy thinning promoted the number of the juveniles and young trees, and population structure was optimized. Therefore, the secondary Q. wutaishanica forest reaches thinning period. Under natural circumstances, the highest clumped intensity at the 25~50 m² was the optimal area for the population regeneration. The close-to-nature management thinning 30.0% was more suitable to the management.

Acaricidal activities of the extracts from Inula britannica against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and theri effects on several enzymes in T. cinnabarinus were evaluated under laboratory conditions. It was found that crude extracts from I. britannica with petroleum ether exhibited high acaricidal activities against T. cinnabarinus, and the corrected mortality in 24 h after treatment was 92.05% at concentration of 2 mg·mL^-1. After a liquid-liquid partition from petroleum ether crude extracts with methanol, the petroleum ether extracts were separated into 38 fractions by column chromatography, and further tests for their acaricidal activities were conducted. Fraction 33, the main component of the resulting extracts, was found to possess the strongest acaricidal activity against T. cinnabarinus in all 38 fractions, and its corrected mortality against T. cinnabarinus was 90.12% in 24 h. Moreover, GC-MS analysis revealed that chemical composition of fraction 33 was ethyl palmitate. Laboratory bioassay indicated that the corrected mortality of ethyl palmitate against T. cinnabarinus after treatment for 24h was 90.61%, and the mean lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was (1.255 ± 0.167) mg·mL^-1. In order to investigate mechanism of the toxic effect of ethyl palmitate on T. cinnabarinus, several important enzymes including glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na⁺-adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺-ATPase) as well as total protein content in T. cinnabarinus were tested by the colorimetric method. The experimental results showed that after treatment with ethyl palmitate, total protein content in T. cinnabarinus obviously increased, and the activities of GSTs and AchE in T. cinnabarinus were strongly induced, while the activity of Na⁺-ATPase in T. cinnabarinus was inhibited, which could block the transmit of nerve, and eventually result in the death of the mite. These results indicated that Inula britannica extracts possessed high acaricidal activity.

Taraka hamada is an important natural enemy of the bamboo aphids. In order to promote the potential of T.hamada in being used as a bio-control agent for aphids, a field investigation and laboratory bioassaiy were conducted. Several parameters, including frequency, abundance and daily consumption, and control effect, were measured. The results showed that T.hamada had a similar dynamics as aphids did in bamboo. The frequency and abundance of T. hamada were significantly higher than that of other three aphid natural enemies, Harmonia axyridis, Episyrphus balteatus and Chrysopa formosa. Both of daily consumption and control effect of T. hamada were obviously higher than that of other natural enemies.

Toxicity of 27 insecticides belonging to nine different types against the 3rd-instar and 5th-instar larvae of Hyphantria cunea was investigated by the leaf dipping method. The results showed that the 3rd-instar and 5th -instar larvae of H.cunea were sensitive to pyrethroids and molting hormones insecticides (LC₅₀ values were between 0.11 mg·L^-1 and 18.81 mg·L^-1). The toxicity of organochlorus and carbonates insecticides was related to the types of insecticides. Phoxim, Chlorpyrifos, Profenofos, Ethoprophos and Methomyl had higher toxicity to both 3rd-instar and 5th-instar larvae of H. cunea (LC₅₀ values were between 1.62 mg·L^-1 and 42.74 mg·L^-1). The 3 rd -instar larvae of H. cunea were sensitive to the benzoyl phenyl urea, phenylpyrazole, macrocyclic lactone and organochlorines insecticides (LC₅₀ values were between 3.13 mg·L^-1 and 30.86 mg·L^-1). However the 5th-instar larvae of H. cunea were less sensitive (LC₅₀ values were higher than 51.75 mg·L^-1).

To choose the optimal dose of major drug and explore its antifertility effect, the ingestion coefficient and antifertility action of neem oil granules forrodents' ambisexual sterility were studied. The ingestion coefficient was studied with the concentration of 30%, 40% and 50% of neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility respectively, and the optimal palatability of pharmaceutical preparation was selected to study its antifertility action on mice. The ingestion coefficients at concentration of 30%, 40% and 50% of neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility were 0.67,0.54 and 0.25 on male mice, and 0.55, 0.50 and 0.22 on female mice. The antifertility action study showed that antifertility rate at concentration of 30% neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility was 46.7% and 60% on female and male mice,while it at concentration of 40% neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility was 66.7% and 80% on female and male mice, respectively. The pharmacodynamics at concentration of 40% of neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility was showed that the testicle coefficient of treated mice was (1.56±0.54)g/100 g, and was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The treated groups' sperm abnormality rate was 45.22%, which was significantly difference compared with the control group (P<0.01). The pathology study showed that 40% of neem oil granules caused serious damages on testicle, vas deferens, hystera, oviduct and ovary of mice. The 40% principle agent of neem oil granules for rodents' ambisexual sterility had good palatability and significant antifertility effect, thus it could be prospective in rodents' control on the grassland.